Abstract Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the clinical effect of stainless-steel wire fixation on the early mouth-opening movement of an intracapsular fracture involving the condylar process. Materials and methods: In this study, patients who underwent mandibular condylar intracapsular fracture surgery in our hospital from 2012 to 2020 were selected as research subjects. A total of 44 patients received steel wire internal fixation treatment, 32 patients received titanium plate-and-nail rigid internal fixation, and 28 patients underwent conservative non-surgical treatment. Results: For the patients in the stainless-steel wire group, the degree of mouth opening reached normal levels of 3.7 cm approximately 10 days after surgery. The recovery time for the patients in the titanium plate-and-nail rigid internal-fixation group was 21 days, while the patients in the conservative treatment group needed 60 days to recover. Conclusion: The treatment of fixation with a stainless-steel wire for intracapsular condylar fracture reduced the time taken to perform mouth-opening exercises and improved the recovery rate of patients.

Resumen Objetivo: Explorar el efecto clínico de la fijación de alambre de acero inoxidable en el movimiento temprano de apertura de la boca en la fractura interna del cóndilo. Método: Este estudio seleccionó a pacientes que se sometieron a cirugía de fractura intracapsular de cóndilo en nuestro hospital de 2012 a 2020 como sujetos de investigación. Un total de 44 pacientes recibieron tratamiento de fijación interna de alambre de acero, 32 recibieron placa de titanio y fijación interna con clavos, y 28 recibieron tratamiento conservador no quirúrgico. Resultados: En los pacientes del grupo de alambre de acero inoxidable, alrededor de 10 días después de la cirugía el grado de apertura de la boca alcanzó un valor normal de 3.7 cm. El tiempo de recuperación de los pacientes en el grupo de fijación interna con clavos y placa de titanio fue de 21 días, mientras que los pacientes en el grupo de tratamiento conservador tardaron 60 días en recuperarse. Conclusiones: La fijación con alambre de acero inoxidable para el tratamiento de la fractura intracapsular del cóndilo acorta el tiempo hasta la apertura de la boca y mejora la tasa de recuperación de los pacientes.

25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) plays a role in the regulation of cell survival and immunity. However, the effect of 25-HC on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury remains unknown. Our present study aimed to investigate whether 25-HC aggravated MI/R injury through NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis. The overlapping differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in MI/R were identified from the GSE775, GSE45818, GSE58486, and GSE46395 datasets in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were conducted using the database of Annotation, Visualization and Integration Discovery (DAVID). The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the overlapping DEGs was established using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) database. These bioinformatics analyses indicated that cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) was one of the crucial genes in MI/R injury. The oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) cell model was established to simulate MI/R injury. Western blot and RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that CH25H was significantly upregulated in OGD/R-stimulated H9C2 cardiomyocytes. Moreover, knockdown of CH25H inhibited the OGD/R-induced pyroptosis and nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, as demonstrated by cell counting kit-8 (CCK8), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), RT-qPCR, and western blotting assays. Conversely, 25-HC, which is synthesized by CH25H, promoted activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in OGD/R-stimulated H9C2 cardiomyocytes. In addition, the NLRP3 inhibitor BAY11-7082 attenuated 25-HC-induced H9C2 cell injury and pyroptosis under OGD/R condition. In conclusion, 25-HC could aggravate OGD/R-induced pyroptosis through promoting activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in H9C2 cells. 25hydroxycholesterol hydroxycholesterol 25 25HC HC (25-HC immunity However ischemiareperfusion ischemia reperfusion MIR MI R (MI/R unknown NLRP inflammasomemediated mediated (DEGs GSE775 GSE GSE45818 GSE58486 GSE4639 GEO (GEO GO (GO KEGG (KEGG Annotation DAVID. DAVID . (DAVID) proteinprotein PPI (PPI STRING (STRING 25hydroxylase hydroxylase CHH CH H (CH25H oxygenglucose oxygen glucose deprivationreoxygenation deprivation reoxygenation OGDR OGD (OGD/R RTqPCR RT qPCR OGD/Rstimulated OGDRstimulated stimulated C H9C cardiomyocytes Moreover OGD/Rinduced OGDRinduced induced nodlike nod like (NLRP3 kit8 kit 8 kit- CCK8, CCK8 CCK , (CCK8) LDH, LDH (LDH) RTqPCR, qPCR, assays Conversely 25HC, HC, addition BAY117082 BAY BAY11 7082 BAY11-708 25HCinduced HCinduced condition conclusion cells 2 GSE77 GSE4581 GSE5848 GSE463 (DAVID Rstimulated Rinduced (NLRP (CCK8 (LDH BAY11708 BAY1 708 BAY11-70 GSE7 GSE458 GSE584 GSE46 (CCK BAY1170 70 BAY11-7 GSE45 GSE58 GSE4 BAY117 7 BAY11- GSE5

