Abstract Background: The temporal perspective is a psychological process through which the continuous streams of personal and social experiences are assigned to temporal categories or frames of time that provide order, coherence, and meaning to those events. The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) measures this orientation with five factors: positive past, negative past, fatalistic present, hedonistic present, and future. However, its validation has been conducted with European and American populations, and to a lesser extent with Latin Americans. Objective: Adapt the ZTPI for the adult population living in marginalized areas of Mexico. Method: Through a non- experimental ex post facto design with a descriptive scope and two-stage sampling. Where, 117 women and 61 men participated, with an average age of 44.6 years. Results: The reliability values are adequate, and the structural model with four factors shows fit measures close to the suggested thresholds (χ2/df = 1.523; CFI = .914; GFI = .883; TLI = .899; AGFI = .848; RMSEA = .054; y SRMR = .029). Conclusions: The adaptation of the scale appears to be sensitive to the reference population.

Resumen Antecedentes: la perspectiva temporal es un proceso psicológico mediante el cual los flujos continuos de experiencias personales y sociales se asignan a categorías temporales o marcos de tiempo que dan orden, coherencia y significado a esos eventos. El Inventario de Perspectiva Temporal de Zimbardo (ZTPI, por sus siglas en inglés) mide esta orientación con cinco factores: pasado positivo, pasado negativo, presente fatalista, presente hedonista y futuro. Sin embargo, su validación ha sido con población europea y estadounidense y en menor proporción con latinoamericanos. Objetivo: adaptar el ZTPI para población adulta que habita zonas marginadas de México. Método: a través de un diseño no experimental de tipo ex post facto con alcance descriptivo y muestreo bietápico. Participaron 117 mujeres y 61 hombres, con 44.6 años en promedio. Resultados: los valores de fiabilidad son adecuados y el modelo estructural con cuatro factores con medidas de ajuste cercanos a los umbrales sugeridos (χ2/df = 1.523; CFI = .914; GFI = .883; TLI = .899; AGFI = .848; RMSEA = .054; y SRMR = .029). Conclusiones: la adaptación de la escala resulta ser sensible a la población de referencia.

Abstract Companies face internal and surrounding circumstances that explain their permanence or impermanence in the market. This article aims to determine the predictive value of permanence in SME dedicated to the production of bakery products and tortillas in northwestern Mexico. The study uses a non-experimental and descriptive causal model design based on a stratified-probability sampling for a selected sample of 180 owners of SME located in Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Data was collected from October 2018 to February 2019. Subsequently, logistic regression procedures were tested to evaluate the predictive capacity of the permanence factor. Findings indicate how decision making has a greater explanatory contribution in permanence, followed by empowerment, adaptability, entrepreneurship, conflict resolution, and achievement orientation. It is also shown the predictive value of permanence in terms of leadership. Finally, some scopes and limitations for the domestic food industry are listed.

Resumen Las empresas afrontan circunstancias internas y de su entorno que explican su permanencia o desaparición en el mercado. Este artículo se propone determinar el valor predictivo de la permanencia en las Pymes dedicadas a la elaboración de productos de panadería y tortillas en el noroeste de México. Se partió de un diseño no experimental y descriptivo causal con muestreo probabilístico estratificado con una muestra seleccionada de 180 propietarios de Pymes localizadas en Hermosillo, Sonora, México. El levantamiento de datos se realizó en los meses de octubre de 2018 a febrero de 2019. Posteriormente, se ensayaron procedimientos de regresión logística para evaluar la capacidad predictiva del factor permanencia. El modelo mostró cómo la toma de decisiones posee una mayor aportación explicativa en la permanencia, seguida de empoderamiento, adaptabilidad, emprendimiento, solución de conflictos y orientación al logro. Se concluye el valor predictivo de la permanencia en función del liderazgo. Finalmente, se enlistan algunos alcances y limitaciones para el sector alimentario local.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine the psychometric and discriminant properties of the leadership scale in micro, small and medium enterprises of the bakery and tortilla shop economic branch in order to contribute to the identification of their dissolution and permanence factors in Hermosillo, Sonora. Methodology: Through a non-experimental design of a correlational descriptive type and a stratified random sample of 180 participants from the study population, an exploratory factor analysis with Oblimin rotation, a multiple discriminating analysis and hypothesis testing was performed. Results: A multidimensional structure for the leadership construct was corroborated with reliability and discriminatory validity. The analysis showed equality of covariance matrices between groups, with high significance and differences between tortilla shop and bakery populations. Limitations: Results show validity and reliability for the specific economic branch of the food industry. However, these may be different in other populations or economic sectors. Findings: This research contributes a valid and reliable scale of leadership for SMEs and a typology of these populations in the food industry.

