The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has had a profound impact on global health and socio-economic conditions. To date, various vaccines have been administered worldwide in an effort to curb the spread of the virus. Despite vaccination efforts, there have been complications. Existing antiviral drugs have shown limited effectiveness, prompting the use of computational methods to understand the dynamics of the virus and develop suitable treatments. The current study focuses on using biocompatible para-sulfonato-calix[4]arenes to dock against two key proteins of SARS-CoV-2, namely ribonucleic acid (RNA)-dependent RNA polymerase, and helicase. Docking results indicate a strong binding affinity of these compounds to the target proteins, with higher scores compared to commonly used medications. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation validates the docking results, showing stable protein-ligand complexes over time. The compounds are also screened for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties and toxicity, suggesting their potential as lead candidates for inhibiting the virus’s key proteins. However, further in vivo and in vitro studies are recommended to confirm these findings. COVID19 COVID 19 (COVID-19 pandemic SARSCoV2, SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV , (SARS-CoV-2) socioeconomic socio economic conditions date efforts complications effectiveness treatments parasulfonatocalix4arenes parasulfonatocalixarenes para sulfonato calix 4 arenes 2, SARS-CoV-2 RNAdependent dependent polymerase helicase medications MD (MD proteinligand protein ligand time absorption distribution metabolism toxicity viruss s However findings COVID1 1 (COVID-1 (SARS-CoV-2 parasulfonatocalix SARS-CoV- (COVID- (SARS-CoV- SARS-CoV (COVID (SARS-CoV

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the morphometric and volumetric dimensions of the lacrimal gland in patients with inactive thyroid eye disease and compare them with the values reported in the literature. Methods: This case series evaluated consecutive patients with inactive thyroid eye disease treated at a tertiary eye hospital from 2015 to 2020. The patients’ baseline demographics and clinical characteristics were obtained. The axial and coronal length, width, and volume of the lacrimal gland were measured on computed tomography scan images, and the results were statistically analyzed. Results: A total of 21 patients (42 orbits) with inactive thyroid eye disease were evaluated. Their mean age was 49.0 ± 14.6 years, and 12 (57.1%) of them were men. The main complaint was dryness, and the majority of the patients had good vision and mild proptosis. The mean axial length and width of the lacrimal gland were 19.3 ± 3.9 mm and 7.5 ± 2.1 mm, respectively; coronal length and width, 20.4 ± 4.5 mm and 7.5 ± 2.1 mm, respectively; and lacrimal gland volume, 0.825 ± 0.326 mm3. Age, sex, or laterality were not found to be determinants of lacrimal gland enlargement. Conclusion: Patients with thyroid eye disease have enlarged lacrimal gland even in the nonactive phase of the disease multifactorial aspects influence the lacrimal gland in thyroid eye disease, making it difficult to establish a clear correlation with predisposing factors. Further studies are warranted to better understand the association between thyroid eye disease and the lacrimal gland. Purpose literature Methods 201 2020 obtained images analyzed Results 2 42 (4 orbits 490 49 0 49. 146 14 6 14. years 1 57.1% 571 57 (57.1% men dryness proptosis 193 19 3 19. 39 9 3. 75 7 5 7. 2. respectively 204 20 4 20. 45 4. 0825 825 0.82 0326 326 0.32 mm3 Age sex enlargement Conclusion factors 202 ( 57.1 (57.1 082 82 0.8 032 32 0.3 57. (57. 08 8 0. 03 (57 (5

Resumen Uno de cada diez bebés nacidos es prematuro, el cual se define como el nacido antes de las 37 semanas de edad gestacional. La prematuridad está asociada con un alto riesgo de trastornos del neurodesarrollo con limitaciones en la audición, visión, área cognitiva y motora. Actualmente, no existen programas estan darizados específicos para el seguimiento neurológico de los prematuros. La mayoría son desarrollados por las unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales y dan seguimiento hasta la edad pre-escolar. Sin embargo, algunas deficiencias, como el deterioro cognitivo leve, son reconocidos tardíamente. Esta revisión describe un cronograma para el seguimiento neurológico y las he rramientas estandarizadas que pueden utilizarse para vigilar el desarrollo y asegurar que los niños nacidos prematuros reciban terapias y otros servicios adecuados y oportunos.

Abstract One in ten babies are born preterm, as defined as being less than 37 weeks of gestational age. Premature births are associated with a high risk of poor neurode velopmental outcomes, including hearing, visual, motor, and cognitive impairments. Currently, there is no specific standardization for neurological follow-up infants born premature. Most formal neonatal intensive care units, follow-up programs monitor children until early child hood. However, some deficits, such as mild cognitive impairment, may only become apparent in school years. This review outlines a neurological follow-up timeline, as well as the different standardized measures that can be used to monitor development to ensure that children born preterm receive timely and appropriate therapies and services.