Regular exercise reduces the risk of malignancy and decreases the recurrence of cancer. However, the mechanisms behind this protection remain to be elucidated. Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system, which play essential roles in immune defense and effectively prevent cancer metastasis. Physical exercise can increase the activity of NK cells. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is the best-studied cytokine activator of NK cells, and it was shown to have many positive functional effects on NK cells to improve antitumor responses. The aim of this study was to clarify the possible important mechanisms behind endurance exercise-induced changes in NK cell function, which may be highly correlated with IL-15. An animal model was used to study IL-15 expression level, tumor volume, cancer cell apoptosis, and NK cell infiltration after treadmill exercise. Although IL-15 was highly expressed in skeletal muscle, treadmill exercise further elevated IL-15 levels in plasma and muscle (P<0.05). In addition, tumor weight and volume of tumor-bearing mice were decreased (P<0.05), and liver tumor cell apoptosis was increased after 12 weeks of treadmill exercise (P<0.05). NK cell infiltration was upregulated in tumors from treadmill exercise mice, and the level of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and IL-15 were higher than in sedentary mice (P<0.05). The study indicated that regular endurance training can reduce cancer risk, which was related to increased IL-15 expression, activation of the immune killing effect of NK cells, and promotion of tumor cell apoptosis, which can ultimately control tumor growth. However elucidated (NK system metastasis Interleukin15 Interleukin 15 Interleukin-1 IL15 IL (IL-15 beststudied best studied responses exerciseinduced induced function IL15. 15. IL-1 P<0.05. P005 P P<0.05 . 0 05 (P<0.05) addition tumorbearing bearing P<0.05, , 1 interferongamma interferon gamma IFNγ IFN γ (IFN-γ growth Interleukin1 Interleukin- IL1 (IL-1 IL- P00 P<0.0 (P<0.05 (IL- P0 P<0. (P<0.0 (IL P<0 (P<0. P< (P<0 (P< (P

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar os perfis de expressão do fator de transcrição da proteína de especificidade 1 e do colágeno I em tecidos pterigiais primários e conjuntivais normais, e explorar o papel da proteína de especificidade 1 e colágeno I no desenvolvimento pterigial. Métodos: Foram coletados os tecidos pterigiais de 20 pacientes submetidos à ressecção de tecido de pterígio primário em nosso hospital no período de junho de 2016 a dezembro de 2017 e os tecidos conjuntivais de 10 pacientes com enucleação por trauma. A reação em cadeia da polimerase quantitativa de transcriptase reversa e a análise de Western blot foram utilizadas para detectar os níveis de expressão relativa da proteína de especificidade 1 e colágeno tipo I nos níveis de mRNA e proteína. Resultados: O conteúdo de especificidade da proteína 1 e do mRNA e proteína do colágeno I foi significativamente maior no tecido de pterígio primário do que no tecido conjuntival (p<0,05). Houve correlação positiva entre os níveis de mRNAs e proteína de especificidade 1 e colágeno I nos tecidos primários do pterígio (proteínas: r=1, p<0,05; mRNA: r=1, p<0,05). Conclusão: A proteína de especificidade 1 e do colágeno I é expressa nos tecidos conjuntivais e pterigiais normais, mas a expressão é significativamente maior no segundo. A especificidade da proteína 1 e do colágeno I pode ser envolvida na regulação do desenvolvimento do pterígio primário.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine the expression profiles of the transcription factor specificity protein 1 and collagen I in primary pterygial and normal conjunctival tissues, and to explore the role of specificity protein 1 and collagen I in pterygial development. Methods: The pterygial tissues of 20 patients who underwent resection of primary pterygial tissue in our hospital from June 2016 to December 2017 and the conjunctival tissues of 10 patients with enucleation due to trauma were collected. Reverse transcription quantitative-po lymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses were used to detect the relative expression levels of specificity protein 1 and type I collagen at the mRNA and protein levels. Results: The content of specificity protein 1 and collagen I mRNA and protein was significantly greater in primary pterygial tissue than it was in conjunctival tissue (p<0.05). There was a positive correlation between the mRNA and protein levels of specificity protein 1 and collagen I in primary pterygial tissues (protein: r=1, p<0.05; mRNA: r=1, p<0.05). Conclusion: Specificity protein 1 and collagen I are expressed in normal conjunctival and pterygial tissues, but expression is significantly greater in the latter. Specificity protein 1 and collagen I may be involved in the regulation of the development of primary pterygium.