RESUMEN Objetivo: determinar las propiedades psicométricas y discriminantes de la escala de liderazgo en micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas de la rama económica de panadería y tortilla, con la finalidad de contribuir en la identificación de los factores de disolución y permanencia de éstas en Hermosillo, Sonora. Método: a través de un diseño no experimental de tipo descriptivo correlacional y una muestra aleatoria estratificada de 180 participantes de la población de estudio, se efectuó un análisis factorial exploratorio con rotación Oblimín, análisis discriminante múltiple y prueba de hipótesis. Resultados: se corroboró una estructura multidimensional para el constructo de liderazgo con fiabilidad y validez discriminante. El análisis mostró igualdad de las matrices de covarianzas entre grupos, con alta significancia y diferencias entre las poblaciones de tortillerías y panaderías. Limitaciones: los resultados evidencian validez y confiabilidad para la rama económica específica de la industria alimentaria. Sin embargo, estos pueden ser diferentes en otras poblaciones o sectores económicos. Principales hallazgos: contribuye en la aportación de una escala válida y confiable de liderazgo para Pymes y una tipología de estas poblaciones en la industria alimentaria.

ABSTRACT The psychosocial research recognizes that young people make reasoning mistakes when estimating the risk of a road accident. Therefore, a descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with young drivers residents of Hermosillo, Sonora to obtain the psychometric properties of a scale to evaluate cognitive shortcuts in risk behaviours for violation of stop sign. A total of 436 young men and women with a driving history and an age range of 16 to 24 years old were selected. The Rasch method and the graduated response model showed the unidimensionality of the total of the items; As well as adequate criteria of discrimination and measure of affinity. Next, the factor analysis showed three factors that explain 76.6% of the total variance with a Keizer-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) index of 0.89 and a Cronbach's alpha of 0.95. Based on the results it was concluded that cognitive biases related to personal experience and parents' behavior are involved in the interpretation of road accidents of young drivers.

RESUMEN La investigación psicosocial reconoce que los jóvenes cometen errores de razonamiento al estimar el riesgo de sufrir un accidente vial. Por ello, se efectúo un estudio de tipo descriptivo y transversal con jóvenes conductores residentes de la Cd. de Hermosillo, Sonora para obtener las propiedades psicométricas de una escala para evaluar los atajos cognitivos en conductas de riesgo vial por transgresión de alto. Se seleccionaron 436 jóvenes de ambos sexos con historia de manejo y un rango de edad de 16 a 24. El método de Rasch y el modelo de respuesta graduada mostraron la unidimensionalidad del total de los reactivos; así como, criterios adecuados de discriminación y medida de afinidad. Enseguida, el análisis factorial mostró tres factores que explican 76.6% de la varianza total con un índice de Keiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) de 0.89 y un alfa de Cronbach de 0.95. Con base a los resultados se concluyó que los sesgos cognitivos relacionados con la experiencia personal y la conducta de los padres, intervienen en la interpretación de accidentes viales de jóvenes conductores.

Abstract: The aim of this research is to study the relationship between the convergent performance of the different types of high school and the characteristics in the context of the students, for describing the changes in learning from differences in its context. From a population corresponding to 70,000 students enrolled in high school level, a representative sample of 3,929 students was obtained for the Northern region in Mexico. The results indicate that the variables such as cultural consumption, physical and material conditions, study habits, communication and family, associated with the promotion and stimulation of towards this level of education studies are linked to performance.