Abstract Introduction Despite the evidence against drain placement after thyroidectomy, there is a lack of consensus on drain use in patients with substernal goiter. Objective To assess the factors that increase the likelihood of drain placement and its impact on postoperative hematoma and other 30-day complications among adult patients undergoing thyroidectomy for substernal goiter. Methods A retrospective cohort study that used data from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP). Adult patients (aged ≥ 18 years) who underwent elective thyroidectomy for substernal goiter from 2016 to 2020 were included. Cases with closed suction neck drains placed upon completion of surgery were included in the drain group, and the remaining cases formed the nondrain group. Results A total of 1,229 patients were included (46.5% with drain placement). The factors that increased the likelihood of drain placement included body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2, score between 3 and 5 on the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification, sternal split/transthoracic surgical approach, operative time ≥ 90 minutes, and surgery conducted by otolaryngologists. Patients with clean-contaminated or contaminated wound classifications were less likely to be submitted to drain placement. In addition, drain use had no impact on postoperative hematoma formation but was found to independently increase the risk of prolonged length of hospital stay. Conclusion Thyroidectomy without drain placement might be safe for substernal goiter. However, this decision should be individualized for each patient. Level Of Evidence: 3 30day day ACSNSQIP. ACSNSQIP ACS NSQIP . (ACS-NSQIP) aged 1 years 201 202 group 1229 229 1,22 46.5% 465 46 (46.5 placement) BMI (BMI kgm2 kgm kg m2 m kg/m2 ASA (ASA classification splittransthoracic split transthoracic approach 9 minutes otolaryngologists cleancontaminated clean addition stay However patient Evidence (ACS-NSQIP 20 122 22 1,2 46.5 4 (46. kg/m 2 12 1, 46. (46 (4 (

The incidence of medical negligence claims is well documented in South Africa (SA). Civil and criminal processes are in place to deal with this, and the matter may be reported to the Health Professions Council of SA (HPCSA). There is a school of thought that suggests that these processes do not provide sufficient relief to an affected party. The processes are not always satisfactory; an aggrieved party may wish to know the reasons why a particular error occurred and why a healthcare practitioner acted in a particular manner. In addition to this, they may want to receive a sincere apology. Medical practitioners may also want to communicate with patients or family members of a patient who has passed away as a result of an iatrogenic event, but may be fearful of litigation. This article considers the current position in SA in relation to issuing an apology related to an iatrogenic event, and consults foreign jurisdictions for further guidance on the topic.

RESUMO: Membros do gênero Lanius, conhecidos como picanços, são pássaros canoros economicamente importantes, amplamente distribuídos em vários países asiáticos. O sequenciamento de DNA, baseado em um segmento parcial do gene citocromo oxidase b (Cyt b), foi usado para determinar as variações genéticas e a estrutura genética da população em quatro populações de amostras de picanço do norte, leste e oeste do Paquistão. As diversidades de nucleotídeos em L. isabellinus (= 0,02), L. schach (= 0,005), L. vittatus (= 0,004) e L. lahtora (= 0,008) foram observadas. Os valores de FST foram significativos (P < 0,05) em todas as populações de espécies, exceto L. isabellinus, que não foram significativos. Os valores negativos de Fs de Fu e D de Tajima mostraram expansão populacional significativa em três espécies, L. schach, L. vittatus e L. Lahtora, enquanto foram insignificantes em populações de L. isabellinus. Os valores Fs de Fu e D de Tajima explicam que uma forte estrutura genética está presente entre os membros de L. isabellinus. Com base nisso, infere-se que a forte estruturação genética nas populações de L. isabellinus nessa região foi amplamente moldada por uma origem comum, com influências secundárias de fatores geográficos e isolamento. RESUMO Lanius picanços importantes asiáticos DNA Cyt b, , b) norte Paquistão L = ( 0,02, 002 0,02 0 02 0,02) 0,005, 0005 0,005 005 0,005) 0,004 0004 004 0,008 0008 008 observadas P 0,05 05 espécies Lahtora nisso inferese infere se comum isolamento 00 0,0 000 0,00 0,

ABSTRACT: Members of the genus Lanius, known as shrikes, are economically important song birds distributed widely in several Asian countries. DNA sequencing, based on a partial segment of the cytochrome oxidase b (Cyt b) gene, was used to determine genetic variations and population genetic structure in four populations of shrike samples from north, east, and west Pakistan. We observed nucleotide diversities in L. isabellinus(= 0.02), L. schach(= 0.005), L. vittatus(= 0.004) and L. lahtora(= 0.008) . FST values were significant (P < 0.05) in all species populations apart from L. isabellinus, which were non-significant. The negative values of Fu’s Fs and Tajima’s D showed significant population expansion in three species, L. schach, L. vittatusand L. Lahtora, whereas they were insignificant in populations of L. isabellinus. Fu’s Fs and Tajima’s D values explain that a strong genetic structure is present among members of L. isabellinus. On this basis, it is inferred that strong genetic structuring in L. isabellinuspopulations within this region was largely shaped by a common origin, with secondary influences from geographical factors and isolation. ABSTRACT Lanius shrikes countries sequencing Cyt gene north east Pakistan L isabellinus= isabellinus = isabellinus( 0.02, 002 0.02 , 0 02 0.02) schach= schach schach( 0.005, 0005 0.005 005 0.005) vittatus= vittatus vittatus( 0.004 0004 004 lahtora= lahtora lahtora( 0.008 0008 008 P 0.05 05 nonsignificant. nonsignificant non significant. non-significant Fus Fu s Tajimas Tajima Lahtora basis origin isolation 00 0.0 000 0.00 0.