Abstract A comprehensive investigation was conducted to determine the effects of exogenous melatonin treatment of pre-veraison grapes on phenolic components and antioxidants of grape berries and wine. The results showed an increase in the concentration of cyanin-3-O-glucoside, peonidin derivatives, and two flavanols [namely (+)-catechins and (−)-epicatechins] of grapes, as well as flavonols in both grapes and wine due to the application of melatonin. These compounds are derivatives of the catalysate of flavonoid 3’-hydroxylase (F3’H) in the flavonoid synthesis pathway of plants. It can be inferred that melatonin increased the activity of F3’H or expression of VvF3’H during grape berry maturation. In addition, two melatonin treatments of pre-veraison grape berries reduced the DPPH radical-scavenging ability and copper ion-reducing power of grapes and wine, whereas one melatonin treatment just reduced those in wine. This study will provide a practical strategy to change the phenolic composition of grapes and wine.

Aggrecanase-2 (ADAMTS5) gene is responsible for aggrecan degradation that may contribute to cartilage destruction in a mouse osteoarthritis (OA) model. We aimed to investigate the effects of ADAMTS5 gene polymorphisms on OA risk in a Chinese population. A total of 300 OA patients and 300 controls were recruited and their genotypes for ADAMTS5 gene rs226794 and rs2830585 polymorphisms were determined using a custom-by-design 48-Plex single nucleotide polymorphism Scan™ kit. ADAMTS5-associated genes were identified by co-expression analysis and their functions were investigated by Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses. Bioinformatics analysis showed that ADAMTS5 was significantly related to the components, structural constituent, and organization of the extracellular matrix. The rs2830585 polymorphism, but not rs226794 polymorphism, was significantly associated with an increased risk of knee OA. Stratified analysis further confirmed this significant association in patients at age ≥55 years. In conclusion, the ADAMTS5 rs2830585 polymorphism may be involved in the development of knee OA by destroying the extracellular matrix, but this finding should be further confirmed by larger studies.

Abstract Background: Chronic prostatitis has been supposed to be associated with preneoplastic lesions and cancer development. The objective of this study was to examine how chronic inflammation results in a prostatic microenvironment and gene mutation in C57BL/6 mice. Methods: Immune and bacterial prostatitis mouse models were created through abdominal subcutaneous injection of rat prostate extract protein immunization (EAP group) or transurethral instillation of uropathogenic E. coli 1677 (E. coli group). Prostate histology, serum cytokine level, and genome-wide exome (GWE) sequences were examined 1, 3, and 6 months after immunization or injection. Result: In the EAP and E. coli groups, immune cell infiltrations were observed in the first and last months of the entire experiment. After 3 months, obvious proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) were observed accompanied with fibrosis hyperplasia in stroma. The decrease in basal cells (Cytokeratin (CK) 5+/p63+) and the accumulation of luminal epithelial cells (CK8+) in the PIA or PIN area indicated that the basal cells were damaged or transformed into different luminal cells. Hic1, Zfp148, and Mfge8 gene mutations were detected in chronic prostatitis somatic cells. Conclusion: Chronic prostatitis induced by prostate extract protein immunization or E. coli infection caused a reactive prostatic inflammation microenvironment and resulted in tissue damage, aberrant atrophy, hyperplasia, and somatic genome mutation.

