RESUMO Objetivos: descrever o perfil dos idosos que acessam a internet para buscar informações sobre saúde e identificar os fatores que podem influenciar as decisões dos idosos sobre sua saúde com base nas informações coletadas online. Métodos: 391 idosos responderam a um questionário online sobre hábitos e satisfação com informações sobre saúde coletadas na internet. Processamento dos dados envolveu regressão logística. Resultados: ensino superior reduz em 44% a probabilidade de idosos seguirem recomendações de saúde em sites da internet. Porém, atividades sociais e autopercepção de saúde aumentam a possibilidade de seguir as recomendações em 83% e 71%, respectivamente. A crença de que a internet promove hábitos saudáveis aumenta em 29,2 vezes a probabilidade de idosos seguirem os conselhos. Considerações Finais: conhecer o perfil dos idosos que utilizam a internet pode auxiliar os profissionais na formulação de políticas públicas e na construção de boas plataformas de informação sobre saúde e bem-estar. Objetivos Métodos 39 logística Resultados 44 Porém 83 71 71% respectivamente 292 29 2 29, conselhos Finais bemestar. bemestar bem estar. estar bem-estar 3 4 8 7

ABSTRACT Objectives: to describe the profile of older adults who access the internet to search for health information and identify the factors that can influence older adults’ decisions about their health based on information collected online. Methods: 391 older adults answered an online questionnaire regarding habits and satisfaction with information about health collected on the internet. Data processing involved Logistic Regression. Results: higher education reduces by 44% the likelihood of an older adult following the health recommendations on internet sites. However, social activities and self-perceived health increase the possibility of following the recommendations by 83% and 71%, respectively. The belief that the internet promotes healthy habits increases by 29.2 times the probability of an older adult following the advice. Final Considerations: knowing the profile of older adults who use the Internet can help professionals formulate public policies and build good information platforms on health and well-being. Objectives Methods 39 Regression Results 44 sites However selfperceived self perceived 83 71 71% respectively 292 29 2 29. advice Considerations wellbeing. wellbeing well being. being well-being 3 4 8 7

RESUMEN Objetivos: describir el perfil de los ancianos que acceden a internet para buscar información de salud e identificar los factores que pueden influir en las decisiones de los ancianos sobre su salud a partir de la información recopilada en línea. Métodos: 391 ancianos respondieron a un cuestionario online sobre hábitos y satisfacción con la información de salud recogida en internet. El procesamiento de datos implicó regresión logística. Resultados: la educación superior reduce en un 44% la probabilidad de que un anciano siga las recomendaciones de salud en los sitios web. Sin embargo, las actividades sociales y la salud autopercibida aumentan la posibilidad de seguir las recomendaciones en un 83% y un 71%, respectivamente. La creencia de que internet promueve hábitos saludables aumenta 29,2 veces la probabilidad de que un anciano siga un consejo. Consideraciones Finales: conocer el perfil de los ancianos que utilizan internet puede ayudar a los profesionales a formular políticas públicas y construir buenas plataformas de información sobre salud y bienestar. Objetivos línea Métodos 39 logística Resultados 44 web embargo 83 71 71% respectivamente 292 29 2 29, consejo Finales bienestar 3 4 8 7