Resumen Se presentan resultados de la comparación de trampas BG-Pro para mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) colocadas en días alternos con el cebo BG (BGL) y el cebo BG más CO2 (BGL+CO2) en un gradiente de altitud arbórea usando una torre de avistamiento de incendios en el Bosque Nacional Hoosier en el suroccidente de Indiana, Estados Unidos. Ambos métodos recolectaron cantidades (± EE) similares de mosquitos (BGL = 1,14 ± 1,79 and BGL+CO2 = 1,17 ± 2,56) por unidad de muestreo. Sin embargo, se colectaron tres especies adicionales al añadir CO2. Estos resultados preliminares sugieren que añadir CO2 puede aumentar la riqueza de especies que se colectan y justifican hacer ensayos más detallados para comparar los dos tratamientos de recolección de mosquitos, considerando el número similar de mosquitos a pesar de que las trampas con CO2 operaron por un tiempo más corto (16 horas) que las trampas con BGL (24 horas).

Abstract Here we compare mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) samples collected with BG-Pro traps set on alternate days with the BG-Lure (BGL) and the BG-Lure plus CO2 (BGL+CO2) across a tree height gradient using a fire tower in the Hoosier National Forest in Southwestern Indiana, USA. With both methods, we collected similar numbers (± SE) of mosquitoes (BGL = 1.14 ± 1.79 and BGL+CO2 = 1.17 ± 2.56) per sampling effort unit. However, richness increased by three species when adding CO2. These preliminary results suggest that adding CO2 might increase the species richness of collected samples and are encouraging to pursue more detailed trials to compare the two treatments for collecting mosquitoes, considering the similar number of collected mosquitoes despite the shorter time (16 hours as opposed to 24 used in the traps with BGL only) of operation for traps where CO2 was added.

Probability-based empirical methods were employed as an alternative approach to predicting uncertainties associated with rock mass properties. The focus was on developing probabilistic spreadsheets to forecast rock mass classification indexes. Histograms were constructed to describe the best distribution in predicting rock mass properties. The developed models also offer utility in predicting the impact of discontinuities within the rock mass on rock strength and rock mass classification systems. Statistical analyses identified volumetric joint count, joint spacing, joint frequency, and rock strength as the most influential parameters. Moreover, the statistical analysis revealed varying degrees of correlation among different rock mass properties. While some properties demonstrated significant correlations suitable for modelling, others did not align well with any correlation model. The results highlight the need for a comprehensive approach to rock mass characterization, considering multiple factors beyond volumetric joint count. Geological complexities, including tectonic activity and weathering processes, may obscure direct correlations. These results emphasize the importance of empirical modelling and detailed site investigations for accurate assessment of rock mass quality and stability in the Himalaya.

Resumo Em todo o mundo, o plástico tem entrado no sistema aquático e tem sido ingerido por organismos. A identificação, o método de digestão ideal e a caracterização dos polímeros para rastrear fontes são de crescente importância. Portanto, o presente trabalho investigou o acúmulo de microplásticos, a eficiência do protocolo de digestão e a caracterização de polímeros com análise de FTIR nos tratos digestivos de cinco peixes (Lethrinus nebulosus, Rastrelliger kanagurta, Acanthopagrus arabicus, Otolithes ruber e Euryglossa orientalis) do litoral de Karachi, no mar Arábico. Um total de 1154 microplásticos (MP) foram ingeridos por 29 das 33 espécies de peixes (87%) estudadas. A maior média MP/peixe foi registrada no Otolithes ruber (54), e a menor no Rastrelliger kanagurta (19,42). As microfibras foram a forma mais abundante e com os maiores números (35,52%), em comparação ao restante das MPs identificadas. As microfibras transparentes foram detectadas em maior número, seguidas por vermelho, preto, azul e verde. Neste estudo, o KOH foi testado em diferentes concentrações e tempos de exposição, juntamente com o agente oxidante peróxido de hidrogênio (Protocolos 3 e 4). Os resultados mostraram que essas bases foram altamente eficientes para a obtenção de digestão ideal das amostras. A análise de FTIR confirmou que a maioria dos polímeros encontrados nos tratos digestivos dos peixes eram polietileno e polipropileno. Este estudo validou pela primeira vez a presença desses polímeros de plástico em peixes marinhos do Paquistão. mundo organismos identificação importância Portanto Lethrinus nebulosus arabicus orientalis Karachi Arábico 115 MP (MP 2 87% 87 (87% estudadas MPpeixe peixe 54, 54 , (54) 19,42. 1942 19,42 . 19 42 (19,42) 35,52%, 3552 35,52% 35 52 (35,52%) identificadas número vermelho preto verde exposição Protocolos 4. 4 4) amostras polipropileno Paquistão 11 8 (87 5 (54 194 19,4 1 (19,42 355 35,52 (35,52% (8 (5 19, (19,4 35,5 (35,52 ( (19, 35, (35,5 (19 (35, (1 (35 (3