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of the study was to determine whether serum thymosin beta4 (Tβ4) can be a useful noninvasive biomarker to differentiate between nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL). Methods: The study included 24 NAFL patients and 21 NASH patients. The levels of Tβ4, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine acid (8-OhdG), liver function parameters, blood lipid, and glucose were detected in the venous blood of all patients. The NAFLD histological activity score (NAS) was examined in biopsy specimens from all patients. Statistical analysis was performed in order to find differences between the two abovementioned groups. In addition, receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analyses for alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Tβ4 levels were performed in NAFL and NASH patients and the cut-off value was determined. Associations between the variables were tested using correlation coefficient calculations. Statistical significance was set at a p value of < 0.05. Results: Serum Tβ4 content was 5.12 ± 1.87 mg/l in the NAFL group and 2.98 ± 1.35 mg/l in the NASH group (p < 0.001). Serum Tβ4 content and NAS, histological features of hepatic steatosis, lobular inflammation and ballooning, ALT, glucose and 8-OhdG levels were negatively correlated (p < 0.05 for all) in the NASH group. The correlation coefficient values were -0.530, -0.562, -0.574, -0.438, -0.446, -0.426 and -0.563, respectively. On the basis of ROC analysis, the best predictive Tβ4 cut-off value for detecting NASH was 3.94 mg/l (85.7% sensitivity and 79.2% specificity, which were higher than those of ALT). Conclusion: Serum Tβ4 level can be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis of NASH and was negatively correlated with the oxidation state of the liver.

Abstract Rain-shelter cultivation has been proven an important cultivation method for grape-plantings in continental monsoon climate zones, of which white plastic films are the most common shelter material. However, while this method and material reduces the occurrence of the disease, it can also decrease the grape berry quality. Five colours (including red, yellow, blue, purple, and white) of plastic films were covered above Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) grapevine rows before veraison. Rain-shelter cultivation reduced air temperature, wind speed, and total solar radiation and enhanced relative humidity in the fruit sphere of grapevines. For each particular colour plastic film, the irradiance of its corresponding spectrum band in the canopy of vines was higher than with other colour plastic films. Meanwhile, the blue plastic film treatment significantly promoted the accumulation of total phenolics, anthocyanins, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic acids more than the other colours of plastic films. Blue plastic films are more beneficial for berry quality promotion of wine grapes, especially Cabernet Sauvignon, under rain-shelter cultivation in continental monsoon climate zones.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the possibility of using peripheral-blood presurfactant protein B (Pro-SFTPB) for screening non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: A total of 873 healthy volunteers and 165 lung cancer patients hospitalized in the Fifth People’s Hospital of Dalian were tested Pro-SFTPB once every half year from January 2014 to September 2015. The healthy volunteers were also conducted spiral computed tomography (CT) examination once every year. The data were then com-pared and statistically analyzed. Results: The positive expression rate of Pro-SFTPB in NSCLC was significantly higher than that in healthy volunteers, and significantly higher in lung adenocarcinoma than in squamous cell carcinoma; additionally, the expression rate was increased with the in-crease of smoking index, and the intergroup differences showed statistical signifi-cance (p≤0.05). The positive rate of newly diagnosed lung cancer was 29.55%, higher than healthy volunteers (22.34%), but there was no significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusion: Pro-SFTPB is over expressed in non-small cell lung cancer, especially in lung adeno-carcinoma, but it can’t be used as a clinical screening tool for lung cancer.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine risk factors of postoperative urethral stricture (US) and vesical neck contracture (BNC) after transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) from perioperative parameters. Materials and Methods: 373 patients underwent TURP in a Chinese center for lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic obstruction (LUTS/BPO), with their perioperative and follow-up clinical data being collected. Univariate analyses were used to determine variables which had correlation with the incidence of US and BNC before logistic regression being applied to find out independent risk factors. Results: The median follow-up was 29.3 months with the incidence of US and BNC being 7.8% and 5.4% respectively. Resection speed, reduction in hemoglobin (ΔHb) and hematocrit (ΔHCT) levels, incidence of urethral mucosa rupture, re-catheterization and continuous infection had significant correlation with US, while PSA level, storage score, total prostate volume (TPV), transitional zone volume (TZV), transitional zone index (TZI), resection time and resected gland weight had significant correlation with BNC. Lower resection speed (OR=0.48), urethral mucosa rupture (OR=2.44) and continuous infection (OR=1.49) as well as higher storage score (OR=2.51) and lower TPV (OR=0.15) were found to be the independent risk factors of US and BNC respectively. Conclusions: Lower resection speed, intraoperative urethral mucosa rupture and postoperative continuous infection were associated with a higher risk of US while severer storage phase symptom and smaller prostate size were associated with a higher risk of BNC after TURP.

