ABSTRACT The plastic film materials are a widely used agricultural means of production. Recently, two types of new agricultural film mulches are developed and are used popularly. They are ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyolefin (PO) film mulches. The transmittances of film mulches are related to thermal reservation and plant photosynthesis. We experimentally measure transmittances of several EVA and PO film mulches under different wavelengths. We also find that the transmittances of mulches vary with light intensity change at one wavelength. The variable transmittances for these mulches are also measured in experiments. These data measured can provides help for agricultural production and accurate numerical simulation for the establishment microclimate of plastic greenhouse, even the degradation of plastic films. Recently popularly ethylenevinyl ethylene vinyl (EVA (PO photosynthesis wavelengths wavelength experiments greenhouse films

RESUMO: As flutuações do preço da carne suína estão intimamente relacionadas à economia nacional e à subsistência das pessoas. Com base na flutuação mensal do preço da carne suína na China de a janeiro de 2011 a agosto de 2022, este estudo usa os modelos da família ARCH para avaliar as características e as leis das flutuações do preço da carne suína na China. Nossos estudos mostraram que as flutuações do preço da carne suína apresentam agrupamento óbvio, e as informações de choque externo do mês anterior irão interferir no preço da carne suína no período seguinte. O preço de mercado da carne suína tem as características de “risco de recompensa”, e o “alto risco” do preço da carne suína. Observa-se uma tendência de alta, mostrando que as oscilações do preço da carne suína são caracterizadas por assimetria. Devido ao baixo limiar de entrada da indústria de suínos e à existência de “sinking cost”, as informações positivas sobre o mercado de suínos têm um impacto mais forte nas flutuações de preços do que as informações negativas. Recomenda-se melhorar o monitoramento do mercado de carne suína e o mecanismo de alerta precoce, esclarecer e identificar o limite de volatilidade do preço da carne suína e melhorar o sistema de seguro financeiro da indústria suína. RESUMO pessoas 201 2022 óbvio seguinte risco recompensa, recompensa , recompensa” alto Observase Observa se alta assimetria sinking cost, cost cost” negativas Recomendase Recomenda precoce 20 202 2

ABSTRACT: Pork price fluctuations are closely related to the national economy and people’s livelihoods in China. Based on the monthly pork price fluctuations in China from January 2011 to August 2022, this study uses ARCH family models to assess the characteristics and laws of these fluctuations in China. The pork price fluctuations show obvious clustering, with external shock information from the previous month affecting the pork price in the following period; the pork market price is characterized by risk compensation, with the high risk of pork supply driving the pork price up. In addition, the pork price fluctuations are characterized by asymmetry, with a greater impact of good than of bad news on the pork price. Due to the pork industry’ low entry threshold and the existence of sunk costs, positive information on the pork market has a stronger impact on price fluctuations than negative information. To guide pork supply, we recommend improving monitoring and early-warning mechanisms in the pork market to identify the pork price volatility threshold and measure the price volatility. In addition, price index insurance products should be constantly strengthened, with different types of insurance products being offered to meeting the insurance demand of various sectors in the pig meat supply chain. ABSTRACT peoples people s 201 2022 clustering period compensation up addition asymmetry industry costs earlywarning early warning strengthened chain 20 202 2

ABSTRACT Maize yields are important for human food security, and the issue of how to quickly and accurately segment areas of maize disease is an important one in the field of smart agriculture. To address the problem of irregular and multi-area clustering of regions of maize leaf lesions, which can lead to inaccurate segmentation, this paper proposes an improved Swin-Unet model called squeeze-and-excitation Swin-Unet (SE-Swin Unet). Our model applies Swin Transformer modules and skip connection structures for global and local learning. At each skip connection, a SENet module is incorporated to focus on global target features through channel-wise attention, with the aims of highlighting significant regions of disease on maize leaves and suppressing irrelevant background areas. The improved loss function in SE-Swin Unet is based on a combination of the binary cross entropy and Dice loss functions, which form the semantic segmentation model. Compared to other traditional convolutional neural networks on the same dataset, SE-Swin Unet achieves higher mean results for the intersection over union, accuracy, and F1-score, with values of 84.61%, 92.98%, and 89.91%, respectively. The SE-Swin Unet model proposed in this paper is therefore better able to extract information on maize leaf disease, and can provide a reference for the realisation of the complex task of corn leaf disease segmentation. security agriculture multiarea multi area lesions SwinUnet squeezeandexcitation squeeze excitation SESwin SE Unet. . Unet) learning channelwise channel wise attention functions dataset union accuracy F1score, F1score Fscore F1 score, score F F1-score 8461 84 61 84.61% 9298 92 98 92.98% 8991 89 91 89.91% respectively 846 8 6 84.61 929 9 92.98 899 89.91 84.6 92.9 89.9 84. 92. 89.