Abstract Around the globe, plastic has been entering the aquatic system and is ingested by organisms. Identification, optimal digestion method, and characterization of the polymers to trace sources are of growing importance. Hence, the present work investigated microplastics accumulation, digestion protocol efficiency, and characterization of polymers with FTIR analysis in the guts of five fishes (Lethrinus nebulosus, Rastrelliger kanagurta, Acanthopagrus arabicus, Otolithes ruber, and Euryglossa orientalis) from the Karachi coastal area, Arabian Sea. A total of 1154 microplastics (MPs) were ingested by 29 out of 33 fish species (87%). The highest average MP/fish was recorded in Otolithes ruber (54) and the lowest in Rastrelliger kanagurta (19.42). Microfibers were the most abundant shape with the highest numbers (35.52%) as compared to the rest of the MPs identified. Transparent microfibers were recorded as the highest in numbers followed by red, black, blue, and green. In this study, KOH with different concentrations and exposure times along with oxidizing agent hydrogen peroxide was tested (Protocols 3 and 4). Results showed these bases were highly efficient in obtaining optimal digestion of the samples. FTIR analysis confirmed that the majority of the polymers found in the fish guts were polyethylene and polypropylene. This study validated for the first time the presence of these polymers of plastic in marine fish from Pakistan. globe organisms Identification method importance Hence accumulation efficiency Lethrinus nebulosus arabicus orientalis area Sea 115 (MPs 2 87%. 87 87% . (87%) MPfish MP 54 (54 19.42. 1942 19.42 19 42 (19.42) 35.52% 3552 35 52 (35.52% identified red black blue green Protocols 4. 4 4) samples polypropylene Pakistan 11 8 (87% 5 (5 194 19.4 1 (19.42 35.52 355 (35.52 (87 ( 19. (19.4 35.5 (35.5 (8 (19. 35. (35. (19 (35 (1 (3

RESUMO: O presente estudo teve como objetivo a detecção, purificação, quantificação do soro antiofídico em ovos de galinha e determinar a eficácia do soro antiofídico extraído em camundongos. Os três grupos de galinhas foram imunizados por doses subletais de veneno de cobra Sindhi krait com óleo de parafina adjuvante + lecitina. As doses de reforço foram injetadas por via subcutânea nos músculos do peito em vários locais após cada duas semanas até oito semanas. Anticorpos-IgY produzidos contra o veneno de Krait foram purificados da gema de ovo pelo método de precipitação com PEG-6000. Os conteúdos de proteína antiveneno-IgY purificada foram quantificados por fotômetro nanodrop enquanto a pureza foi acessada por SDS-PAGE. A especificidade do antiveneno-IgY foi verificada pelo método de Ochterloneys e o título foi estimado por ELISA indireto. A eficácia do antiveneno foi avaliada em camundongos albinos. A IgY purificada exibiu uma única banda de proteína 180-190 KDa em SDS-PAGE sob condição não reduzida e duas bandas 63 - 65 KDa e 22 - 25 KDa correspondentemente condição sub-reduzida. A imunodifusão exibiu linhas de precipitação nítidas de imunocomplexo (veneno e IgY extraída). Em todos os grupos (G1, G2 e G3) o nível do soro aumentou acentuadamente da 3ª para a 4ª semana e manteve-se a partir daí. G2 e G3 apresentaram títulos elevados até diluições de 1:2048, enquanto G1 apresentou diluições de até 1:1024, testado por ELISA indireto. No ensaio de neutralização, a dose ED50 de antiveneno G2 e G3 obtida foi de 400,23ug/camundongos para mais de duas vezes a LD50 e 100% de proteção foi @ 508,84ug/camundongos que neutralizam completamente a dose altamente letal de veneno. Mas G1 ED50 foi de 405,66ug/camundongos e forneceu 100% de proteção @ 554,21ug/camundongos. Antivenenos extraídos, contra veneno de Bungarus sindanus eram altamente puros, seu título de anticorpos e capacidade de neutralização foram produzidos com sucesso a partir de gemas de ovos de galinhas imunizadas pela primeira vez no Paquistão. RESUMO detecção purificação lecitina AnticorposIgY Anticorpos PEG6000. PEG6000 PEG 6000. 6000 PEG-6000 antivenenoIgY SDSPAGE. SDSPAGE SDS PAGE. PAGE indireto albinos 180190 180 190 180-19 6 2 subreduzida. subreduzida sub reduzida. sub-reduzida extraída. extraída . extraída) G1, G (G1 ª mantevese manteve se daí 12048, 12048 1 2048, 2048 1:2048 11024, 11024 1024, 1024 1:1024 ED ED5 40023ugcamundongos ugcamundongos 400 23ug ug LD LD5 100 50884ugcamundongos 508 84ug 40566ugcamundongos 405 66ug 55421ugcamundongos 554 21ug 554,21ug/camundongos extraídos puros Paquistão PEG600 600 PEG-600 18019 18 19 180-1 (G 1204 204 1:204 1102 102 1:102 40 10 50 55 PEG60 60 PEG-60 1801 180- 120 20 1:20 110 1:10 4 5 PEG6 PEG-6 12 1:2 11 1:1 PEG- 1:

ABSTRACT: Present study aimed for detection, purification, quantification of Sind Krait (Bungarus sindanus) antivenom from chicken eggs and to determine extracted antivenom efficacy in mice. Hens’ three groups were immunized by sub-lethal doses of Sind Krait venom with adjuvant paraffin oil+lecithin. Booster doses were injected subcutaneously on pectorals muscles at multiple sites after every two weeks upto eight weeks. Antibodies-IgY produced against Sind Krait venom was purified form eggs’ yolk by precipitation method with PEG-6000. Purified antivenom-IgY protein contents were quantified by Nanodrop-photometer, purity accessed by SDS-PAGE, specificity checked by Ochterloneys method and titer estimated by indirect ELISA. Antivenom efficacy was assessed in albino mice. Purified antivnom-IgY exhibited single protein band 180-190 kDa on SDS-PAGE under non-reduced condition and two-bands 63 - 65 kDa and 22 - 25 kDa correspondingly under-reduced condition. Immunodiffusion exhibited sharp precipitation lines of immune-complex (venom and extracted-IgY). In all groups (G1, G2 and G3) antivenom level sharply increase from 3rd to 4th week and maintained thereafter. G2 and G3 presented high titer upto 1:2048 dilutions, while G1 showed upto 1:1024 dilutions, as tested by indirect ELISA. In neutralization assay ED50 dose of G2 and G3 obtained antivenom was 400.23 µg/mice for more than twofold LD50 dose of venom and 100% protection was at 508.84 µg/mice that completely neutralized highly lethal dose of venom. But G1 ED50 was 405.66 µg/mice and provides 100% protection at 554.21 µg/mice. Extracted antivenom, against Sind Krait venom were highly pure, and with high neutralization capacity were produced successfully from eggs yolk first time in Pakistan. ABSTRACT detection purification Bungarus sindanus mice Hens sublethal sub oillecithin oil lecithin oil+lecithin AntibodiesIgY Antibodies IgY PEG6000. PEG6000 PEG 6000. 6000 PEG-6000 antivenomIgY Nanodropphotometer, Nanodropphotometer Nanodrop photometer, photometer Nanodrop-photometer SDSPAGE, SDSPAGE SDS PAGE, PAGE ELISA antivnomIgY antivnom 180190 180 190 180-19 nonreduced non reduced twobands bands 6 2 underreduced immunecomplex immune complex extractedIgY. extractedIgY . extracted-IgY) G1, G (G1 rd th thereafter 12048 1 2048 1:204 dilutions 11024 1024 1:102 ED ED5 40023 400 23 400.2 µgmice µg LD LD5 100 50884 508 84 508.8 40566 405 66 405.6 55421 554 21 554.2 pure Pakistan PEG600 600 PEG-600 18019 18 19 180-1 extracted-IgY (G 1204 204 1:20 1102 102 1:10 4002 40 400. 10 5088 50 8 508. 4056 405. 5542 55 554. PEG60 60 PEG-60 1801 180- 120 20 1:2 110 1:1 4 5 PEG6 PEG-6 12 1: 11 PEG-

RESUMO: Acredita-se que a IgY derivada de aves seja a melhor terapia para picadas de escorpião em relação aos efeitos colaterais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar uma hipótese sobre a neutralização do veneno do escorpião Androcotonus australis através de anticorpos produzidos na gema de ovos de galinhas. O veneno usado para inoculação foi obtido de Androctonus australis (escorpião amarelo de cauda gorda) do sul de Punjab, Paquistão. A dose letal de LD50 contra veneno de escorpião foi calculada em galinhas e camundongos. Doses seguras foram dadas a galinhas poedeiras para produzir anticorpos IgY. Os anticorpos antiveneno IgY foram extraídos das gemas de ovos de galinhas imunizadas pelo método do polietilenoglicol (PEG). Além disso, a IgY foi confirmada por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida e dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE) e pelo teste de imunodifusão dupla de Ouchterlony. Os títulos de anticorpos foram avaliados pelo ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA). A capacidade de neutralização dos anticorpos anti-escorpião extraídos foi testada em camundongos. A LD50 calculada do veneno de escorpião para galinhas e camundongos foi de 4 mg/kg e 2,5 mg/kg, respectivamente. SDS-PAGE e imunodifusão dupla Ouchterlony confirmaram a presença de IgY contra veneno de escorpião. O valor máximo do título de IgY específico produzido contra veneno de escorpião foi de 3,5 ug/ml. Uma concentração de 220 ul/LD50 foi considerada eficaz para neutralizar 1 mg de veneno de escorpião. Sugere-se que a IgY obtida da gema do ovo seja segura contra o veneno direcionado e possa ser usada como uma alternativa eficaz aos anticorpos IgG equinos contra o envenenamento por escorpiões. RESUMO Acreditase Acredita se colaterais gorda Punjab Paquistão LD LD5 PEG. PEG . (PEG) disso SDSPAGE SDS PAGE (SDS-PAGE ELISA. ELISA (ELISA) antiescorpião anti mgkg kg 25 2 5 2, respectivamente 35 3 3, ugml ug ml ug/ml 22 ulLD50 ulLD ul ul/LD5 Sugerese Sugere escorpiões (PEG (ELISA ulLD5 ul/LD