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate local and systemic effects of 24-hour fasting in liver ischemia and reperfusion injury. Methods: Twenty-one adult male Wistar rats (330–390 g) were submitted to 60 minutes of hepatic ischemia followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. Before the day of the experiment, the animals fasted, but free access to water was allowed. Two groups were constituted: Control: non-fasted, that is, feeding ad libitum before surgical procedure; Fasting: rats underwent previous fasting of 24 hours. Hepatic ischemia was performed using vascular clamp in hepatic pedicle. At 24 hours after liver reperfusion, blood and tissue samples were collected. To analysis, liver lobes submitted to ischemia was identified as ischemic liver and paracaval non-ischemic lobes as non-ischemic liver. We evaluated: malondialdehyde levels, hepatocellular function (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase activities, and both ratio), cytokines (interleukins-6, -10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha), hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury (histology). Results: Malondialdehyde measured in non-ischemic and ischemic liver samples, hepatocellular function and cytokines were comparable between groups. Histological findings were distinct in three regions evaluated. Microvesicular steatosis was comparable between 24-hour fasting and non-fasted control groups in periportal region of hepatic lobe. In contrast, steatosis was more pronounced in zones 2 and 3 of ischemic liver samples of fasting compared to control groups. Conclusions: These data indicates that fasting does not protect, but it can be also detrimental to liver submitted to ischemia/reperfusion damage. At that time, using long fasting before liver surgery in the real world may be contraindicated. Purpose 24hour hour Methods Twentyone Twenty one 330–390 330390 330 390 (330–39 g 6 experiment fasted allowed constituted Control nonfasted, nonfasted non is procedure Fasting pedicle collected analysis nonischemic evaluated levels alanine activities ratio, ratio , ratio) interleukins6, interleukins6 interleukins 6, (interleukins-6 10, 10 -10 factoralpha, factoralpha factor alpha factor-alpha) histology. histology . (histology) Results lobe contrast Conclusions protect ischemiareperfusion damage time contraindicated 330–39 33039 33 39 (330–3 (interleukins- 1 -1 factor-alpha (histology 330–3 3303 (330– (interleukins - 330– (330 (33 (3 (

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) associated with Ringer lactate or hypertonic saline in inflammation and bacterial translocation on experimental intestinal obstruction (IO). Methods: Wistar rats was subjected to IO. Six or 24 hours after, rats were subjected to enterectomy and fluid resuscitation: IO, RL (subjected to the same procedures but with fluid resuscitation using Ringer’s lactate solution); RLNAC (added NAC to Ringer’s solution); and HSNAC (surgical procedure + fluid reposition with 7.5% hypertonic saline and NAC). After 24 h, tissues were collected to cytokines, bacterial translocation, and histological assessments. Results: In kidney, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) was lower in the groups with fluid resuscitation compared to IO group. The RLNAC showed lower levels compared to the RL. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and (IFN-gamma) were lower in the treatment groups than in IO. In lung, IL-1beta and IL-6 were lower in RLNAC compared to IO. IL-10 was lower in RL, RLNAC and HSNAC compared to IO. TNF-alpha was higher in HSNAC compared to both RL and RLNAC. Bacterial translocation was observed in all animals of IO group. In kidneys, inflammation and congestion degrees were lower in HSNAC compared to RL. In lungs, inflammation levels were higher in RLNAC compared with the sham group. Conclusions: The data indicates that NAC associated with RL can promote a decrease in the inflammatory process in the kidneys and lungs in rats, following intestinal obstruction and ischemia in rats. Purpose Nacetylcysteine N acetylcysteine (NAC . (IO) Methods 2 after Ringers s solution solution) added surgical 75 7 5 7.5 NAC. NAC) h cytokines assessments Results kidney interleukin1beta interleukinbeta interleukin 1beta beta IL1beta ILbeta IL (IL-1beta group Interleukin6 Interleukin 6 Interleukin- IL6, IL6 , (IL-6) interleukin10 10 interleukin-1 IL10, IL10 (IL-10) factoralpha factor alpha TNFalpha, TNFalpha TNF (TNF-alpha) IFNgamma IFN gamma (IFN-gamma lung IL- IL-1 Conclusions (IO 7. (IL-6 interleukin1 1 interleukin- IL1 (IL-10 (TNF-alpha (IL- (IL-1 (IL

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a forma tradicional impressa do Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire com uma proposta de formulário on-line, em termos de validade, confiabilidade e aplicabilidade. Métodos: Estudo de delineamento cruzado (crossover) realizado com 157 estudantes universitários de graduação. Metade da amostra respondeu primeiro ao questionário impresso e, 7 dias depois, ao questionário on-line, enquanto a outra metade da amostra fez o inverso. O coeficiente alfa de Cronbach foi usado para analisar a consistência interna dos questionários on-line e impressos. A validade de construção foi verificada por análise fatorial confirmatória, utilizando-se um estimador de mínimos quadrados ajustados pela média e variância e rotação oblíqua. A qualidade do modelo foi testada com índices de ajuste. Resultados: A análise fatorial confirmatória mostrou a estrutura de 19 itens com cinco fatores: χ2 de 230,718; graus de liberdade de 142; χ2/grau de liberdade de 1,625; índice de ajuste comparativo de 0,978 e raiz do erro quadrático médio de aproximação de 0,073. Todos os itens apresentaram cargas fatoriais acima de 0,5. Também houve excelente consistência entre os formatos de administração em todas as dimensões, com valores de alfa de Cronbach acima de 0,70. A estabilidade entre os formatos de administração variou entre 0,78 (IC95%: 0,69-0,85) e 0,84 (IC95%: 0,77-0,89), sugerindo confiança desejável entre os dois formatos de administração. Conclusão: O modelo de cinco fatores do Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire on-line apresenta consistência interna tanto em relação às dimensões da escala quanto em relação ao total de itens.