Objective To investigate risk factors for chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and their determinants in Chinese women. Methods Data from the 2010 China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance survey, comprising a nationally representative sample of women, were obtained to determine the prevalence of eight risk factors for chronic NCDs: current smoking, harmful use of alcohol, insufficient intake of fruit and vegetables, physical inactivity, overweight and obesity, raised blood pressure, raised fasting blood glucose and raised total serum cholesterol. The mean number of risk factors per woman was estimated. Their independent demographic and socioeconomic covariates were also examined with ordinal logistic regression. Findings The following prevalences were found: insufficient intake of fruit and vegetables, 51.7%; overweight and obesity, 32.3%; raised blood pressure, 29.7%; physical inactivity, 18.3%; raised total serum cholesterol, 18.1%; raised blood glucose, 7.0%; current smoking, 2.4%; and harmful use of alcohol, 1.3%. The mean number of risk factors per woman was 1.61; 48.0% of the women had at least two risk factors. Women who were older, poorer, from rural areas or from eastern or central China had more risk factors, but only being more than 35 years old, poorly educated and a resident of eastern or central China independently increased the likelihood of having multiple risk factors. Conclusion Risk factors for chronic NCDs are common among Chinese women aged 18 or older. Interventions to reduce these factors are needed and should target women who are older, who live in eastern or central China or who are poorly educated.

Objetivo Investigar los factores de riesgo de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ENT) y sus factores decisivos entre las mujeres chinas. Métodos Se extrajeron los datos del Estudio sobre enfermedades crónicas y control de los factores de riesgo en China realizado en 2010, que incluye una muestra representativa a nivel nacional de las mujeres, a fin de determinar la prevalencia de ocho factores de riesgo causantes de enfermedades no transmisibles crónicas: tabaquismo, consumo nocivo de alcohol, ingesta insuficiente de frutas y verduras, inactividad física, sobrepeso y obesidad, presión arterial elevada, nivel elevado de la glucemia en ayunas y nivel elevado del colesterol de lipoproteínas de baja densidad. Se calculó el promedio de factores de riesgo por mujer. Asimismo, se analizaron las covariables demográficas y socioeconómicas independientes mediante una regresión logística ordinal. Resultados Se hallaron las siguientes prevalencias: ingesta insuficiente de frutas y verduras en el 51,7 %, sobrepeso y obesidad en el 32,3 %, presión arterial elevada en el 29,7 %, inactividad física en el 18,3 %, nivel elevado del colesterol de lipoproteínas de baja densidad en el 18,1 %; nivel elevado de glucosa en sangre en el 7,0 %, tabaquismo en el 2,4 % y consumo nocivo de alcohol en el 1,3 %. El promedio de factores de riesgo por mujer fue de 1,61. El 48,0 % de las mujeres presentaban al menos dos factores de riesgo. Los factores de riesgo eran más elevados entre las mujeres más pobres y de edad más avanzada de las zonas rurales, o del este o centro de China. Sin embargo, las probabilidades de presentar factores de riesgo múltiples aumentaban independientemente por el único hecho de ser mayor de 35 años, tener una educación deficiente y residir en el este o el centro de China. Conclusión Los factores de riesgo de las enfermedades no transmisibles crónicas son comunes entre las mujeres chinas a partir de los 18 años. Para reducir estos factores, son necesarias intervenciones dirigidas a mujeres mayores, con una educación deficiente o residentes en el este o el centro de China.