ABSTRACT: Avian-derived IgY is thought to be the best therapy for scorpion bites concerning low-level side effects. The present study analyzed a hypothesis about the neutralization of scorpion venom Androcotonus australis through antibodies produced in the egg yolks of chickens. The venom used for inoculation was obtained from Androctonus australis (yellow fat-tailed scorpion) from southern Punjab, Pakistan. The lethal dose of LD50 against scorpion venom was calculated in chickens and mice. Safe doses were given to egg-laying chickens to produce IgY antibodies. The antivenom IgY antibodies were extracted from the egg yolks of immunized chicken using the polyethylene glycol (PEG) method. Moreover, IgY was confirmed through sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and the Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion assay test. The antibody titers were evaluated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The neutralisation capacity of extracted anti-scorpion antibodies was tested on mice. The calculated LD50 of scorpion venom for chicken and mice was 4 mg/kg and 2.5 mg/kg, respectively. SDS-PAGE and Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion confirmed the presence of IgY against scorpion venom. The maximum titer value of specific IgY produced against scorpion venom was 3.5 ug/ml. A concentration of 220 ul/LD50 was effective to neutralize 1 mg of scorpion venom. It is suggested that IgY obtained from egg yolks is safe against targeted venom and can be used as an effective alternative to equine IgG antibodies against scorpion envenoming. ABSTRACT Avianderived Avian derived lowlevel low level effects yellow fattailed fat tailed Punjab Pakistan LD LD5 egglaying laying PEG (PEG method Moreover sulfatepolyacrylamide sulfate polyacrylamide SDSPAGE SDS PAGE (SDS-PAGE test enzymelinked enzyme linked ELISA. ELISA . (ELISA) antiscorpion anti mgkg kg 25 2 5 2. respectively 35 3 3. ugml ug ml ug/ml 22 ulLD50 ulLD ul ul/LD5 envenoming (ELISA ulLD5 ul/LD

Resumo Distúrbios do coração e dos vasos sanguíneos, como doença cardíaca coronária, doença dos vasos cerebrais, doença cardíaca reumática entre outros, são referidos juntos como doença cardiovascular (DCV). Neste estudo, procuramos determinar como os genes mitocondriais do RNA de transferência de leucina e as DCVs estão relacionados (MT-L1 e MT-L2). Foi coletado um total de 27 amostras de saliva de pacientes com DCV em Peshawar. Genes de Leu-tRNA expressos por mitocôndrias foram amplificados usando reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) após a remoção do DNA. Dez amostras foram enviadas para sequenciamento após PCR e limpeza gênica. Obtivemos todos os resultados sequenciados, que foram posteriormente alinhados e avaliados em comparação com a Sequência de Referência de Cambridge revisada (rCRS). No entanto, em nossas amostras sequenciadas, os genes Leu-tRNA MT-L1 e MT-L2 foram determinados como inalterados. Assim, sugere-se que uma grande população seja levada em consideração durante a triagem de mutações nos genes Leu-tRNA MT-L1 e MT-L2 mitocondriais codificados de pacientes cardíacos em áreas do Paquistão. Além disso, recomenda-se que outros genes mitocondriais codificados de pacientes com problemas cardíacos também sejam verificados quanto a possíveis mutações. Isso pode resultar na identificação de marcadores genéticos que podem ser usados para triagem precoce de DCV no Paquistão. sanguíneos coronária cerebrais DCV. . (DCV) estudo MTL1 MTL MT L1 L (MT-L MTL2. MTL2 L2 MT-L2) 2 Peshawar LeutRNA Leu tRNA (PCR DNA gênica sequenciados rCRS. rCRS (rCRS) entanto sequenciadas MT-L inalterados Assim sugerese sugere se Paquistão disso recomendase recomenda (DCV (rCRS

