RESUMO: A mastite bovina é a doença mais impactante na indústria de laticínios e é caracterizada por uma complexidade de agentes causais, os quais têm revelado uma variação geográfica entre regiões e países. Os patógenos relacionados à mastite têm sido tradicionalmente classificados como contagiosos ou ambientais, com base na fonte de infecção ou origem e nas vias de transmissão. Além disso, a gravidade das infecções mamárias tem sido associada à virulência dos patógenos, e ao estado imunológico e nutricional dos animais. Considerando esse cenário, investigamos os agentes etiológicos, os escores de gravidade clínica e os dados de dias em lactação (DEL) em 4.273 casos clínicos de mastite bovina em dez fazendas de grande porte, quatro localizadas no sudoeste do estado de São Paulo e seis no sul do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Streptococcus dysgalactiae (283/4.273 = 6,6%), Escherichia coli (190/4.273 = 4,4%), Prototheca spp. (112/4.273 = 2,6%) e Streptococcus uberis (95/4.273 = 2,2%) foram os patógenos predominantes isolados. Entre os 4.273 casos clínicos, a pontuação de gravidade clínica estava disponível em 43,8% (1.871/4.273) dos animais. Desses, 69,8% (1.306/1.871), 27,3% (510/1.871) e 2,9% (55/1.871) foram classificados como leves, moderados e graves, respectivamente. Os patógenos foram observados principalmente em amostras obtidas durante os primeiros 100 dias em lactação, e a gravidade clínica foi principalmente classificada como leve. Nossos resultados contribuem para a identificação etiológica, a pontuação de gravidade clínica e os aspectos de ordenha de vacas com mastite em fazendas leiteiras com histórico de infecções mamárias clínicas. RESUMO causais países ambientais transmissão disso animais cenário etiológicos DEL (DEL 4273 4 273 4.27 porte Gerais Brasil 283/4.273 2834273 283 (283/4.27 6,6%, 66 6,6% , 6 6,6%) 190/4.273 1904273 190 (190/4.27 4,4%, 44 4,4% 4,4%) spp 112/4.273 1124273 112 (112/4.27 2,6% 26 2 95/4.273 954273 95 (95/4.27 2,2% 22 isolados 438 43 8 43,8 1.871/4.273 18714273 1 871 (1.871/4.273 Desses 698 69 69,8 1.306/1.871, 13061871 1.306/1.871 306 (1.306/1.871) 27 3 27,3 510/1.871 5101871 510 (510/1.871 29 9 2,9 55/1.871 551871 55 (55/1.871 leves graves respectivamente 10 leve etiológica clínicas 427 4.2 283/4.27 283427 28 (283/4.2 6,6 190/4.27 190427 19 (190/4.2 4,4 112/4.27 112427 11 (112/4.2 2,6 95/4.27 95427 (95/4.2 2,2 43, 1.871/4.27 1871427 87 (1.871/4.27 69, 1306187 1.306/1.87 30 (1.306/1.871 27, 510/1.87 510187 51 (510/1.87 2, 55/1.87 55187 5 (55/1.87 42 4. 283/4.2 28342 (283/4. 6, 190/4.2 19042 (190/4. 4, 112/4.2 11242 (112/4. 95/4.2 9542 (95/4. 1.871/4.2 187142 (1.871/4.2 130618 1.306/1.8 (1.306/1.87 510/1.8 51018 (510/1.8 55/1.8 5518 (55/1.8 283/4. 2834 (283/4 190/4. 1904 (190/4 112/4. 1124 (112/4 95/4. 954 (95/4 1.871/4. 18714 (1.871/4. 13061 1.306/1. (1.306/1.8 510/1. 5101 (510/1. 55/1. 551 (55/1. 283/4 (283/ 190/4 (190/ 112/4 (112/ 95/4 (95/ 1.871/4 1871 (1.871/4 1306 1.306/1 (1.306/1. 510/1 (510/1 55/1 (55/1 283/ (283 190/ (190 112/ (112 95/ (95 1.871/ 187 (1.871/ 130 1.306/ (1.306/1 510/ (510/ 55/ (55/ (28 (19 (11 (9 1.871 18 (1.871 13 1.306 (1.306/ (510 (55 (2 (1 ( 1.87 (1.87 1.30 (1.306 (51 (5 1.8 (1.8 1.3 (1.30 1. (1. (1.3