Resumen: El objetivo es estudiar la relación existente entre los desempeños de alumnos de las diferentes modalidades de Educación Media Superior y las características del contexto de los alumnos que permita describir las variaciones en los aprendizajes a partir de las diferencias en dicho contexto. De una población de 70,000 estudiantes de nivel medio superior en el norte de México se obtuvo una muestra representativa de 3,929 estudiantes. Los resultados indican que las variables consumo cultural, condiciones, hábitos de estudio, comunicación y familia, asociadas a la promoción y estimulación de los estudios de Educación Media Superior, se relacionan con los desempeños.

This paper offers a specification of the multinomial models that allow to establish the probabilistic profiles of the so-called "high and poor school performance students" taking into account the data base of students of the assessment that was carried out by the National Educational Assessment Institute of the State of Sonora (Instituto de Evaluación Educativa del Estado de Sonora, IEEES) in 2006-2007 to the different subsystems of higher secondary education in Sonora, Mexico. The results show that the student who attend classes in the afternoon and the intake of alcoholic drinks tend to belong to the poor school performance groups, whereas the high school performance students are related with a richer cultural patrimony, a good average note and the discussion about previous readings; nevertheless, the pedagogical techniques that have been implemented by the teachers and utilized by the students do not guarantee that students will reach to join the high school performance group.

En este artículo se ofrece una especificación de modelos multinomiales que permiten determinar los perfiles probabilísticos de estudiantes denominados "de alto y bajo desempeño" escolar considerando la base de datos de alumnos de la evaluación realizada por el Instituto de Evaluación Educativa del Estado de Sonora (IEEES), 2006-2007, a los diferentes subsistemas de educación media superior en Sonora, México. Los resultados indican que el turno vespertino y el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas se relacionan con la pertenencia al grupo de bajo desempeño escolar. Los de alto desempeño presentan relación directa con el patrimonio cultural, su promedio actual y la discusión de lectura previa; sin embargo, las técnicas pedagógicas implementadas por parte del docente, así como las utilizadas por parte de los alumnos no garantizan la adhesión al grupo de alto desempeño.

El locus de control es un rasgo de personalidad vinculado con la atribución que hacen los individuos acerca de sus éxitos y fracasos. Los estudios en diferentes naciones y sociedades han demostrado que existen características generales y particulares respecto a la percepción de control y donde la cultura juega un papel importante. Se partió del objetivo de conocer la composición factorial del locus de control en dos poblaciones, Hermosillo, Sonora (México) (n=600) y João Pessoa, Paraíba (Brasil) (n=600); y establecer las diferencias en cuanto a dicho constructo en ambas poblaciones con respecto a las variables atributivas: edad, escolaridad, ocupación y ciudad. Los resultados revelan tres dimensiones comunes a las dos poblaciones: locus de control interno, locus de control afiliativo y locus de control externo. Los datos en general hacen ver que las muestras poblacionales de las ciudades hacen juicios de control en relación a los esfuerzos y el trabajo personal, en la afiliación a colectivos y grupos de interés como los fundamentos de explicación para éxitos y fracasos.

The locus of control is a personality trait linked to the attribution people make concerning their success and failures. Research in nations and societies has demonstrated that there exist general and particular characteristics about control perception, where culture plays an important role. The initial objective was to know the factorial composition about locus of control in two groups located in Hermosillo, Sonora México (n=600) and João Pessoa, Paraíba. Brazil (n=600); then, to establish the differences of the construct between the groups concerning the attribute variables: age, education level, occupation and city. The results show three dimensions in the two groups: internal, affiliation and external locus of control. The general data suggest that the population samples of the cities make control judgements related with efforts and personal work, affiliation to collectives and groups of interest as the basis for explaining their success and failures.