Abstract Heart and blood vessel disorders, such as coronary heart disease, brain vessel disease, rheumatic heart disease, and others, are together referred to as cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this study, we sought to determine how mitochondrial Leucine Transfer RNA genes and CVDs are related (MT-L1 and MT-L2). From CVD patients in Peshawar, a total of 27 saliva samples were taken. Leu-tRNA genes expressed by mitochondria were amplified using polymerase chain reaction after DNA was removed. Ten samples were sent for sequencing after PCR and gene cleaning. We obtained all of the sequenced results, which were subsequently aligned and evaluated against the mitochondrial revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS). However, in our sequenced samples, Leu-tRNA MT-L1 and MT-L2 genes were determined to be unaltered. Thus, it is suggested that a large population be taken into account while screening for mutations in the mitochondrial encoded Leu-tRNA MT-L1 and MT-L2 genes of cardiac patients in areas of Pakistan. Additionally, it is recommended that patients with cardiac problems should also have other mitochondrial encoded genes checked for potential mutations. This could result in the identification of genetic markers that could be used for early CVD screening in Pakistan. disorders others CVD. . (CVD) study MTL1 MTL MT L1 L (MT-L MTL2. MTL2 L2 MT-L2) Peshawar 2 LeutRNA Leu tRNA removed cleaning results rCRS. rCRS (rCRS) However MT-L unaltered Thus Pakistan Additionally (CVD (rCRS

Resumo A abordagem de avaliação do ciclo de vida foi realizada para um conjunto de móveis de madeira convencional produzido na divisão Mardan da província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa do Paquistão durante 2018-19. Os dados primários sobre entradas e saídas foram coletados por meio de pesquisas por questionário de 100 fabricantes de conjuntos de móveis de madeira convencionais, 50 no distrito de Mardan e 50 no distrito de Swabi. No presente estudo, a abordagem de avaliação do ciclo de vida do berço ao portão foi aplicada para uma unidade funcional de um conjunto de móveis de madeira convencional. Os dados da média ponderada da produção foram modelados no software de modelagem de impactos ambientais, isto é, SimaPro v.8.5. Os resultados mostraram que os têxteis usados no conjunto de sofás, o preservativo de madeira para polir e prevenir o ataque de insetos e a gasolina usada no gerador tiveram a maior contribuição em todas as categorias de impacto ambiental avaliadas. A demanda total acumulada de energia para o conjunto de móveis de madeira fabricado foi de 30.005 MJ, com a maior parte da energia adquirida de recursos de combustíveis fósseis não renováveis.

Abstract Life cycle assessment was carried out for a conventional wooden furniture set produced in Mardan division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan during 2018-19. Primary data regarding inputs and outputs were collected through questionnaire surveys from 100 conventional wooden furniture set manufacturers, 50 in district Mardan and 50 in district Swabi. In the present study, cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment approach was applied for a functional unit of one conventional wooden furniture set. Production weighted average data were modelled in the environmental impacts modelling software i.e., SimaPro v.8.5. The results showed that textile used in sofa set, wood preservative for polishing and preventing insects attack and petrol used in generator had the highest contribution to all the environmental impact categories evaluated. Total cumulative energy demand for wooden furniture set manufactured was 30,005 MJ with most of the energy acquired from non-renewable fossil fuel resources.

Resumo O tempo de transplante e o genótipo contribuem para melhorar a produtividade e a qualidade da cultura da berinjela (Solanum melongena L.). Um experimento de campo foi conduzido para investigar o impacto da aplicação foliar de triacontanol (TRIA) e genótipos de berinjela 25919, Nirala, 28389 e Pak-10927, transplantados em 1 de março, 15 de março e 1 de abril de exposição a condições de alta temperatura do ar. O experimento foi realizado de acordo com o Randomized Complete Block Design e os dados foram analisados pelo teste de Tuckey. O TRIA foi aplicado a 10 µM na fase de floração; água destilada foi utilizada como controle. Taxa de fotossíntese e transpiração, condutância estomática, eficiência do uso da água e efeitos sobre as enzimas antioxidantes (superóxido dismutase, catalase e peroxidase) foram avaliados. O TRIA 10 µM aumentou a taxa de fotossíntese e a eficiência do uso da água e o rendimento foi melhorado em todos os genótipos transplantados nas diferentes datas. A aplicação foliar de TRIA 10µM aumentou as atividades das enzimas antioxidantes (SOD, POD e CAT) e melhorou os atributos fisiológicos e bioquímicos de genótipos de berinjela expostos a condições de alto calor. A atividade mais elevada da enzima dismutase 5,41mg / 1g FW foi registrada no genótipo Nirala no segundo transplante. Considerando que o mais baixo foi observado em PAK-10927 (2,30 mg / g FW). A produtividade máxima de frutos foi encontrada no acesso 25919 (1,725 kg por planta) no 1º transplante com Triacontanol, enquanto o acesso PAK-10927 deu a menor produção (0,285 kg por planta) no tratamento de controle no 3º transplante. Genótipo, data de transplante e aplicação de TRIA, melhoramento do crescimento, rendimento e atributos de qualidade sob estresse térmico em berinjela.