ABSTRACT: Bovine mastitis is the most impacting disease of dairy industry, and it is characterized by a complexity of causal agents, which have revealed a geographical variation among regions and countries. The mastitis-related pathogens have been traditionally classified as contagious or environmental, based on habits of the microorganisms and transmission routes. Besides, the severity of mammary infections has been associated with the virulence of the pathogens, and immune and nutritional status of the hosts. Considering this scenario, we investigated the etiological pattern, clinical severity scores, and days in milk (DIM) data in 4,273 clinical cases of bovine mastitis among ten large-dairy farms located in Brazil. Streptococcus dysgalactiae (283/4,273 = 6.6%), Escherichia coli (190/4,273 = 4.4%), Prototheca spp. (112/4,273 = 2.6%), and Streptococcus uberis (95/4,273 = 2.2%) were the predominant pathogens isolated. Among 4,273 clinical cases, clinical severity score was available in 43.8% (1,871/4,273) animals. From these, 69.8% (1,306/1,871), 27.3% (510/1,871), and 2.9% (55/1,871) were scored as mild, moderate, and severe, respectively. Pathogens were observed mainly in samples obtained during the first 100 days in milk, and clinical severity scored mainly as mild. Our results contributed to the etiological identification, clinical severity scoring, and milking aspects of mastitic cows in dairy farms with a history of clinical mammary infections. ABSTRACT industry agents countries mastitisrelated related environmental routes Besides hosts scenario pattern scores DIM (DIM 4273 4 273 4,27 largedairy large Brazil 283/4,273 2834273 283 (283/4,27 6.6%, 66 6.6% , 6 6.6%) 190/4,273 1904273 190 (190/4,27 4.4%, 44 4.4% 4.4%) spp 112/4,273 1124273 112 (112/4,27 2.6%, 26 2.6% 2 2.6%) 95/4,273 954273 95 (95/4,27 2.2% 22 isolated 438 43 8 43.8 1,871/4,273 18714273 1 871 (1,871/4,273 animals these 698 69 69.8 1,306/1,871, 13061871 1,306/1,871 306 (1,306/1,871) 27 3 27.3 510/1,871, 5101871 510/1,871 510 (510/1,871) 29 9 2.9 55/1,871 551871 55 (55/1,871 mild moderate severe respectively 10 identification scoring 427 4,2 283/4,27 283427 28 (283/4,2 6.6 190/4,27 190427 19 (190/4,2 4.4 112/4,27 112427 11 (112/4,2 2.6 95/4,27 95427 (95/4,2 2.2 43. 1,871/4,27 1871427 87 (1,871/4,27 69. 1306187 1,306/1,87 30 (1,306/1,871 27. 510187 510/1,87 51 (510/1,871 2. 55/1,87 55187 5 (55/1,87 42 4, 283/4,2 28342 (283/4, 6. 190/4,2 19042 (190/4, 4. 112/4,2 11242 (112/4, 95/4,2 9542 (95/4, 1,871/4,2 187142 (1,871/4,2 130618 1,306/1,8 (1,306/1,87 51018 510/1,8 (510/1,87 55/1,8 5518 (55/1,8 283/4, 2834 (283/4 190/4, 1904 (190/4 112/4, 1124 (112/4 95/4, 954 (95/4 1,871/4, 18714 (1,871/4, 13061 1,306/1, (1,306/1,8 5101 510/1, (510/1,8 55/1, 551 (55/1, 283/4 (283/ 190/4 (190/ 112/4 (112/ 95/4 (95/ 1,871/4 1871 (1,871/4 1306 1,306/1 (1,306/1, 510/1 (510/1, 55/1 (55/1 283/ (283 190/ (190 112/ (112 95/ (95 1,871/ 187 (1,871/ 130 1,306/ (1,306/1 510/ (510/1 55/ (55/ (28 (19 (11 (9 1,871 18 (1,871 13 1,306 (1,306/ (510/ (55 (2 (1 ( 1,87 (1,87 1,30 (1,306 (510 (5 1,8 (1,8 1,3 (1,30 (51 1, (1, (1,3

ABSTRACT Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality indicators for wood and charcoal from the Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis hybrid (Clone GG 100) in different planting spacings. The study was conducted with the hybrid using the spacings of 2×1, 2×2, 3×2, and 3×3 m. The chemical properties of wood and charcoal were analyzed, and dry wood mass and energy per hectare were estimated. The data were subjected to the t test for comparison of means. Moreover, principal component analysis was conducted to assess the relationships between wood and charcoal indicators as a function of spacing. Results: The 2×2 m spacing showed the highest values for dry wood mass, lignin mass, mass of charcoal, and energy. The wider spacings of 3×2 and 3×3 m resulted in wood and charcoal of increased quality by showing wood of greater resistance to thermal degradation and charcoal of higher yield. Conclusion: Spacing between trees influenced wood quality indicators. The 2×2 m spacing showed higher estimates of mass and energy per hectare. However, wide spacings with an area greater than 6 m2 are more suitable for charcoal production due to their superior wood properties, especially basic density and total lignin, which influence gravimetric yields and bulk density. Background Clone 100 21 2 1 2×1 22 32 3 33 3× analyzed estimated means Moreover Results 2× yield Conclusion However 10