ZrO2-WO3 mixed metal oxides are important solid acid catalysts, and typically, ammonia gas calcination reduces their acidity. However, in this study, we introduce an updated NH3 calcination technique that can increase the acidity of mesoporous ZrO2-WO3 solid acids. Their structures and acid properties were thoroughly characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption measurement, pyridine-adsorbed infrared spectroscopy (Py-IR), temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis-DRS) analysis. The resulting materials exhibit remarkable activity in the Friedel-Crafts (F-C) reaction of anisole and benzyl alcohol. Our investigations showed that the subnanometer WOx clusters act as the most active sites for the F-C reaction, and NH3-air calcination is essential for the formation of WOx clusters. This treatment not only enhances acidity but also provides a novel method of obtaining acidic ZrO2-WO3 mixed metal oxides. Most importantly, it presents a fresh approach for regulating the formation of WO3 clusters and catalytic activity. ZrO2WO3 ZrOWO ZrO2 ZrO WO ZrO2-WO catalysts typically However study NH acids Xray X ray XRD, XRD , (XRD) N measurement pyridineadsorbed pyridine adsorbed PyIR, PyIR Py IR (Py-IR) temperatureprogrammed temperature programmed NH3TPD, NH3TPD NHTPD TPD (NH3-TPD) XPS, XPS (XPS) highresolution high resolution HRTEM (HRTEM ultravioletvisible ultraviolet visible UVVisDRS UV Vis DRS (UV-Vis-DRS analysis FriedelCrafts Friedel Crafts FC F C (F-C alcohol NH3air NHair air importantly ZrO2WO (XRD (Py-IR (NH3-TPD (XPS

Abstract Background Talaromyces Marneffei (TM) is a rare opportunistic pathogen that mostly infects patients with low immunity compared to those with normal immunity. It may be related to immune deficiency or genetic factors. Objective To evaluate the gene mutation of a patient infected with TM in an endemic area with negative anti-interferon-γ autoantibodies, and negative human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Methods Extract deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) samples from the patient's peripheral blood, detect the mutation gene by whole exome sequencing (WES), and carry out Sanger sequencing verification for the detected mutation gene. Results The authors detected a mutation in the IFNGR1 gene (NM_001363526.1) and validated the detected gene mutation using Sanger sequencing. The results showed a heterozygous mutation c.4C>T (p.L2F) located in the IFNGR1 gene (NM_001363526.1). Study limitations The mechanism of the IFNGR1 gene has not been further investigated in this study. Conclusions The IFNGR1 gene mutation may be a potential risk factor for TM infection, and the presence of anti-interferon-γ autoantibodies can aggravate disease symptoms. (TM factors antiinterferonγ anti interferon γ HIV (HIV infection DNA (DNA s blood WES, WES , (WES) IFNGR NM_001363526.1 NM0013635261 NM 001363526 1 (NM_001363526.1 c.4C&gtT c4CgtT cCgtT c.4C&gt T c 4C gt C p.L2F pL2F pLF p L2F L F (p.L2F NM_001363526.1. . study symptoms (WES NM_001363526. NM001363526 00136352 (NM_001363526. gtT CgtT c4Cgt cCgt pL LF NM_001363526 NM00136352 0013635 (NM_001363526 Cgt NM_00136352 NM0013635 001363 (NM_00136352 NM_0013635 NM001363 00136 (NM_0013635 NM_001363 NM00136 0013 (NM_001363 NM_00136 NM0013 001 (NM_00136 NM_0013 NM001 00 (NM_0013 NM_001 NM00 0 (NM_001 NM_00 NM0 (NM_00 NM_0 (NM_0 NM_ (NM_ (NM