Objectif Analyser les facteurs à risque pour les maladies non transmissibles (MNT) chroniques et leurs déterminants chez les femmes chinoises. Méthodes Des données de l'enquête de surveillance des maladies chroniques et des facteurs à risque de 2010 en Chine couvrant un échantillon de femmes représentatif à l'échelle nationale ont été collectées pour déterminer la prévalence de huit facteurs à risque pour les MNT chroniques: tabagisme, consommation nocive d'alcool, consommation insuffisante de fruits et légumes, sédentarité, surpoids et obésité, hypertension artérielle, hyperglycémie et hypercholestérolémie. Le nombre moyen de facteurs à risque par femme a été estimé. Les covariables démographiques et socioéconomiques indépendantes ont également été analysées au moyen d'une régression logistique ordinaire. Résultats Les prévalences suivantes ont été constatées: consommation insuffisante de fruits et légumes, 51,7%; surpoids et obésité, 32,3%; hypertension artérielle, 29,7%; sédentarité, 18,3%; hypercholestérolémie, 18,1%; hyperglycémie, 7,0%; tabagisme, 2,4%; consommation nocive d'alcool, 1,3%. Le nombre moyen de facteurs à risque par femme était de 1,61; on a constaté au moins deux facteurs à risque chez 48,0% des femmes. Les femmes plus âgées, plus pauvres, provenant de régions rurales ou de Chine centrale ou orientale présentaient plus de facteurs à risque mais le fait d'être âgée de plus de 35 ans, peu éduquée ou d'habiter en Chine centrale ou orientale augmentait indépendamment la probabilité de présenter des facteurs à risque multiples. Conclusion Les facteurs à risque pour les MNT chroniques sont courants parmi les femmes chinoises âgées de 18 ans ou plus. Les interventions visant à réduire ces facteurs sont nécessaires et devraient s'adresser à des femmes plus âgées, vivant en Chine centrale ou orientale, ou peu éduquées.

OBJECTIVE: Ischemia reperfusion injury is partly responsible for the high mortality associated with induced myocardial injury and the reduction in the full benefit of myocardial reperfusion. Remote ischemic preconditioning, perconditioning, and postconditioning have all been shown to be cardioprotective. However, it is still unknown which one is the most beneficial. To examine this issue, we used adult male Wistar rat ischemia reperfusion models to compare the cardioprotective effect of these three approaches applied on double-sided hind limbs. METHODS: The rats were randomly distributed to the following five groups: sham, ischemia reperfusion, remote preconditioning, remote perconditioning, and remote post-conditioning. The ischemia/reperfusion model was established by sternotomy followed by a 30-min ligation of the left coronary artery and a subsequent 3-h reperfusion. Remote conditioning was induced with three 5-min ischemia/5-min reperfusion cycles of the double-sided hind limbs using a tourniquet. RESULTS: A lower early reperfusion arrhythmia score (1.50 + 0.97) was found in the rats treated with remote perconditioning compared to those in the ischemia reperfusion group (2.33 + 0.71). Meanwhile, reduced infarct size was also observed (15.27 + 5.19% in remote perconditioning, 14.53 + 3.45% in remote preconditioning, and 19.84+5.85% in remote post-conditioning vs. 34.47 + 7.13% in ischemia reperfusion, p<0.05), as well as higher expression levels of the apoptosis-relevant protein Bcl-2/Bax following global (ischemia/reperfusion) injury in in vivo rat heart models (1.255 + 0.053 in remote perconditioning, 1.463 + 0.290 in remote preconditioning, and 1.461 +0.541 in remote post-conditioning vs. 1.003 + 0.159 in ischemia reperfusion, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Three remote conditioning strategies implemented with episodes of double-sided hind limb ischemia/reperfusion have similar therapeutic potential for cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury, and remote perconditioning has a greater ability to prevent reperfusion arrhythmia.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate influenza-associated mortality in urban China. METHODS: Influenza-associated excess mortality for the period 2003-2008 was estimated in three cities in temperate northern China and five cities in the subtropical south of the country. The estimates were derived from models based on negative binomial regressions, vital statistics and the results of weekly influenza virus surveillance. FINDINGS: Annual influenza-associated excess mortality, for all causes, was 18.0 (range: 10.9-32.7) deaths per 100000 population in the northern cities and 11.3 (range: 7.3-17.8) deaths per 100000 in the southern cities. Excess mortality for respiratory and circulatory disease was 12.4 (range: 7.4-22.2) and 8.8 (range: 5.5-13.6) deaths per 100000 people in the northern and southern cities, respectively. Most (86%) deaths occurred among people aged >65 years. Influenza-associated excess mortality was higher in B-virus-dominant seasons than in seasons when A(H3N2) or A(H1N1) predominated, and more than half of all influenza-associated mortality was associated with influenza B virus. CONCLUSION: Between 2003 and 2008, seasonal influenza, particularly that caused by the influenza B virus, was associated with substantial mortality in three cities in the temperate north of China and five cities in the subtropical south of the country.