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the traditional printed form of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire with a proposed online form in terms of validity, reliability, and applicability. Methods: A crossover design study was conducted with 157 undergraduate students. Half of the sample answered the printed questionnaire first and then answered the online questionnaire 7 days later, while the other half of the sample did the inverse. Cronbach's alpha was used to analyze the internal consistency of both the online and printed questionnaires. The construct validity was analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis, using a weighted least square mean and adjusted variance estimation and oblique rotation. The quality of the model was tested with fit indices. Results: The confirmatory factor analysis showed the 19-item structure with five factors: χ2 of 230.718; degrees of freedom of 142; χ2/degrees of freedom of 1.625; comparative fit index of 0.978 and root mean square error of approximation of 0.073. All items presented factorial loads above 0.5. There was also excellent consistency between the formats of administration in all dimensions, with Cronbach's alpha values above 0.70. The stability between the formats of administration varied between 0.78 (95%CI: 0.69-0.85) and 0.84 (95%CI: 0.77-0.89), suggesting desirable confidence between both formats of administration. Conclusion: The five-factor model of the online Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire shows internal consistency both in terms of the scale dimensions as well as in terms of the total items.

OBJECTIVES: Intestinal obstruction has a high mortality rate when therapeutic treatment is delayed. Resuscitation in intestinal obstruction requires a large volume of fluid, and fluid combinations have been studied. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of hypertonic saline solution (HS) with pentoxifylline (PTX) on apoptosis, oxidative stress and survival rate. METHODS: Wistar rats were subjected to intestinal obstruction and ischemia through a closed loop ligation of the terminal ileum and its vessels. After 24 hours, the necrotic bowel segment was resected, and the animals were randomized into four groups according to the following resuscitation strategies: Ringer's lactate solution (RL) (RL-32 ml/kg); RL+PTX (25 mg/kg); HS+PTX (HS, 7.5%, 4 ml/kg), and no resuscitation (IO-intestinal obstruction and ischemia). Euthanasia was performed 3 hours after resuscitation to obtain kidney and intestine samples. A malondialdehyde (MDA) assay was performed to evaluate oxidative stress, and histochemical analyses (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling [TUNEL], Bcl-2 and Bax) were conducted to evaluate kidney apoptosis. Survival was analyzed with another series of animals that were observed for 15 days. RESULTS: PTX in combination with RL or HS reduced the MDA levels (nmol/mg of protein), as follows: kidney IO=0.42; RL=0.49; RL+PTX=0.31; HS+PTX=0.34 (p<0.05); intestine: IO=0.42; RL=0.48; RL+PTX=0.29; HS+PTX=0.26 (p<0.05). The number of labeled cells for TUNEL and Bax was lower in the HS+PTX group than in the other groups (p<0.05). The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was lower in the HS+PTX group than in the other groups (p<0.05). The survival rate on the 15th day was higher in the HS+PTX group (77%) than in the RL+PTX group (11%). CONCLUSION: PTX in combination with HS enhanced survival and attenuated oxidative stress and apoptosis. However, when combined with RL, PTX did not reduce apoptosis or mortality.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the oxidative stress, resulting from ischemia and hepatic reperfusion, in mice with non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis. Methods: C57BL/6 male mice were used. Part of them were ob/ob mice, and the other part was fed with standard or MCD diets - this last used to develop steatohepatitis. The animals - MCD-I/R, ob/ob-I/R and I/R groups - were submitted to 30 minutes of partial hepatic ischemia, followed by reperfusion for 24 hours. The blood was collected, for biochemical analysis of AST, and the liver removed for assessment of TBARS and nitrite, and of histology. Results: After the I/R, the animal fed with MCD diet presented higher AST levels (MCD-I/R: 967±349U/L / ob/ob-I/R: 606±18 U/L / I/R: 311±172 U/L), TBARS (MCD-I/R: 7±1 nM/mg protein / ob/ob-I/R: 3±1 nM/mg protein / I/R: 3±1 nM/mg protein) and nitrite (MCD-I/R: 614±87 µg/mL / ob/ob-I/R: 512±81 µg/mL / I/R: 459±29 µg/mL) than the ob/ob mice, when both groups were compared to animals fed with standard diet. Regarding histology, the steatosis level (azonal macrovesicular steatosis of level 3 - >66%) and hepatic fibrosis (periportal and perisinusoidal of level 2) was also more intense, but both animal models presented lobular inflammation of level 3 (>66%). Conclusions: The murine model fed with MCD diet is suitable for the assessment of oxidative stress in hepatic I/R injury associated with the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Although both murine models showed inflammatory infiltrate and macro and micro vesicular steatosis.

