Abstract Prostate cancer (PCA) is the second most common type of cancer in the world. Nevertheless, diagnosis is still based on nonspecific methods, or invasive methods which makes clinical decision and diagnosis difficult, generating risk of both underdiagnosis and overdiagnosis. Given the high prevalence, morbidity and mortality of PCA, new strategies are needed for its diagnosis. A review of the literature on available biomarkers for PCA was performed, using the following terms: prostate cancer AND marker OR biomarker. The search was carried out in Pubmed, Science Direct, Web of Science and Clinical Trial. A total of 35 articles were used, and PHI (Prostate Health Index) and the 4Kscore tests were identified as the best well-established serum markers. These tests are based on the evaluation of expression levels of several molecules. For analysis of urine samples, Progensa, ExoDXProstate, and Mi Prostate Score Urine Test are available. All these tests have the potential to help diagnosis, avoiding unnecessary biopsies, but they are used only in association with digital rectal examination and PSA level data. The search for biomarkers that can help in the diagnosis and therapeutic management of PCA is still in its initial phase, requiring more efforts for an effective clinical application. (PCA world Nevertheless difficult overdiagnosis prevalence performed terms biomarker Pubmed Direct Trial 3 Index Kscore wellestablished well established markers molecules samples Progensa ExoDXProstate biopsies data phase application

Resumo Introdução O presente estudo investigou o perfil epidemiológico dos aposentados por invalidez no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul durante o período de 2010 a 2015. Método Foi realizada uma pesquisa descritiva e quantitativa, utilizando o método de levantamento de corte transversal de dados secundários obtidos pelo Sistema Único de Benefícios (Suibe). As variáveis utilizadas para este estudo foram: faixa etária; sexo; tempo de contribuição antes da aposentadoria; faixa salarial do aposentado após a invalidez; e Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID-10). Resultados Do total de 94.670 aposentados por invalidez, 55,6% eram do sexo masculino, 64,4% estavam na faixa de 40 a 59 anos, 44,3% possuíam média salarial de 1 salário-mínimo e 25,3% das concessões foram associadas a doenças do sistema osteomuscular e do tecido conjuntivo. Conclusão A partir das patologias identificadas pelo estudo, pode-se direcionar o desenvolvimento de ações que frisem a importância da prevenção, do diagnóstico precoce e correto tratamento, a fim de evitar as patologias e/ou o seu agravamento, bem como o afastamento do mercado de trabalho.

Abstract Introduction The present study investigated the epidemiological profile of disability retirees in Rio Grande do Sul from 2010 to 2015. Method A descriptive and quantitative research was carried out using the cross-sectional survey method based on secondary data obtained by Sistema Único de Benefícios (SUIBE). The variables used for this study were age, sex, contribution period before retirement, salary range of the retiree after the disability, and International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Results Of the total of 94,670 disability retirees, 55.6% were male, 64.4% were between 40 and 59 years old, 44.3% had an average income of 1 minimum wage and 25.3% of concessions were associated to musculoskeletal system and connective tissue diseases. Conclusion From the pathologies identified in the study, it is possible to direct the development of actions to emphasize the importance of prevention, early diagnosis and correct treatment, in order to avoid pathologies and/or their aggravation, as well as the withdrawal from the labor market.