OBJETIVO: Calcular la mortalidad asociada a la gripe en la China urbana. MÉTODOS: Se calculó el exceso de mortalidad asociado a la gripe durante el periodo comprendido entre 2003 y 2008 en tres ciudades del norte de China con clima templado y en cinco ciudades del sur del país con clima subtropical. Los cálculos se obtuvieron de modelos basados en regresiones binomiales negativas, estadísticas vitales y de los resultados de la vigilancia semanal del virus de la gripe. RESULTADOS: El exceso de mortalidad anual asociado a la gripe, por todas las causas, fue de 18,0 (rango: 10,9-32,7) muertes por cada 100000 habitantes en las ciudades del norte y de 11,3 (rango: 7,3-17,8) muertes por cada 100000 habitantes en las ciudades del sur. La mayor parte de este exceso de mortalidad - 12,4 (rango: 7,4-22,2) y 8,8 (rango: 5,5-13,6) muertes por cada 100000 habitantes en las ciudades del norte y del sur, respectivamente - se atribuyeron a una enfermedad respiratoria y/o circulatoria. La mayoría de las muertes (el 86%) ocurrió en personas con una edad >65 años. El exceso de mortalidad asociado a la gripe fue superior en épocas con un virus B dominante que en épocas en las que predominaron los virus A(H3N2) o A(H1N1). Más de la mitad de la mortalidad total asociada a la gripe se asoció al virus B de la gripe. CONCLUSIÓN: Entre 2003 y 2008, la gripe estacional, particularmente la causada por el virus B de la gripe, estuvo asociada a la mortalidad sustancial en tres ciudades de China con clima templado y en cinco ciudades del sur del país con clima subtropical.

OBJECTIF: Estimer la mortalité associée à la grippe en Chine urbaine. MÉTHODES: La mortalité excessive associée à la grippe pour la période 2003-2008 a été évaluée dans trois villes de la zone tempérée du nord de la Chine et dans cinq villes de la zone subtropicale du pays. Les estimations ont été établies sur des modèles basés sur des régressions binomiales négatives, des statistiques vitales et les résultats de la surveillance hebdomadaire de la grippe. RÉSULTATS: La mortalité annuelle excessive associée à la grippe, dans tous les cas, a été de 18 (plage: 10,9-32,7) décès pour une population de 100 000 personnes dans les villes du nord et de 11,3 (plage: 7,3-17,8) décès pour une population de 100 000 personnes dans les villes du sud. La plus grande partie de cette mortalité excessive - respectivement 12,4 (plage: 7,4-22,2) et 8,8 (plage: 5,5-13,6) décès pour une population de 100 000 personnes dans les villes du nord et du sud - a été attribuée à des maladies respiratoires et/ou circulatoires. La plupart des décès (86%) sont survenus chez des personnes de >65 ans. La mortalité excessive associée à la grippe a été plus élevée lors des saisons où prédominait le virus B plutôt que lors de celles où prédominaient les virus A(H3N2) ou A(H1N1) et plus de la moitié de l'ensemble de la mortalité associée à la grippe a été associée au virus B de la grippe. CONCLUSION: De 2003 à 2008, la grippe saisonnière, surtout celle provoquée par le virus B, a été associée à une mortalité substantielle dans trois villes du nord tempéré de Chine et dans cinq villes du sud subtropical du pays.