ABSTRACT Objective: Selenium (Se) supplementation has been used to help prevent the progression of Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) patients. We investigated Se serum and selenoprotein P (SePP) levels in Graves’ disease (GD) with and without GO, Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) patients and in 27 control individuals (C). Subjects and methods: We studied 54 female and 19 male patients: 19 with GD without GO, 21 GD with GO, 14 with HT and 19 with HT+LT4. Se values were measured using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Serum SePP levels were measured by ELISA. Results: Median Se levels were similar among all groups; GD patients: 54.2 (46.5-61.1 μg/L), GO: 53.6 (43.5-60.0 μg/L), HT: 51.9 (44.6-58.5 μg/L), HT+LT4 54.4 (44-63.4) and C group patients: 56.0 (52.4-61.5 μg/L); P = 0.48. However, serum SePP was lower in GO patients: 0.30 (0.15-1.05 μg/mL) and in HT patients: 0.35 (0.2-1.17 μg/mL) compared to C group patients: 1.00 (0.564.21 μg/mL) as well as to GD patients: 1.19 (0.62-2.5 μg/mL) and HT+LT4 patients: 0.7 (0,25-1.95); P = 0.002. Linear regression analysis showed a significant relationship between SePP and TPOAb values (r = 0.445, R2 = 0.293; P < 0.0001). Multiple regression analysis found no independent variables related to Se or SePP. Conclusion: A serum Se concentration was lower than in some other countries, but not significantly among AITD patients. The low serum SePP levels in GO and HT patients seems to express inflammatory reactions with a subsequent increase in Se-dependent protein consumption remains unclear.

Abstract Purpose: To develop an experimental model of intestinal ischemia and obstruction followed by surgical resection of the damaged segment and reestablishment of intestinal transit, looking at bacterial translocation and survival. Methods: After anesthesia, Wistar rats was subject to laparotomy, intestinal ischemia and obstruction through an ileal ligature 1.5cm of ileum cecal valve; and the mesenteric vessels that irrigate upstream of the obstruction site to approximately 7 to 10 cm were ligated. Abdominal wall was closed. Three, six or twenty-four hours after, rats were subject to enterectomy followed by an end to end anastomosis. After 24h, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen and lung tissues were surgically removed. It was studied survival rate and bacterial translocation. GraphPadPrism statistical program was used. Results: Animals with intestinal ischemia and obstruction for 3 hours survived 24 hours after enterectomy; 6hx24h: survival was 70% at 24 hours; 24hx24h: survival was 70% and 40%, before and after enterectomy, respectively. Culture of tissues showed positivity on the 6hx24h and negativity on the 3hx24h. Conclusion: The model that best approached the clinic was the one of 6x24h of ischemia and intestinal obstruction, in which it was observed bacterial translocation and low mortality rate.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the effects of diazoxide on the mortality, pancreatic injury, and inflammatory response in an experimental model of acute pancreatitis. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (200-400 g) were divided randomly into two groups. Fifteen minutes before surgery, animals received physiological (0.9%) saline (3 mL/kg) (control group) or 45 mg/kg diazoxide (treatment group) via the intravenous route. Acute pancreatitis was induced by injection of 2.5% sodium taurocholate via the biliopancreatic duct. Mortality (n=38) was observed for 72 h and analyzed by the Mantel-Cox Log-rank test. To study pancreatic lesions and systemic inflammation, rats (10 from each group) were killed 3 h after acute pancreatitis induction; ascites volume was measured and blood as well as pancreases were collected. Pancreatic injury was assessed according to Schmidt’s scale. Cytokine expression in plasma was evaluated by the multiplex method. RESULTS: Mortality at 72 h was 33% in the control group and 60% in the treatment group (p=0.07). Ascites volumes and plasma levels of cytokines between groups were similar. No difference was observed in edema or infiltration of inflammatory cells in pancreatic tissues from either group. However, necrosis of acinar cells was lower in the treatment group compared to the control group (3.5 vs. 3.75, p=0.015). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with diazoxide can reduce necrosis of acinar cells in an experimental model of acute pancreatitis, but does not affect the inflammatory response or mortality after 72 h.