RESUMO O conhecimento e a identificação das formas do tronco permitem uma quantificação mais precisa dos recursos madeireiros quanto ao volume e o conhecimento de aspectos relacionados à genética das espécies e aos fatores ambientais no crescimento das árvores. Assim sendo, o objetivo deste estudo foi o desenvolvimento de metodologia baseada em conceitos de sólidos de revolução para identificar as diferentes formas ao longo dos troncos das árvores; definir as fórmulas mais adequadas para calcular o volume de cada parte deles; e estimar os diâmetros ao longo dos troncos (afilamento). Para isso, foram utilizados dados de 27 árvores amostrais de Eucalyptus grandis, separadas igualmente em nove classes de diâmetro, com 60 meses de idade, plantadas no espaçamento 3 × 3 metros, para estabelecer as relações entre as variáveis e desenvolver a metodologia. Para o conjunto das árvores amostrais, verificou-se que a parte basal dos troncos assemelhavam-se a um neilóide; a um cone na parte central; e a um parabolóide no topo. As diferenças entre os volumes do tronco obtidos pela aplicação de fórmulas específicas para cada seção do caule e aqueles obtidos por uma fórmula única para todas as seções foram estatisticamente significativos (p-valor < 0,05). A metodologia proposta forneceu estimativas precisas dos diâmetros com casca em comparação com os diâmetros estimados pelos modelos de afilamento para a maioria das árvores amostradas, mostrando o potencial do uso da metodologia como alternativa aos métodos tradicionais. sendo deles afilamento. . (afilamento) isso 2 grandis diâmetro 6 idade metros verificouse verificou se assemelhavamse assemelhavam neilóide central topo pvalor p valor 0,05. 005 0,05 0 05 0,05) amostradas tradicionais (afilamento 00 0,0 0,

ABSTRACT The knowledge and identification of stem forms allow more accurate quantification of timber resources as the volume and knowledge of aspects related to species genetics and environmental factors on tree growth. Therefore, the objective of this study was the development of methodology based on concepts of solids of revolution to identify the different forms along the tree stems; define the most appropriate formulas to compute the volume of each part of the stem; and estimate diameters along the stems (stem taper). For this, data from 27 felled sample trees of Eucalyptus grandis, separated equally into nine diameter classes, with 60 months of age, planted under 3 × 3 meters spacing were used to establish the relationships between the variables and develop the methodology. For the set of sample trees, the basal part of the stems resembled a neiloid, a cone at the center, and a paraboloid at the top. The differences between stem volumes obtained by applying specific formulas for each stem section and those obtained by a single formula for all sections were statistically significant (p-value < 0.05). The proposed methodology provided accurate estimates of diameters outside the bark compared to the diameters estimated by the taper models for most sample trees, showing the potential of using the methodology as an alternative to traditional methods. growth Therefore taper. . taper) 2 grandis classes 6 age neiloid center top pvalue p value 0.05. 005 0.05 0 05 0.05) methods 00 0.0 0.

ABSTRACT Background: The aim of this research is to optimize the routing of Brazil nut harvesting in order to reduce labor costs and promote an equitable redistribution of placements among extractive interests. The study area was located in the Tahuamanu province, designated a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO, in the Madre de Dios region of Peru. Planning for harvesting activities is vital to support sustainable use of the tropical forest by extractive communities, generating profit while minimizing adverse impacts on the forest. A location-allocation model was used to redistribute extraction placement areas, taking into account the number of trees and productivity for analysis. To optimize the order of nut load pickups at the placement areas, the vehicle routing problem (VRP) was used to minimize real distance and reduce traversal time. Results: The time taken to cover the route without delays was 08:46’, which is superior to the time taken to minimize the distance. However, the total delay time was 05:10’. Conclusion: Network analyses were effective in achieving the reallocation of placement areas and optimizing Brazil nut harvest routes. Background interests province UNESCO Peru communities locationallocation location allocation analysis VRP (VRP Results 0846, 0846 08 46 , 08:46’ However 0510. 0510 05 10 . 05:10’ Conclusion routes 084 0 4 08:46 051 1 05:10 08:4 05:1 08: 05:

ABSTRACT Evaluations of biomass and nutrient contents in teak stands are necessary alternatives for avoiding early cutting to provide supplemental data for the plant module of fertilization recommendation systems. This study aimed to adjust allometric equations to estimate the accumulation of biomass and nutrient contents in teak plantations in the central region of Brazil. Plots in seminal and clonal stands contained 81 trees aged 75 months, that had not received previous fertilization or thinning. Additional clonal stands aged 15, 51 and 63 months and a seminal stand aged 63 months had been previously fertilized during implantation. Allometric equations for biomass and macronutrient contents were obtained for components of the aerial parts of trees as a function of diameter at 1.3 m height (DBH), and the possibility of using an equation or the need for specific equations was evaluated for genetic material (seminal or clonal) and the fertilization scheme (not fertilized or fertilized). The equations adjusted to the four sets of stands, all with elevated predictive capacity, did not differ among each other based on an identity test. Thus, the use of a robust equation adjusted with data from all stands is recommended to obtain estimates with a high degree of accuracy. The biomass and accumulation of macronutrients in components of the aerial parts of teak trees should be considered to obtain the nutrient contents in both the exportable components in thinned trees and the components maintained in the area and available for biogeochemical cycling.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar o efeito da categoria idade gestacional no termo sobre o aleitamento materno na primeira hora de vida, a duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo e a prática do aleitamento materno aos doze meses. Método: Coorte única, com acompanhamento prospectivo de um ano de 541 crianças. Foi realizada uma análise hierarquizada, com modelos ajustados por regressão de Cox, considerando-se p crítico < 0,05. Resultados: Na análise bruta houve diferença estatística na prática do aleitamento materno na primeira hora de vida (RR = 1,54; IC95% = 1,12–2,12; p = 0,008). Porém, na análise final, não houve associação entre idade gestacional no termo e aleitamento materno na primeira hora de vida, duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo e prática do aleitamento materno aos doze meses. Secundariamente, encontrou-se que o aumento na idade e escolaridade, a cesárea, o nascimento em serviços privados e a necessidade de reanimação influenciaram negativamente. A vigência de gestação prévia favoreceu o aleitamento na primeira hora de vida. Usar mamadeira e chupeta foi negativo para o aleitamento no primeiro ano de vida. Conclusão: Não houve associação entre a categoria idade gestacional no termo e aleitamento materno. Confirmou-se a associação de desfechos já apontados na literatura cientifica.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the effect of the category gestational age at term on breastfeeding in he first hour of life, the duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and practice of breastfeeding twelve months from birth. Method: Single cohort, with a one-year prospective follow-up of 541 children. A hierarchical analysis was performed, with models adjusted per Cox regression, considering critical p < 0.05. Results: During raw analysis there was a statistical difference on breastfeeding in the first hour of life (RR = 1.54; CI 95% = 1.12–2.12; p = 0.008). However, in the final analysis, there was no association between gestational age at term and breastfeeding in the first hour of life, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and the practice of breastfeeding twelve months from birth. Secondarily, higher age and education, cesarean section, birth at private services, and the need for resuscitation were observed to have a negative influence. Duration of previous pregnancy favored breastfeeding in the first hour of life. Using baby bottle and pacifier was negative for breastfeeding in the first year of life. Conclusion: There was no association between the category gestational age at term and breastfeeding. The association of outcomes pointed out by the scientific literature have been confirmed.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar el efecto de la categoría de edad gestacional a término sobre la lactancia materna en la primera hora de vida, la duración de la lactancia materna exclusiva y la práctica de la lactancia materna a los doce meses. Método: Cohorte única, con un año de seguimiento prospectivo de 541 niños. Se realizó un análisis jerárquico, con modelos ajustados por regresión de Cox, considerando el p crítico < 0,05. Resultados: El análisis bruto presentó una diferencia estadística en la práctica de la lactancia materna en la primera hora de vida (RR = 1,54; IC 95% = 1,12–2,12; p = 0,008). Sin embargo, en el análisis final, no hubo asociación entre la edad gestacional a término y la lactancia materna en la primera hora de vida, la duración de la lactancia materna exclusiva y la práctica de la lactancia materna a los doce meses. En segundo lugar, se encontró que el aumento de la edad y la educación, la cesárea, el nacimiento en servicios privados y la necesidad de reanimación influyeron negativamente. El embarazo previo favoreció la lactancia materna en la primera hora de vida. Usar biberón y chupete fue negativo para la lactancia en el primer año de vida. Conclusión: No hubo asociación entre la edad gestacional a término y la lactancia materna. Se confirmó la asociación de los resultados apuntados en la literatura científica.