Abstract Aim: Using Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the potential causal association between Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and the occurrence of parenteral malignancies, in order to provide some reference for the parenteral malignancy prevention in patients with IBD. Methods: This was a two-sample MR study based on independent genetic variants strongly linked to IBD selected from the Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) meta-analysis carried out by the International Inflammatory Bowel Disease Genetics Consortium (IIBDGC). Parenteral malignancy cases and controls were obtained from the FinnGen consortium and the UK Biobank (UKB) release data. Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW), weighted median, MR-Egger, and strength test (F) were utilized to explore the causal association of IBD with parenteral malignancies. In addition, Cochran’s Q statistic was performed to quantify the heterogeneity of Instrumental Variables (IVs). Results: The estimates of IVW showed that patients with IBD had higher odds of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (OR = 1.2450, 95% CI: 1.0311‒1.5034). UC had potential causal associations with non-melanoma skin cancer (all p < 0.05), melanoma (OR = 1.0280, 95% CI: 0.9860‒1.0718), and skin cancer (OR = 1.0004, 95% CI: 1.0001‒1.0006). Also, having CD was associated with higher odds of non-melanoma skin cancer (all p < 0.05) and skin cancer (OR = 1.0287, 95% CI: 1.0022‒1.0559). In addition, results of pleiotropy and heterogeneity tests indicated these results are relatively robust. Conclusions: IBD has potential causal associations with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and skin cancers, which may provide some information on the prevention of parenteral malignancies in patients with IBD. Moreover, further studies are needed to explore the specific mechanisms of the effect of IBD on skin cancers. Aim (MR (IBD Methods twosample two sample GenomeWide Genome Wide GWAS (GWAS metaanalysis meta IIBDGC. IIBDGC . (IIBDGC) UKB (UKB data IVW, , (IVW) median MREgger, MREgger Egger, Egger MR-Egger F (F addition Cochrans Cochran s IVs. IVs (IVs) Results Bcell B cell OR 12450 1 2450 1.2450 95 CI 1.0311‒1.5034. 1031115034 1.0311‒1.5034 0311 5034 1.0311‒1.5034) nonmelanoma non all 0.05, 005 0.05 0 05 10280 0280 1.0280 0.9860‒1.0718, 0986010718 0.9860‒1.0718 9860 0718 0.9860‒1.0718) 10004 0004 1.0004 1.0001‒1.0006. 1000110006 1.0001‒1.0006 0001 0006 1.0001‒1.0006) Also 10287 0287 1.0287 1.0022‒1.0559. 1002210559 1.0022‒1.0559 0022 0559 1.0022‒1.0559) robust Conclusions cancers Moreover (IIBDGC (IVW (IVs 1245 245 1.245 9 103111503 1.0311‒1.503 031 503 00 0.0 1028 028 1.028 098601071 0.9860‒1.071 986 071 1000 000 1.000 100011000 1.0001‒1.000 100221055 1.0022‒1.055 002 055 124 24 1.24 10311150 1.0311‒1.50 03 50 0. 102 02 1.02 09860107 0.9860‒1.07 98 07 100 1.00 10001100 1.0001‒1.00 10022105 1.0022‒1.05 12 2 1.2 1031115 1.0311‒1.5 5 10 1.0 0986010 0.9860‒1.0 1000110 1.0001‒1.0 1002210 1.0022‒1.0 1. 103111 1.0311‒1. 098601 0.9860‒1. 100011 1.0001‒1. 100221 1.0022‒1. 10311 1.0311‒1 09860 0.9860‒1 10001 1.0001‒1 10022 1.0022‒1 1031 1.0311‒ 0986 0.9860‒ 1.0001‒ 1002 1.0022‒ 103 1.0311 098 0.9860 1.0001 1.0022 1.031 09 0.986 1.002 1.03 0.98 0.9