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of remote ischemic preconditioning (IPC-R) in the fetal small bowel transplantation model. METHODS: Two groups were constituted: The Isogenic transplant (ISO, C57BL/6 mice, n=24) and the allogenic transplant (ALO, BALB/c mice, n=24). In each group, the animals were distributed with and without IPC-R. It was obtained the following subgroups: Tx, IPC-R, Fk, IPC-Fk, in both strains. Intestinal grafts were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemically. RESULTS: The graft development evaluation in ISO group showed that IPC-R reduced the development compared with ISO-Tx (5.2±0.4 vs 9.0±0.8) and IPC-R-Fk increased the graft development compared with IPC-R (11.2±0.7 and 10.2±0.8). In ALO group, IPC-Fk increased the development compared with ALO-Tx and ALO with IPC-R (6.0±0.8, 9.0±1.2, 0.0±0.0, 0.5±0.3). The PCNA expression was increased in ISO group treated with Fk and IPC-R compared to other groups (12.2±0.8 vs Tx: 8.8±0.9, IPC-R: 8.0±0.4 and Fk: 9.0±0.6). The graft rejection was lower in groups treated with IPC-R (-18%), Fk (-68%) or both (-61%) compared with ALO-Tx. CONCLUSION: Remote ischemic preconditioning showed benefic effect even associate with Tacrolimus on the development and acute rejection of the fetal small bowel graft in the Isogenic and Allogenic transplants.

OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a adesão ao tratamento antirretroviral de pacientes infectados pelo HIV no Centro de Referência Viva Vida em Patos de Minas, Minas Gerais, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo transversal retrospectivo, descritivo e quantitativo, alistamos pacientes infectados pelo HIV, maiores de 18 anos, usuários de terapia antirretroviral altamente ativa (HAART), de junho de 2011 a julho de 2012. Os dados sobre a retirada da medicação e da carga viral foram coletados a partir do sistema de informação de gestão logística de drogas e dos registros médicos, respectivamente. Dados sociodemográficos e dados sobre o uso da HAART foram colhidas manualmente, usando formulários apropriados. O questionário CEAT-HIV foi preenchido by140 pacientes que estavam usando HAART. Para análise dos dados, foram utilizados os testes ANOVA e Kruskal-Wallis Rank Sum, complementados com o teste de Dunn, quando necessário. Foi adotado um valor de P < 0,05 como o limite para significância. RESULTADOS: O grupo etário 18-30 anos apresentou menor adesão em comparação com o grupo com idade superior a 60 anos (p = 0,047). Em relação ao tempo de uso da HAART, não houve diferença entre os grupos (p = 0,515). Para o número de comprimidos tomados por dia, houve maior adesão por parte dos doentes medicados com até 4 comprimidos em comparação com aqueles que tomam 5-10 comprimidos por dia (p = 0,037). No que diz respeito a aderência, medida pelo questionário CEAT-VIH, houve a adesão estrita/rigorosa em 57,8% dos pacientes, com 21,4% dos pacientes classificados como tendo a aderência adequada, de acordo com os dados relativos à dispensação de medicamentos. CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes participantes de HAART e tomando até 4 comprimidos/dia apresentaram boa adesão ao tratamento.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the adherence to antiretroviral treatment of HIV-infected patients at the Centro de Referência Viva Vida in Patos de Minas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS: As a descriptive and quantitative retrospective cross-sectional study, we enlisted HIV-infected patients, over 18 years old, users of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) from June 2011 to July 2012. Data on withdrawal of medication and viral load were collected from the drug logistics management information system and from the medical records, respectively. Sociodemographic and data regarding HAART use were collected manually, using appropriate forms. The CEAT-HIV questionnaire was filled out by140 patients who were using HAART. For data analysis, we used ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis Rank Sum tests, complemented with Dunn's test, when necessary. P < 0.05 was adopted as the limit for significance. RESULTS: The age group 18-30 years presented lower adherence compared with the group aged over 60 years (p = 0.047). Regarding the HAART usage time, there was no difference between groups (p = 0.515). For the number of pills taken per day, there was greater adherence for patients taking up to 4 pills compared to those taking 5-10 pills daily (p = 0.037). Concerning adherence measured by the CEAT-HIV questionnaire, there was strict/rigorous adherence in 57.8% of patients, with 21.4% of the patients classified as having adequate adherence, according to the data on dispensation of medicines. CONCLUSION: Patients participating in HAART and taking up to 4 pills had good adherence to treatment.