Abstract: The differentiation between the charcoal produced from (Eucalyptus) plantations and native forests is essential to control, commercialization, and supervision of its production in Brazil. The main contribution of this study is to identify the charcoal origin using macroscopic images and Deep Learning Algorithm. We applied a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) using VGG-16 architecture, with preprocessing based on contrast enhancement and data augmentation with rotation over the training set images. on the performance of the CNN with fine-tuning using 360 macroscopic charcoal images from the plantation and native forests. The results pointed out that our method provides new perspectives to identify the charcoal origin, achieving results upper 95 % of mean accuracy to classify charcoal from native forests for all compared preprocessing strategies.

RESUMO O entendimento das relações entre as propriedades da madeira e do carvão vegetal possibilita a melhoria da produção de carvão. Sendo assim, neste estudo utilizou-se o algoritmo random forest para análise da influência de propriedades da madeira de eucalipto sobre a qualidade do carvão vegetal, bem como avaliou-se a acurácia dos valores preditos em relação às estimativas do support vector regression e da regressão linear múltipla. Foram mensuradas seis propriedades da madeira e seis do carvão do híbrido Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla e de doze clones de Corymbia torelliana x Corymbia critriodora com sete anos de idade. Nas análises, foi utilizado a medida de redução média da impureza do nó (soma de quadrados residual) do random forest e a correlação de cópulas para avaliar a relação entre propriedades da madeira e do carvão. O random forest foi comparado ao support vector regression e à regressão linear múltipla por meio do coeficiente de determinação, correlação linear entre valores observados e preditos, erro médio absoluto e raiz quadrada do erro quadrático médio. A acurácia do random forest foi maior que a do support vector regression e da regressão linear múltipla, principalmente em termos de coeficiente de determinação e correlação linear entre valores observados e preditos. O rendimento e qualidade do carvão vegetal dos clones foram influenciados, principalmente, pelo teor de holocelulose, relação cerne/alburno e densidade básica da madeira. A densidade relativa aparente do carvão foi a variável em que o random forest atingiu o melhor nível de explicação da variabilidade em função das propriedades da madeira, enquanto para o teor de carbono fixo o algoritmo forneceu predições com menor erro.

ABSTRACT The understanding of the relationship between the properties of wood and charcoal makes it possible to improve the production of charcoal. Therefore, the random forest algorithm was used in this study to analyze the influence of eucalyptus wood properties on the quality of charcoal as well as the accuracy of the predicted values concerning the results estimated by support vector regression and multiple linear regression. Six properties of wood and six properties of charcoal obtained from the hybrid Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla and from twelve clones of Corymbia torelliana x Corymbia critriodora at the age of seven were measured. In the analysis, the measure of mean decrease in node impurity (residual sum of squares) calculated with the random forest and the copula correlation was used to evaluate the relationship between properties of wood and charcoal. The random forest was compared to the support vector regression and multiple linear regression through the coefficient of determination, linear correlation between observed and predicted values, mean absolute error and root mean squared error. The accuracy of the random forest was greater than that obtained with the support vector regression and multiple linear regression, mainly in terms of the coefficient of determination and the linear correlation between observed and predicted values. The yield and quality of the charcoal produced from clones were mainly influenced by the holocellulose content, heartwood/sapwood ratio, and basic wood density. The apparent relative density of charcoal was the variable in which the random forest algorithm reached the best level of explanation of the variability as a function of the properties of wood, while the minor error was observed for the fixed carbon content.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to compare different alternatives to estimate the stem volume of individual trees in four different forest formations in the Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The data were obtained in a forest inventory procedure performed by the Minas Gerais Technological Center Foundation. The stem volumes were computed by the Smalian expression up to the outside bark diameter equal to 4 cm. The volume data of outside bark, diameters (DBH) and total heights were used to fit a Schumacher and Hall equation for each forest formation, considering the structures of the linear fixed and mixed models. Next, 100 Multilayer Perceptron artificial neural networks (ANN) were trained in a supervised manner. In addition, we evaluated eight support-vector machine regression (SVMR). The criteria to evaluate the performance of all the alternatives studied were: the correlation between the observed and estimated volumes, the square root of the mean square error and the frequency distribution by percentage relative error class. After the analyzes, all the alternatives were verified to estimate the volume of the individual trees in the different forest formations. Although the alternatives presented close statistics in the validation process, the graphical analysis of the error distribution showed greater precision of the estimates of the mixed linear models for the four formations. Given the results, it is concluded that there is no absolute superiority of one alternative over the others, and that all of them should be evaluated to find the one which best describes or explains the dataset.