The objective of this work is to analyze predictive relationships between the locus of control, self-concept and the orientation toward achievement in 123 seniors’ residents from João Pessoa, Paraiba Brazil. Their ages are between 60 and 93 years olds, the half of them was masculine sex and the other half was feminine sex. The used instruments were: locus of control, self-concept and orientation toward achievement scale, plus a social-demographic questionnaire. Analysis of regression were used, fi nding diverse predictive relations between personality aspects, confi rming the explanatory power of the variables locus of internal and external, autoconcepto positive and negative control and avoidance to failure.

El objetivo fue analizar las relaciones predictivas entre el autoconcepto, locus de control, orientación al éxito y evitación al fracaso en una muestra de adultos mayores de João Pessoa, Brasil. Participaron en este estudio 123 personas adultos mayores con edades entre 60 y 93 años, de las cuales, la mitad era del sexo masculino y la otra mitad de sexo femenino. Se utilizaron escalas de locus de control, autoconcepto y orientación al éxito validadas en población pessoense, así como un cuestionario sociodemográfi co diseñado exprofesso. Se utilizaron análisis de regresión jerárquica, encontrando diversas relaciones predictivas entre aspectos de personalidad, confi rmando el poder explicativo de las variables locus de control interno y externo, autoconcepto positivo y negativo y evitación al fracaso.

L’objetif de cet article est d’analiser les relations predictives entre locus de contrôle, autoconcept et orientation dirigées la réussite de 123 agés entre 60 et 93 ans, moitié du sexe féminin et moitié du sexe masculin. Les instruments apliqués sont les suivantes: locus de contrôle, autoconcept et orientation dirigé au réussite validés dans la population qui habite la ville de João Pessoa, et aussi un questionnaire socialdemographique. Ce travail a eté soumis à une analyse de regression hierarchique, dont les résultats ont montré des rélations predictives divers entre les aspects de la personnalité, en entérinant le pouvoir explicatif des variables de locus de contrôle interne et externe, autoconcept positif et negatif et évitement de l´échec.

Utilizou-se a versão ajustada da escala mexicana de orientação e evitação ao êxito para obter sua validade de construto e as diferenças por sexo, idade, religião, preferência política, escolaridade e renda na população paraibana. Contou-se com uma amostra com 600 pessoas, distribuída igualmente por sexo e nas três faixas etárias: 14-22, 23-35 e 36-60 anos. A análise fatorial com rotação Oblimin apresentou três fatores para orientação ao êxito e dois para evitação ao êxito. As mulheres apresentaram médias mais altas em insegurança ao êxito e mais baixas para competitividade e trabalho. Por grupo de idade, observaram-se diferenças para os jovens com uma média maior nas dimensões de evitação ao êxito e competitividade. Em grau de estudo, o grupo que cursa a segunda fase de ensino fundamental obteve médias mais altas nos fatores competitividade e insegurança ao êxito. Para ter parceira(o) houve diferenças significativas.

An adjusted version of the Mexican scale of achievement and avoidance orientation was used in a population of Paraíba to obtain it's construct validity and also the differences related to gender, age, religion, political position, school age, and income. A sample of 600 people (equal number of male and female subjects) was used and divided into three groups according to their ages: 14-22, 23-35, 36-60 years old. The factor analysis with Oblimin rotation presented three components for achievement orientation and two other ones for avoidance achievement. Women presented higher scores for insecurity towards achievement and lower scores for competitiveness and work. As for the age group differences, youngsters presented higher scores for the avoidance achievement and competitiveness dimensions. Besides that, the subjects who attend the last grades of elementary school had higher scores for competitiveness and also for insecurity toward achievement. As far as single-married significant differences in scores could be found.

Estabeleceu-se como objetivo principal desse trabalho realizar comparações inter e intragrupo com relação ao locus de controle em um setor da cultura nordestina (Paraíba) do Brasil e cotejar esses resultados com aqueles auferidos em uma cultura mexicana, mais especificamente do deserto de Sonora. Para tanto, definiu-se como objetivo específico analisar as propriedades psicométricas de um instrumento para avaliar locus de controle. Contou-se com uma amostra de 600 sujeitos divididos por quotas de idade e gênero, formando três grupos de idade (100 mulheres e 100 homens em cada um): 14-22; 23-35 e 36-70 anos. Foram realizadas estatísticas descritivas por cada item, teste T de Student para analisar o poder discriminativo de cada um, análises fatoriais, índices de consistência interna (correlação de Pearson). Utilizou-se a escala de locus de controle de Reyes (1995), validada com dados obtidos na população mexicana, composta de 78 itens, com sete opções de resposta apresentadas na forma tipo Likert pictórico. A análise fatorial indicou a presença de quatro fatores que conformam uma nova escala com 71 itens, que em seu conjunto explicam 36,2% da variância total, apresentando um alpha de 0,93. Os resultados permitem concluir pela validade da escala, cuja utilidade está assegurada para as situações em que foi avaliada.

The principal goal of this study was to examine within and between group differences in relation to locus of control in the Northeast of Brazil (Paraiba), and compare these results with those found in Mexico (Sonara desert). For this purpose an analysis of the psychometric properties of an instrument designed to evaluate the locus of control was carried out. The study is based on a sample of 600 subjects, distributed according to age and gender quotas, forming three age groups (each group containing 100 women and 100 men): 14-22; 23-35 and 36-70 years of age. Descriptive statistics for each item, Student t test to analyse the descriptive power of each item, factor analysis, and internal consistency indexes were calculated. Reyes scale (1995) was used; this instrument was validated for the Mexican population, and consists of 78 items with seven optional answers using a Likert pictorial scale. Factor analysis indicated the existence of four factors that accounted for 36.2% of the total variance. Afer the deletion of seven items the scale of the remaining 71 items showed a coefficient alpha of .93. From these results one derives the accuracy of the scale, whose utility is guaranteed in situations to which it has been validated.

This paper is based on a study on the population of the central part of the country, in which the scales of subjective well-being (Anguas, 1997), self-concept (La Rosa, 1986), locus of control (La Rosa, Diaz and Andrade, 1986), orientation towards achievement (Diaz, Andrade and La Rosa, 1989), avoidance towards success (Espinosa and Reyes, 1991) and coping (Gongora, 1998) were used. Their validity by construct and the differences by gender, age, education, as well as other sociodemographic variables were analysed. Through a sampling by quota, age, gender and socialization in the state of Sonora, 1000 people belonging to 5 age groups were selected: adolescents (14-18), late adolescents (19-22), young adults (23-30), adults (31-38) and late adults (3955). The results showed scales’ sensitivity as well as some differences by age group, gender, occupation and degree of education. Finally the role played by subjective well-being in the perception of control and in the ways of coping that the person shows in the different situations or scenarios in which he or she participates was reasserted.

A partir de un estudio sobre la población en el centro del país en el que se emplearon las escalas de bienestar subjetivo (Anguas, 1997), autoconcepto (La Rosa, 1986), locus de control (La Rosa, Díaz y Andrade, 1986), orientación al logro (Díaz, Andrade y La Rosa, 1989), evitación al éxito (Espinosa y Reyes, 1991) y enfrentamiento a los problemas (Góngora, 1998), se procedió a investigar su validez y las diferencias por género, edad y educación en el estado de Sonora. Mediante un muestreo por cuota, edad , sexo y socialización, se seleccionaron 1000 personas pertenecientes a cinco grupos de edad: adolescentes (14-18), adolescentes tardíos (19-22), jóvenes adultos (23-30), adultos (31-38) y adultos tardíos (39-55). Los resultados evidenciaron la sensibilidad y precisión de las escalas, así como diferencias por grupo de edad, sexo, ocupación y escolaridad. Finalmente, se reafirma el papel que juega el bienestar subjetivo en la percepción de control y en los estilos de enfrentamiento que la persona manifiesta en las distintas situaciones o escenarios en los que participa.