Abstract Transplanting time and genotype contribute to improving crop yield and quality of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). A field experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of foliar applied of triacontanol (TRIA) and eggplant genotypes 25919, Nirala, 28389 and Pak-10927,transplanted on 1 March,15 March, and 1 April on exposure to high air temperature conditions. The experiment was performed according to Randomized Complete Block Design and the data was analyzed by using Tuckey,s test . The TRIA was applied at 10µM at flowering stage; distilled water was used as the control. Rate of photosynthesis and transpiration, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, and effects on antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase) were evaluated. The 10µM TRIA increased photosynthesis rate and water use efficiency and yield was improved in all genotypes transplanted at the different dates. Foliar application of 10µM TRIA increased antioxidative enzyme activities (SOD, POD & CAT) and improved physiological as well as biochemical attributes of eggplant genotypes exposed to high heat conditions. Highest activity of dismutase enzyme 5.41mg/1g FW was recorded in Nirala genotype in second transplantation. Whereas, lowest was noted in PAK-10927 (2.30mg/g FW). Maximum fruit yield was found in accession 25919 (1.725kg per plant) at 1st transplantation with Triacontanol, whereas accession PAK-10927 gave the lowest yield (0.285 kg per plant) at control treatment on 3rd transplantation. Genotype, transplanting date and application of TRIA improved growth, yield and quality attributes under of heat stress in eggplant.

Resumo O aumento da ansiedade e dos sintomas depressivos têm relatado sua associação com doenças de longa duração. Por causa dos efeitos indesejáveis dos novos medicamentos disponíveis, os pacientes que administram medicamentos ansiolíticos geralmente interrompem o tratamento antes de estarem completamente recuperados. Portanto, há uma necessidade séria de desenvolver novos medicamentos ansiolíticos. Foi avaliado o efeito ansiolítico do extrato hidroalcoólico de Agaricus blazei em modelos animais. Vinte e quatro camundongos machos (gênero Mus musculus) foram incluídos no estudo. Quatro grupos foram preparados, e cada grupo continha seis animais. Os grupos foram controle de veículo, controle positivo (diazepam 1,0 mg/kg, i.p.), bem como dois grupos de tratamento recebendo extrato hidroalcoólico de Agaricus blazei na dose de 136,50 mg/kg e 273,0 mg/kg por via oral. O teste de enterrar Marble, o teste de retalhamento Nestlet e o teste de caixa clara e escura são usados para avaliar a atividade ansiolítica. Camundongos foram administrados com diazepam 1,0 mg/kg, i.p., enquanto o extrato hidroalcoólico de AbM (136,50 e 273,0 mg/kg, respectivamente) foi administrado por via oral, que exibiu redução acentuada no número de mármores enterrados em comparação com o grupo de controle de veículo. Camundongos administrados com diazepam 1,0 mg/kg, i.p. e a administração oral de extrato hidroalcoólico de AbM (136,50 e 273,0 mg/kg, respectivamente) exibiu diminuição significativa na trituração de ninhos em comparação ao grupo de controle de veículo. A administração oral de extrato hidroalcoólico na dose de 136,5mg/kg e 273mg/kg mostrou elevação no tempo gasto na caixa de luz e foi comparável ao grupo tratado padrão, enquanto o tempo gasto por camundongos após a administração oral de extrato hidroalcoólico de Agaricus blazei na dose de 273,0 mg/kg também mostrou elevação e foi mais próximo do grupo tratado padrão (diazepam 1 mg/kg, ip).

Abstract Increased anxiety and depressive symptoms have reported to be its association with long term illness. Because of having unwanted effects of newly available drugs, patients administering anxiolytic drugs usually discontinue the treatment before they are completely recovered. Therefore, there is a serious need to develop new anxiolytic drugs. The anxiolytic effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Agaricus blazei in animal models was assessed. 24 male mice (Mus musculus genus) were included in the study. Four groups were prepared and each group contained six animals. The groups were vehicle control, positive control (diazepam 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) as well as two treatment groups receiving Agaricus blazei hydro-alcoholic extract at a dose of 136.50 mg/kg and 273.0 mg/kg orally. The Marble burying test, Nestlet shredding test and Light and Dark box test used to assess anxiolytic activity. Mice administered with diazepam 1.0 mg/kg, i.p. while hydro-alcoholic extract of AbM (136.50 and 273.0 mg/kg, respectively) was administered via oral route which exhibited marked reduction in number of marbles-burying as compared to vehicle control group. Mice administered with diazepam 1.0 mg/kg, i.p. and Oral administration of hydro-alcoholic extract of AbM (136.50 and 273.0 mg/kg, respectively) exhibited significant decrease in nestlet shredding in comparison to vehicle control group. The oral administration of hydro-alcoholic extract at a dose of 136.5mg/kg and 273mg/kg showed elevation in time spent in light box and was comparable to standard treated group while time spent by mice following oral administration of hydro-alcoholic extract of Agaricus blazei at a dose of 273.0 mg/kg also showed elevation and was found to be more near to standard treated group (diazepam 1 mg/kg, i.p.).