RESUMO O crescimento de um plantio de eucalipto deve ser monitorado, para identificar fatores que influenciam o seu desenvolvimento, auxiliando na tomada de decisões para reduzir perdas de produtividade. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar a influência da época de realização de replantios sobre a produtividade e o crescimento de povoamentos de eucalipto. O experimento foi conduzido em uma área da CENIBRA S.A. e implantado em um plantio comercial em agosto de 2011. A aplicação de herbicida e o controle de formigas, em área total, foram realizados antes do plantio, com mudas clonais de Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis no espaçamento 3,0 × 2,5 m. A calagem (1.500 kg ha-1) foi realizada em área total antes do plantio e 100 g planta-1 de fertilizante NPK (06-30-06), aplicado imediatamente após o plantio. Quatro meses após a instalação do experimento, 300 kg ha-1 de NPK (06-10-29) foi aplicado. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro datas de replantio de mudas (0, 20, 40 e 80 dias após plantio) sem adubação complementar, e dois tratamentos (replantio com 40 e 80 dias do plantio) com adubação complementar de plantio (100 g planta-1 de NPK 06-30-06) O volume individual das árvores replantadas foi 46,6% inferior ao das não replantadas. Os tratamentos com adubação complementar de plantio não diferiram (p > 0,05) pelo teste t. Conclui-se que quanto maior o intervalo de tempo entre o plantio e o replantio, menor é o volume individual da árvore replantada e que a realização de adubação complementar em mudas de replantio não favorece o crescimento dessas.

ABSTRACT The growth of an eucalypt plantation should be monitored to identify factors that influence its development, helping in the decision-making process, aiming to reduce productivity losses. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the age of replanting on the yield and growth of eucalypt stands. The experiment was conducted in an area of CENIBRA S.A. Company, and established in a commercial plantation in August 2011. The application of herbicide and the ant control were performed in total area before planting. Seedlings of Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis clones in 3.0 × 2.5 m spacing were used. Limestone (1,500 kg ha-1) was applied in total area before planting and 100 g plant-1 of NPK fertilizer (06-30-06) was applied immediately after planting. Four months after the installation of the experiment, 300 kg ha-1 of NPK (06-10-29) was applied. Treatments consisted of four dates of seedling replanting (0, 20, 40 and 80 days after planting) without complementary fertilization, and two treatments (replanting 40 and 80 days after planting) with supplementary fertilization (100g plant-1 NPK 06-30-06). The individual volume of replanting trees was 46.6% lower than of non-replanted ones. Treatments with complementary planting fertilization did not differ (p > 0.05) by the T-test. It is concluded that the longer the time between planting and replanting, the smaller the individual volume of the replanting trees and that the complementary fertilization in seedlings replanted does not favor their growth.

RESUMO A distribuição de diâmetros de uma floresta permite entender seus processos ecológicos e definir ações relacionadas ao manejo florestal visando a conservação da floresta, aumento da biodiversidade, produção e sequestro de carbono, entre outros. Este estudo buscou identificar variações na distribuição diamétrica em uma Mata Atlântica secundária, em função de sítios, ao longo de 24 anos. O diâmetro a 1,3 m de altura (dap) foi medido para cada árvore acima de 5,0 cm dap, em dez locais, de 1992 a 2016. Foi analisado o diâmetro médio quadrático (Dq), o incremento periódico anual em Dq (IPADq), o Quociente de Liocourt (q) e a distribuição de diâmetros com o modelo exponencial de Meyer. O IPADq médio em 24 anos foi de 0,03 cm ano-1, um aumento médio de 0,21%, com variação local de 0,74% a -0,45%. A distribuição de diâmetros da floresta como um todo manteve o formato de J-invertido ao longo de 24 anos. Quando os locais foram analisados em cada ano de inventário, a variação da distribuição de diâmetros foi evidente e houve diferenças na capacidade de recuperação da distribuição para a forma de J-invertido de 1992 a 2016. Os resultados indicam que, sempre que possível, o plano de manejo para recuperar a estrutura dos remanescentes da Mata Atlântica deve ser específica para cada local, particularmente na região montanhosa, onde as condições ambientais são bastante diversas.

ABSTRACT The diameter distribution of a forest makes it possible to understand its ecological processes and to define actions related to forest management aiming at forest conservation, biodiversity increase, production, and carbon sequestration, among others. This study aimed to identify variation in the diameter distribution in a secondary Atlantic Forest, as a function of sites, over 24 years. The diameter at 1.3 m in height (dbh) was measured for each tree over 5.0 cm dbh, in ten sites, from 1992 to 2016. It was analyzed the quadratic mean diameter (Dq), the Dq annual periodic increment (APIDq), the Liocourt’s Quotient (q), and the diameter distribution with Meyer’s exponential model. The average APIDq over 24 years was 0.03 cm year-1, an average increase of 0.21%, with site variation ranging from 0.74% to -0.45%. The diameter distribution of the forest as a whole maintained the reverse J-shaped over 24-years. When the sites in each inventory year were analyzed, the variation in the diameter distribution was evident, and there were differences in the recovery capacity of the reverse J-shaped distribution from 1992 to 2016. The overall results indicate that, whenever possible, the management plan to recover the structure of the Atlantic Forest remnants should be site-specific, particularly in the mountainous region where the environmental conditions are quite diverse.

Abstract The objective of this study was to assess and compare two methodologies to predict the mortality of individual trees in a seasonal semi-deciduous forest located in the municipality of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The data came from 10 permanent plots and were randomly divided into two groups: fitting (6 plots) and validation (4 plots). When assessing Methodology 1, the mortality was considered a dichotomous variable in a logistic model, assuming a value of 1 for a dead tree and 0 for a living tree. In Methodology 2, the mortality probability was estimated by the group of trees for each plot and for each measurement interval. After the analysis, it was observed that Methodology 2 provided more consistent mortality estimates when compared to the mortality estimated by Methodology 1.

Resumo A modelagem do recrutamento em florestais tropicais é importante para estudos de sustentabilidade do manejo florestal, por dar subsídio adequado à recuperação do estoque de madeira. O objetivo do trabalho foi estimar o recrutamento após a colheita de madeira, empregando um modelo de rede neural artificial (RNA). A área de estudo está localizada na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós (55°00’ W, 2°45’ S), Pará. Em 64 ha da área de estudo, em 1979, foi realizada colheita intensiva de 72,5 m3 ha-1. Em 1981 foram instaladas, aleatoriamente, 36 parcelas permanentes de 50 m x 50 m. Essas parcelas foram mensuradas em 1982, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1992, 1997, 2007, 2010 e 2012. Para modelar o recrutamento foram consideradas as variáveis da subparcela-alvo e a sua vizinhança. As estimativas obtidas no treino e na generalização da RNA foram avaliadas pelas estatísticas: correlação () e raiz quadrada do erro quadrático médio (RQRQM), sendo obtido RQRQM 35,6% e 0,89. Foi possível modelar a tendência do recrutamento ao longo do tempo em florestas tropicais, após a colheita de madeira.

Abstract Recruitment models in tropical forests are important for studies on forest management sustainability because they provide adequate support to recovery of wood stocks. The objective of this work was to estimate recruitment after wood harvesting by using an artificial neural network (ANN) model. The study area is located at Tapajós National Forest (55° 00’ W, 2° 45’ S), Pará state. In 64 ha of the study area, in 1979, an intensive harvest of 72.5 m3 ha-1 was carried out. In 1981, 36 permanent plots of 50 m x 50 m were randomly installed. These plots were measured in 1982, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1992, 1997, 2007, 2010 and 2012. For recruitment modeling, the variables of the target subplot and its vicinity were considered. The estimates obtained in ANN training and generalization were evaluated by statistics: correlation () and root mean square error (RMSE) were determined: RMSE 35.6% and 0.89. Recruitment tendency could be modeled over time in tropical forests after wood harvesting.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar métodos para obtenção do índice de sítio para povoamentos de eucalipto (Eucalyptus spp.), bem como avaliar seus impactos na estabilidade desse índice em bases de dados com e sem a presença de “outliers”. Foram testados três métodos, com uso de regressão linear, regressão quantílica e rede neural artificial. Foram utilizadas 22 parcelas permanentes de inventário florestal contínuo, medidas em árvores com idade de 23 a 83 meses. Os outliers foram identificados com uso de gráfico de boxplot. A rede neural artificial proporcionou melhores resultados que as regressões linear e quantílica, tanto para as estimativas de altura dominante quanto do índice de sítio. A estabilidade da classificação do índice de sítio obtida pela rede neural artificial também foi melhor que a obtida com os outros métodos, independentemente da presença ou da ausência de outliers na base de dados. Isso indica que a rede neural artificial é uma técnica sólida de modelagem na presença de outliers. Quando a causa da presença de outliers na base de dados não é conhecida, eles podem ser mantidos nela se técnicas como as de redes neurais artificiais ou de regressão quantílica forem utilizadas.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to compare methods of obtaining the site index for eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) stands, as well as to evaluate their impact on the stability of this index in databases with and without outliers. Three methods were tested, using linear regression, quantile regression, and artificial neural network. Twenty-two permanent plots from a continuous forest inventory were used, measured in trees with ages from 23 to 83 months. The outliers were identified using a boxplot graphic. The artificial neural network showed better results than the linear and quantile regressions, both for dominant height and site index estimates. The stability obtained for the site index classification by the artificial neural network was also better than the one obtained by the other methods, regardless of the presence or the absence of outliers in the database. This shows that the artificial neural network is a solid modelling technique in the presence of outliers. When the cause of the presence of outliers in the database is not known, they can be kept in it if techniques as artificial neural networks or quantile regression are used.

RESUMO Os sistemas agroflorestais (SAF) devem beneficiar todos os componentes do consórcio. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da distância entre plantas na linha de plantio sobre o crescimento e a produção do componente arbóreo e da cultura agrícola e, sobre a viabilidade econômica do consórcio. Para isso plantou-se clone de eucalipto nos arranjos de 9,5 x 1,5 m, 9,5 x 2,0 m, 9,5 x 3,0 m e 9,5 x 40 m, em consórcio com soja. O diâmetro (dap) e a altura total (Ht) da árvore e o índice de área foliar (IAF) foram medidos aos 14, 38 e 51 meses. A produção de soja foi avaliada aos 24 meses após o plantio do eucalipto. A avaliação econômica do consórcio foi realizada para um horizonte de planejamento de sete anos. A distância entre as plantas na linha de plantio não afetou a altura das árvores, no entanto, maiores distâncias promoveram maior DAP e volume individual. Valores mais altos de área basal e produção foram alcançados no arranjo de 9,5 x 1,5 m. O IAF foi menor (1,43) no arranjo 9,5 x 4,0 m, aos 38 meses, em comparação aos demais arranjos (média de IAF = 1,66). A produção de soja foi a maior (2.317 kg ha-1) no arranjo de 9,5 x 4,0 m. Na avaliação econômica, a madeira produzida nos dois povoamentos mais densos foi destinada à energia, com baixo valor de mercado, inviabilizando economicamente esses arranjos, embora o rendimento do componente arbóreo tenha sido o mais elevado no 9,5 x 1,5 m. O arranjo espacial de 9,5 x 4,0 m foi o mais viável economicamente, considerando a alocação de 40% da madeira para serraria, e os preços e custos assumidos neste estudo. Neste arranjo de plantio, o rendimento da soja foi o mais elevado e os custos de plantio foram os menores, quando comparados aos demais arranjos.

ABSTRACT Agroforestry systems (AGF) design should benefit all components of the consortium. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the distance between plants within the row on growth and yield of trees and agricultural crop and on the economic viability of the consortium. The eucalypt was planted in 9.5 x 1.5 m, 9.5 x 2.0 m, 9.5 x 3.0 m and 9.5 x 40 m arrangements, in consortium with soybean. The tree diameter (dbh) and total height (Ht), and the leaf area index (LAI) were measured at 14, 38 and 51 months. Soybean yield was evaluated 24 months after planting eucalypt. An economic evaluation of the consortium was carried out for a planning horizon of seven years. The distance between trees within the row did not affect the tree height, however, larger distances promoted a higher dbh and individual volume. Higher values of basal area and yield were achieved in the 9.5 x 1.5 m arrangement. The LAI was smaller (1.43) in the 9.5 x 4.0 m arrangement, at 38 months, compared to the other arrangements (mean LAI = 1.66). Soybean had it's highest yield (2,317 kg ha-1) in the 9.5 x 4.0 m arrangement. In the economic evaluation, the wood produced in the two denser arrangements was destined for energy, with low market value, making these two arrangements unfeasible economically, although the tree component yield was the highest in the arrangement 9.5 x 1.5 m. The 9.5 x 4.0 m spatial arrangement was the most economically viable, considering the allocation of 40% of the wood for sawing, and the prices and costs assumed in this study. In this arrangement, the soybean yield was the highest, and the planting costs were the lowest when compared to the other arrangements.