This study explores the use of commonly utilized materials (sulphoaluminate cement, fly ash, expanding agent) in the creation of three inorganic coatings (C-coating, F-coating, E-coating) to improve the interlayer bonding properties of 3D printed mortar. The mechanical properties of mortar with/without coating were characterized by compressive test and flexural test. The bonding properties of the coatings were assessed through splitting tests and micron indentation tests. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to analyze the characteristics of hydration products and pore structure. The findings demonstrate that both F-coating and E-coating significantly enhance the mechanical properties of 3D printed mortar. Specifically, F-coating led to a 42% increase in flexural strength and a 71% increase in bond strength. The XRD and SEM analyses revealed that the fly ash contained in F-coating has a pozzolanic effect by reducing the content of Ca(OH)2 (CH), promoting the formation of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel, and enhancing microscopic morphology. The expansion agent contained in the E-coating could significantly increase the content of AFt, and the needle-like AFt plays a good bonding performance between the interfaces. In this manuscript, two kinds of cheap and easy-to-obtain interlayer coatings for 3D printing mortar are found. sulphoaluminate cement Ccoating, Ccoating C coating, (C-coating Fcoating, Fcoating F Ecoating E D withwithout with without Xray X ray (XRD (SEM structure Specifically 42 71 CaOH2 CaOH Ca OH 2 Ca(OH) CH, CH , (CH) CSH S H (C-S-H gel morphology needlelike needle like interfaces manuscript easytoobtain easy obtain found 4 7 Ca(OH (CH

ABSTRACT To explore the downwash airflow characteristics of a multi-rotor UAV and its effect on droplet movement and deposition, a comparative experiment between static-state and hovering-state spraying was carried out with a DJI MG-1P eight-rotor plant protection UAV. The results showed that the overall strength of the downwash airflow decreased further below the UAV. The direction of the airflow directly under the UAV was almost vertically downward and first increased and then decreased in speed. Closer to the ground, the airflow was directed outward with angles in the vertical direction of 71.3° and 81.5°. In general, the downwash airflow velocity and direction on both sides of the UAV were nearly symmetrically distributed. Compared with the static-state spraying, the high-speed downwash airflow in the hovering-state spraying significantly increased droplet velocity and size. The downwash airflow increased the amount of spray deposition in the different measurement layers but reduced the uniformity of the deposition. For the section (L-B-F-J-M) perpendicular to the flight direction, the near ground deposition was the best for the hovering-state spraying, with an average deposition of 5.85 μL/cm2 and an RSD of 36.87%. This study can be a reference for the optimization of the downwash airflow and the improvement of the spray application uniformity of multi-rotor UAVs. multirotor multi rotor staticstate static state hoveringstate hovering MG1P MGP MG 1P P eightrotor eight speed 713 71 3 71.3 815 81 5 81.5° general distributed highspeed high size LBFJM L B F J M (L-B-F-J-M 585 85 5.8 μLcm2 μLcm μL cm2 cm μL/cm 3687 36 87 36.87% UAVs 7 71. 8 81.5 58 5. 368 36.87 81. 36.8 36.

Abstract A total of 83 acid-producing strains were isolated from fresh Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus eryngii, Flammulina velutipes, Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus djamor, Pleurotus abalones, and Pleurotus citrinopileatus by CaCO3-MRS plate medium. These 83 strains were divided into 9 species, including 52 strains of Lactococcus lactis, 13 strains of Pediococcus pentosaceus, 8 strains of Enterococcus faecium, 3 strains of Lactococcus garvieae, 2 strains of Enterococcus casseliflavus, 2 strains of Lactobacillus plantarum, 1 strain of Enterococcus lactis, 1 strain of Pediococcus acidilactici, and 1 strain of Lactobacillus pentosus based on the catalase test, Gram staining, and 16S rDNA molecular identification. Among these P. acidilactici, P. pentosus, and L. plantarum could be used in food. P. acidilactici had a strong acid-producing capacity and fast growth rate, thus showing preferable fermentation characteristics in MRS broth and edible mushroom medium than P. pentosus and L. plantarum. In the medium of L. edodes, P. eryngii, and F. velutipes, the best sensory state can be reached within 12-24 h, among them P. eryngii had the best fermentation effect, which was characterized by uniform and bright color, moderate acidity, good flavor, and tight tissue state. This study investigated the types and fermentation characteristics of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) derived from edible mushrooms, enriched the resources of LAB suitable for the fermentation, and provided a theoretical reference for the application of LAB fermentation technology of edible mushrooms. acidproducing producing edodes velutipes bisporus ostreatus djamor abalones CaCO3MRS CaCOMRS CaCO3 CaCO species 5 lactis pentosaceus faecium garvieae casseliflavus test staining S identification P L food rate F 1224 12 24 12-2 h effect color acidity flavor (LAB mushrooms 122 12-

ABSTRACT PreS/S gene mutations could impact virus secretion, infection and immune evasion. However, the relationship between PreS/S mutations and intrauterine transmission has not yet been clarified. Thus, we aimed to explore the associations between PreS/S gene mutations of HBV isolated from mothers and intrauterine transmission. We analyzed the mutations of PreS/S regions of the HBV genome in mothers with HBV DNA levels ≥ 106 IU/mL whose neonates experienced HBV intrauterine transmission (transmission group, GT) and those whose neonates did not experience intrauterine transmission (control group, GC) analyzed using clone-based sequencing. In total, 206 sequences were successfully amplified, including 98 sequences (from 21 mothers) from GT and 108 sequences (from 20 mothers) from GC of genotype C for mutational analysis. Among the 1203 nucleotides of PreS/S regions, there were 219 (18.20%) base substitutions, of which 103 (47.03%) base mutations caused amino acid changes. F80S, A90V and I68T were mutation hotspots. Mothers in GT had a higher mutation rate of A90V in the PreS1 gene than mothers in GC. The A90V mutation increased the risk of HBV intrauterine transmission after adjusting the maternal age and the mode of delivery (OR = 6.23, 95% CI: 1.18–32.97). Moreover, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) for intrauterine transmission due to A90V and a combination of A90V with the mode of delivery were 0.723 (95% CI: 0.575 to 0.891, P = 0.011) and 0.848 (95% CI: 0.723 to 0.972, P < 0.001), respectively. Mothers with the A90V mutation in the PreS1 gene may be a potential risk factor for HBV intrauterine transmission. PreSS PreS S secretion evasion However clarified Thus 10 IUmL IU mL group control clonebased clone based sequencing total amplified 9 2 analysis 120 18.20% 1820 18 (18.20% substitutions 47.03% 4703 47 03 (47.03% changes F80S FS F AV A V IT I T hotspots OR 623 6 23 6.23 95 CI 1.18–32.97. 1183297 1.18–32.97 . 1 32 97 1.18–32.97) Moreover AUC (AUC 0723 0 723 0.72 (95 0575 575 0.57 0891 891 0.891 0.011 0011 011 0848 848 0.84 0972 972 0.972 0.001, 0001 0.001 , 001 0.001) respectively 12 18.20 182 (18.20 47.03 470 4 (47.03 62 6.2 118329 1.18–32.9 3 072 72 0.7 (9 057 57 0.5 089 89 0.89 0.01 01 084 84 0.8 097 0.97 000 0.00 00 18.2 (18.2 47.0 (47.0 6. 11832 1.18–32. 07 7 0. ( 05 5 08 8 0.0 09 0.9 18. (18. 47. (47. 1183 1.18–32 (18 (47 118 1.18–3 (1 (4 11 1.18– 1.18 1.1 1.

Abstract RFX2 plays critical roles in mammalian spermatogenesis and cilium maturation. Here, the testes of 12-month-old adult boars of Banna mini-pig inbred line (BMI) were subjected to whole-transcriptome sequencing. The results indicated that the average expression (raw count) of RFX2 gene in BMI testes was 16138.25, and the average expression value of the corresponding transcript ENSSSCT00000043271.2 was 123.1898. The CDS of RFX2 obtained from BMI testes was 2,817 bp (GenBank accession number: OL362242). Gene structure analysis showed that RFX2 was located on chromosome 2 of the pig genome with 19 exons. Protein structure analysis indicated that RFX2 contains 728 amino acids with two conserved domains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that RFX2 was highly conserved with evolutionary homologies among mammalian species. Other analyses, including PPI networks, KEGG, and GO, indicated that BMI RFX2 had interactions with 43 proteins involving various functions, such as in cell cycle, spermatid development, spermatid differentiation, cilium assembly, and cilium organization, etc. Correlation analysis between these proteins and the transcriptome data implied that RFX2 was significantly associated with FOXJ1, DNAH9, TMEM138, E2F7, and ATR, and particularly showed the highest correlation with ATR, demonstrating the importance of RFX2 and ART in spermatogenesis. Functional annotation implied that RFX2 was involved in 17 GO terms, including three cellular components (CC), six molecular functions (MF), and eight biological processes (BP). The analysis of miRNA-gene targeting indicated that BMI RFX2 was mainly regulated by two miRNAs, among which four lncRNAs and five lncRNAs competitively bound ssc-miR-365-5p and ssc-miR-744 with RFX2, respectively. Further, the dual-luciferase report assay indicated that the ssc-miR-365-5p and ssc-miR-744 significantly reduced luciferase activity of RFX2 3'UTR in the 293T cells, suggesting that these two miRNAs regulated the expression of RFX2. Our results revealed the important role of RFX2 in BMI spermatogenesis, making it an intriguing candidate for follow-up studies. RFX maturation Here 12monthold monthold 12 month old minipig mini (BMI wholetranscriptome whole sequencing raw count 1613825 16138 25 16138.25 ENSSSCT000000432712 ENSSSCT ENSSSCT00000043271 ENSSSCT00000043271. 1231898 123 1898 123.1898 2817 817 2,81 GenBank number OL362242. OL362242 OL . OL362242) 1 exons 72 domains species analyses networks KEGG 4 cycle development differentiation assembly organization etc FOXJ1 FOXJ DNAH9 DNAH TMEM138 TMEM E2F7 EF E F ATR terms CC, CC , (CC) MF, MF (MF) BP. BP (BP) miRNAgene miRNA sscmiR3655p sscmiRp ssc miR 365 5p p sscmiR744 sscmiR 744 ssc-miR-74 respectively Further dualluciferase dual 3UTR UTR 3 T cells followup follow up studies 161382 1613 16138.2 ENSSSCT0000004327 123189 189 123.189 281 81 2,8 OL36224 7 TMEM13 E2F (CC (MF (BP 36 sscmiR74 74 ssc-miR-7 161 16138. ENSSSCT000000432 12318 18 123.18 28 8 2, OL3622 TMEM1 sscmiR7 ssc-miR- 16 ENSSSCT00000043 1231 123.1 OL362 ssc-miR ENSSSCT0000004 123. OL36 ENSSSCT000000 OL3 ENSSSCT00000 ENSSSCT0000 ENSSSCT000 ENSSSCT00 ENSSSCT0

ABSTRACT Chicken abdominal fat (AF) is an economically important trait, and many studies have been conducted on genetic selection for AF. However, previous studies have focused on detecting functional chromosome mutations or regions using gene chips. The present study used the specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) technology to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on purebred Wengshang Barred chicken. A total of 1,286,715 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected, and 175,211 SNPs were selected as candidate SNPs for genome-wide association analysis using TASSEL general linear models. Two SNPs markers reached genome-wide significance. Of these, rs7943847, rs127627362 were significantly associated with AF at 120 days. These SNPs are close to eight genes (SLC16A6, ARSG, WIPI1, PRKAR1A, FAM20A, ABCA8, ABCA9, CPQ,). These results would enrich the studies on AF and promote the use of Chinese chicken, especially the Wenshang Barred chicken.

Summary: Growth hormone is recognized as a key endocrine regulator of postnatal growth and production in dairy cattle. However, it is currently known that this hormone also affects reproduction in these animals. Ovarian function in cattle is controlled by intraovarian control mechanisms that, concomitantly with endocrine signals, coordinate recruitment, selection and follicular growth. Although the role of gonadotropins in stimulating follicular growth and differentiation is clear, particularly during the final stages of maturation, growth hormone also plays an important modulating role, since it exerts multiple direct and indirect effects on the ovary, acting on steroidogenesis, folliculogenesis and oocyte maturation. Any advances in understanding intraovarian regulatory mechanisms will be helpful in the design of new approaches to manipulating ovarian function andimproving fertility in dairy herds.

RESUMEN: La hormona del crecimiento es reconocida como un regulador endocrino clave del crecimiento postnatal y la producción en bovinos de leche. No obstante, actualmente se conoce que esta hormona también afecta la reproducción de estos animales. La función ovárica en los bovinos está controlada por mecanismos de control intraováricos que, concomitantemente con señales endócrinas, coordinan el reclutamiento, la selección y el crecimiento folicular. Aunque el rol de las gonadotropinas en la estimulación del crecimiento y diferenciación folicular es claro, particularmente durante las etapas finales de la maduración, la hormona del crecimiento también cumple una función moduladora de relevancia, ya que ejerce múltiples efectos directos e indirectos en el ovario, actuando sobre la esteroidogénesis, la foliculogénesis y la maduración de los ovocitos. Todo avance en la comprensión de los mecanismos de regulación intraováricos resultará de utilidad en la planificación de nuevos enfoques para la manipulación de la función ovárica y la mejora de la fertilidad de los rodeos lecheros.

Abstract Background: The accessory β1 subunits, regulating the pharmacological and biophysical properties of BK channels, always undergo post-translational modifications, especially glycosylation. To date, it remains elusive whether the glycosylation contributes to the regulation of BK channels by β1 subunits. Methods: Herein, we combined the electrophysiological approach with molecular mutations and biochemical manipulation to investigate the function roles of N-glycosylation in β1 subunits. Results: The results show that deglycosylation of β1 subunits through double-site mutations (β1 N80A/N142A or β1 N80Q/N142Q) could significantly increase the inhibitory potency of iberiotoxin, a specific BK channel blocker. The deglycosylated channels also have a different sensitivity to martentoxin, another BK channel modulator with some remarkable effects as reported before. On the contrary to enhancing effects of martentoxin on glycosylated BK channels under the presence of cytoplasmic Ca2+, deglycosylated channels were not affected by the toxin. However, the deglycosylated channels were surprisingly inhibited by martentoxin under the absence of cytoplasmic Ca2+, while the glycosylated channels were not inhibited under this same condition. In addition, wild type BK (α+β1) channels treated with PNGase F also showed the same trend of pharmacological results to the mutants. Similar to this modulation of glycosylation on BK channel pharmacology, the deglycosylated forms of the channels were activated at a faster speed than the glycosylated ones. However, the V1/2 and slope were not changed by the glycosylation. Conclusion: The present study reveals that glycosylation is an indispensable determinant of the modulation of β1-subunit on BK channel pharmacology and its activation. The loss of glycosylation of β1 subunits could lead to the dysfunction of BK channel, resulting in a pathological state.

ABSTRACT Objective: To study the influence of different dialysis frequency on microinflammation for the maintenance haemodialysis patients. Methods: Fifty-three maintenance haemodialysis patients with chronic kidney disease were divided into three groups. Groups A, B and C dialysed three times per week, twice per week and three times per 2 weeks, respectively. Total time was 1 year. The index of microinflammation state was measured in all patients before and after 1 year. Results: There were significant differences in the index of microinflammation state between any two groups. Conclusion: Patients who dialysed less than two times each week had a higher rate of microinflammation state. This showed that dialysis frequency was important for maintenance hae- modialysis.