OBJETIVO: O perfil epidemiológico da mortalidade por insuficiência cardíaca na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil ainda não foi estudado. O presente estudo tem como objetivo caracterizar comorbidades associadas a mortes por insuficiência cardíaca em São Paulo entre 2000 e 2012. MÉTODO: O sistema de informações sobre mortalidade (SIM/DATASUS) foi examinado, obtendo-se os seguintes parâmetros: idade, sexo, raça, nível de educação e comorbidades (hipertensão, diabetes, obesidade, doença pulmonar obstrutiva crónica). O nível socioeconômico foi estimado por anos deescolaridade, a saber: inferior (0-3 anos) e superior (> 3 anos). Foram analisados 14.814 atestados de óbito. RESULTADOS: Houve uma prevalência de indivíduos do subgrupo: sexo feminino, cor branca, casadas ou divorciadas, com idades entre 78 anos e nível socioeconômico baixo. Hipertensão e diabetes foram as comorbidades mais frequentes. Houve associações de (a) diabetes com a idade, (b) a idade, sexo e nível educacional com hipertensão arterial em indivíduos pertencentes a ambos os níveis socioeconômicos mais baixos e mais altos. CONCLUSÃO: Os indivíduos que morreram de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva em São Paulo são na sua maioria mulheres idosas, caucasianas, com pouca educação. Hipertensão e diabetes são as duas doenças crônicas mais comuns associadas à morte por insuficiência cardíaca congestiva.

OBJECTIVE: The epidemiology of heart failure mortality in the city of São Paulo, Brazil has not been studied. The present study aims to characterize comorbities associated to cardiac heart failure deaths in São Paulo between 2000 and 2012. METHOD: The mortality information system (SIM/DataSUS) was evaluated and the following parameters were retrieved: age, sex, race, level of education and comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). Socioeconomic status was estimated by years of schooling, as: lower (0-3 years) and higher (> 3 years). We analyzed 14,814 death certificates. RESULTS: There was a prevalence of subjects in the subgroup: female, white, married or divorced, aged 78 years and lower socioeconomic status. Hypertension and diabetes were the most frequent comorbidities. There were associations of (a) diabetes with age, (b) age, gender and educational level with hypertension in individuals belonging to both the lower and higher socioeconomic levels. CONCLUSION: Individuals who died of congestive heart failure in São Paulo are mostly elderly, women, caucasian, with little education. Hypertension and diabetes are the two most common chronic diseases associated with death bycongestive heart failure.

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of Borage oil on cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS: Male Wistar rats underwent ligation of the left coronary artery and divided into three groups: MI (control), BO-18 (18 mg/kg of borage oil) and BO-180 (180 mg/kg of borage oil). After seven days, heart was arrested in diastole and processed for histological evaluation of: MI size, LV dilation, myocyte hypertrophy, inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis in MI region and in remote region. The relative weight of the lung was used as a marker of heart failure. The MI size was comparable among groups. RESULTS: Compared to control, BO treated groups showed lower weight of heart and lungs, reduced LV dilation and myocyte hypertrophy. Hemodynamic measurements were comparable. The treatment attenuated the inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis in remote myocardium. CONCLUSION: Borage oil attenuates progression of cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure.