RESUMEN El objetivo fue conocer la calidad e inocuidad del queso fresco que se expende en un mercado de la Ciudad de Riobamba con la finalidad de establecer si es apto para el consumo humano, el nivel de resistencia bacteriana y las repercusiones en la salud del consumidor, siguiendo procedimientos y normativas nacionales e internacionales. Se analizó la presencia de Staphylococcus aureus, Coliformes totales y Escherichia coli, con recuentos en Placas Petrifilm 3M, el procedimiento se manejó con tres diluciones consecutivas, las mismas que se inocularon, incubaron, cuantificaron, se realizaron las pruebas confirmatorias en Placas Petri y antibiograma utilizando el método Kirby Bawer. Los resultados fueron: 1,3x106 UFC/g de Staphylococcus aureus, 7x105 UFC/g de Escherichia coli y 8,5x105 UFC/g de Coliformes totales; después se comparó estadísticamente mediante el Test T de Student, demostrando que los valores sobrepasan los máximos permitidos para el consumo humano, lo cual indica una cadena agroalimentaria deficiente, en donde existe un gran nivel de contaminación del medio en el cual se procesan, transportan y expenden los quesos frescos, por ende se hace un llamado a las entidades municipales y gubernamentales de salud para que incluyan políticas de control y regulación.

ABSTRACT The objective was to determine the quality and safety of fresh cheese sold in a market in the city of Riobamba in order to establish whether it is suitable for human consumption, the level of bacterial resistance and the repercussions on consumer health, following national and international procedures and regulations. The presence of Staphylococcus aureus, total coliforms and Escherichia coli was analyzed with counts in 3M Petrifilm Plates, The procedure was handled with three consecutive dilutions, which were inoculated, incubated, quantified, and confirmatory tests were performed in Petri Plates and antibiogram using the Kirby Bawer method. The results were: 1.3x106 CFU/g of Staphylococcus aureus, 7x105 CFU/g of Escherichia coli and 8.5x105 CFU/g of total coliforms. Statistical comparisons were then performed using the Student's t-test. It was found that the levels exceed the maximum values allowed for human consumption, which indicates a deficient agri-food chain, where there is a high level of contamination of the environment in which fresh cheeses are processed, transported and sold. In this regard, a call is made to municipal and governmental health entities to include control and regulation policies.

ABSTRACT The fruit of the Vaccinium floribundum Kunth “pushgay” is part of the group of native berries, which has a large amount of antioxidants, much greater than the blueberries that are currently exported to different countries. The objective of this study was the determination of the physicochemical parameters and the in vitro antioxidant capacity of the plant extract of Vaccinium floribundum Kunth. Extracts were prepared by maceration from freeze-dried fruits, using 50%, 70% and 96% ethanol as a solvent. The extracts presented similar values of relative density, total solids, refractive index, degrees Brix and pH. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrates, reducing sugars, tannins, amino compounds and heterosides, highlighting phenolic compounds and flavonoids with relevant antioxidant capacity. The 50% extract had a higher content of total phenols (38,131 ± 0,242 mg GAE/g extract); as well as, greater antioxidant capacity by the DPPH method (TEAC 28089,156 ± 147,482 μg/mL). The 96% extract presented (TEAC 13609,683 ± 21,669 μg/mL). It is concluded that the 50% hydroalcoholic extract of pushgay has greater antioxidant capacity that maintains a correlation with the amount of phenolic compounds with the DPPH method.

RESUMEN El fruto del Vaccinium floribundum Kunth “pushgay”, integra al grupo de los berries nativos, el cual presenta una gran cantidad de antioxidantes, mucho mayor que los arándanos que actualmente se exportan a diferentes países. El objetivo de este estudio fue la determinación de los parámetros fisicoquímicos y la capacidad antioxidante in vitro del extracto vegetal del Vaccinium floribundum Kunth. Se prepararon extractos por maceración a partir de frutos liofilizados, usando como solvente etanol al 50 %, 70 % y 96 %. Los extractos presentaron valores similares de densidad relativa, sólidos totales, índice de refracción, grados Brix y pH. El tamizaje fitoquímico evidenció la presencia de carbohidratos, azúcares reductores, taninos, compuestos amino y heterósidos, destacando los compuestos fenólicos y flavonoides de relevante capacidad antioxidante. El extracto al 50 % presentó mayor contenido de fenoles totales (38,131 ± 0,242 mg GAE/g extracto); así como, mayor capacidad antioxidante por el método DPPH (TEAC 28089,156 ± 147,482 μg/mL). El extracto al 96 % presento (TEAC 13609,683 ± 21,669 μg/mL). Se concluye que el extracto hidroalcohólico del pushgay al 50 % presenta mayor capacidad antioxidante que sostiene correlación con la cantidad de compuestos fenólicos con el método de DPPH.

RESUMO: Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de se avaliar a produtividade da biomassa e valor nutricional da silagem e do feno provenientes do consórcio entre o capim-Tamani e diferentes espécies de leguminosas. Para as características produtivas das diferentes culturas consorciadas, adotamos o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, para avaliação da interação dos consórcios com técnicas de conservação usamos esquema fatorial 5 x 2 (cinco consórcios e duas técnicas de conservação). Os tratamentos foram o capim-Tamani em monocultura, e o consórcio de capim-Tamni associado a crotalária, soja, feijão-caupi ou feijão-guandu. As plantas foram semeadas em fileiras alternadas, com espaçamento de 45 cm. As técnicas de conservação foram silagem pré-secada (520 g / kg de MS) e feno (870 g / kg de MS). Avaliamos a produção de biomassa de gramínea e leguminosa, a altura do dossel, a composição química e a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (ivDMD). Não houve diferenças na produção total de biomassa entre os consórcios e o monocultivo de capim-Tamani. Os tratamentos consorciados com feijão-caupi e soja tiveram maior participação de leguminosas na mistura, promovendo aumento no teor de proteína bruta e ivDMD da silagem pré-secada e feno. A silagem pré-secada e o feno tinham a mesma composição química, embora a silagem pré-secada apresentou maior ivDMD do que o feno. Concluímos que o consórcio de capim-Tamani com soja ou feijão-caupi manteve a produtividade da biomassa total e melhorou o valor nutricional da silagem pré-secada e do feno.

ABSTRACT: This research evaluated the biomass productivity and nutritional value of the haylage and hay from intercropping between Tamani grass and different legume species. For the productive characteristics of the different intercrops, we adopted a randomized block design, for evaluation of the combination of intercropping and conservation technic we used 5 x 2 factorial scheme (five intercrops and two types of conservation techniques). The treatments were Tamani grass as monoculture, and the intercrops of Tamani grass with crotalaria, soybean, cowpea, or pigeon pea. The conservation techniques were haylage (520 g/kg of DM) and hay (870 g/kg of DM). Plants were sown in alternate rows, with 45 cm of spacing between the rows. The parameters evaluated were grass and legume biomass production, canopy height, and haylage and hay chemical composition, and in vitro dry matter digestibility (ivDMD). There were no differences in the total biomass production between the intercrops and TA grass monoculture. The treatments intercropped with cowpea and soybean had the highest legume participation in the mixture, promoting an increase in crude protein and ivDMD content of haylage and hay. Haylage and hay had the same chemical composition, although haylage had higher ivDMD than hay. We concluded that intercropping Tamani grass with soybeans or cowpea maintained total biomass productivity and improved the nutritional value of haylage and hay.

Abstract Berries from central and southern Chile were analyzed in order to find promising sources of polyphenols with clear activity on human health. Five native fruits like arrayan, white strawberry, murtilla and calafate, and a traditional berry (grape called “tintorera”) were studied. Antioxidant properties were determined in vitro according to the total polyphenol assay of Folin Ciocalteu, anthocyanins by differential pH, antioxidant capacity by measuring the capacity of reduction of the free radical 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydracil (DPPH) and iron reducing capacity (FRAP) and chemical profile by HPLC-DAD. Calafate showed the highest value (1066.4 ± 24.9 mg gallic acid / 100g sample) for total polyphenols and anthocyanins (1031.9 ± 48.1 mg of cyanidin-3-glucoside / 100g of sample) followed by blue grape. Calafate displayed excellent reducing power (11279.2 ± 2027.4 μmol Trolox / 100g FRAP assay and 5235.0 ± 445.9, μmol / 100g in DPPH), followed by grape. The chemical profile of anthocyanins showed delphinidin, cyanidin, malvidin, petunidin, peonidin and pelargonidin in the five berries. Around 30 flavonols derived from quercetin, myricetin and isorhamnetin were identified as well as ellagitannins present in white strawberry, very interesting compounds for further studies. These results contribute to highlight the potential use of these berries as functional foods.

Resumen Diferentes berries de la zona centro y sur de Chile fueron analizados con el fin de buscar fuentes promisorias de polifenoles con clara actividad sobre la salud humana. Se estudiaron cinco bayas nativas: arrayan, frutilla blanca, murtilla y calafate, y un berry tradicional (uva tintorera). Se determinó in vitro sus propiedades antioxidantes según el ensayo de polifenoles totales de Folin Ciocalteu, antocianinas por pH diferencial, capacidad antioxidante por medición de capacidad de reducción del radical libre 2.2-difenil-1-picrilhidracilo (DPPH) y poder de reducción férrica (FRAP) y perfil químico por HPLC-DAD. De los cinco berries, calafate registró el valor más alto (1066,4 ± 24,9 mg GAE/100g de muestra) para polifenoles totales y antocianinas (1031,9 ± 48,1 mg de cianidina-3-glucósido/100g de muestra) seguido por uva tintorera. Calafate presentó excelente poder reductor (11279,2 ± 2027,4 μmol Trolox/100g ensayo FRAP y 5235,0 ± 445,9, μmol/100g en DPPH). El perfil químico de antocianinas mostró delfinidina, cianidina, malvidina, petunidina, peonidina y pelargonidina en los cinco berries. Alrededor de 30 flavonoles derivados de quercetina, myricetina e isorhamnetina fueron identificados así cómo elagitaninos presentes en frutilla blanca, compuestos muy interesantes para estudios posteriores. Estos resultados contribuyen a destacar el uso potencial de estos berries como alimentos funcionales.

ABSTRACT There have been no published studies of the genus Donax in the eastern tropical Pacific. This work describes the morphometric relationships, growth and mortality of the bean clam Donax punctatostriatus Hanley, 1843 in the sandy beach of Isla de la Piedra, south of Mazatlán Bay, Mexico. Direct collections by hand were performed during 20 monthly sample periods (November 2008 to June 2010) in the intertidal zone of the beach. A total of 2,324 clams of different sizes were removed from the sand, then measured and weighed in the laboratory. The length range of the shells was 2.78-25.64 mm (mean = 12.61 ± 4.04 mm). The length-weight relationship of the total sample indicated isometric growth (a = 0.0002 g; b = 3.0 g mm−1, R2 = 0.97); there was positive allometric growth in the recruits (<6.99 mm) (b = 3.4) and in juveniles (b = 3.2); in adults there was negative allometric growth (b = 2.6). Negative allometry of the length/width (log Wd = −0.239 + 0.922 log L) and height/width (log Wd = −0.054 + 0.900 log H) ratio of adults is consistent with a more compressed form of their shell, which assists rapid burying behavior in the sand. The maximum-recorded size of an empty shell (39 mm) was used to set the value of L∞ and to estimate K with the Shepherd (SLCA) method. The average growth rate during the life cycle was 0.43 mm yr−1. Values of L∞ between 29.16 and 34.22 mm were estimated with the Powell-Wetherall method using different class intervals. The mortality coefficient estimated with various methods was variable (0.84-1.15 yr−1). The growth of the clam is rapid and the mortality high, probably because of the characteristics of the habitat, in a subtropical region with high hydrodynamics and sediment transport.

SUMMARY: The lack of existing human biological samples, mainly due to the ethical-moral restrictions related to obtaining these, highlights the need to search for other teaching and learning alternatives in morphological science. In this sense, the implementation of lessons by means of the MOODLE platform provides the students with the opportunity to interact in a setting that simulates a learning situation that belongs to traditional laboratories. The purpose of this work was to generate a MOODLE lesson on the anatomy and histology of the human placenta, as a complement of the traditional theoretical classroom for students of Obstetrics. To that end, TIC information, images, and resources were sought in libraries and in the Internet, and at the same time a set of histological photographs of placenta samples was made, as well as a video recording of a placental delivery. Later, the coordination and set up of activities was made in the MOODLE platform with a constructivist approach. Furthermore, a satisfaction survey was prepared which was validated by three experts. The total sample consisted of 137 students in the 2th year of obstetrics. A virtual MOODLE laboratory of the anatomy and histology of the human placenta was made, which is constituted by multiple activities with a clinical orientation that allow self-evaluation. The virtual laboratory has helped overcome the lack of human samples, and results of the satisfaction survey applied to the students indicate a positive evaluation of this initiative.

RESUMEN: La falta de muestras biológicas humanas existentes, debido principalmente a las limitaciones ético-morales relacionadas con su obtención, ponen en relieve la necesidad de buscar otras alternativas de enseñanza y aprendizaje de las ciencias morfológicas. En este sentido, la implementación de lecciones a través de la plataforma MOODLE proporciona la oportunidad al estudiante de interactuar en un entorno que simula una situación de aprendizaje propio del laboratorio tradicional. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue generar una lección MOODLE sobre la anatomía e histología placentaria humana, como complemento a la clase teórica presencial, para estudiantes de la carrera de Obstetricia y Puericultura. Para tal cometido, se realizó búsqueda de información, imágenes y recursos TIC en bibliotecas e internet. Paralelamente, se llevó a cabo un proceso de captura fotográfica de muestras histológicas de placenta, así como también la grabación de un alumbramiento. Posteriormente, se procedió a la articulación y montaje de las actividades en la plataforma MOODLE con un enfoque constructivista. Además, se elaboró una encuesta de satisfacción, la cual fue validada por 3 expertos. La muestra estuvo constituida por 137 estudiantes de la carrera de Obstetricia. Se confeccionó un laboratorio virtual MOODLE de anatomía e histología de la placenta humana, el cual esta constituido por múltiples actividades con orientación clínica, las cuales permiten autoevaluarse. El laboratorio virtual nos ha ayudado ha subsanar la carencia de muestras humanas y los resultados de la encuesta de satisfacción aplicada a los estudiantes señalan una valoración positiva de la iniciativa.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this research was to determine the content of macronutrients, dietary fiber, moisture and minerals in Salvia hispanica L.’s seeds. Moisture determination was carried out in a conventional oven until constant weight, proteins by the kjeldahl method, lipids by soxhlet, dietary fiber by the enzymatic gravimetric method and minerals by atomic absorption equipment, the anthrone colorimetric method was used for carbohydrates and the caloric value was determined by calculations. From the results, it can be informed that chia`s seeds have a significant content of dietary fiber 41.4 ± 1.20 g/100 g, lipids 22.3 + 0.283 g/100 g, protein 17.2 + 0.436 g/100 g and carbohydrates 8.46 ± 0.085 g/100 g. The minerals founded in greater concentration were potassium 617 ± 26.6 mg/100 g, calcium 532 ± 15.1 mg/100 g, magnesium 81.5 ± 2.25 mg/100 g, iron 10.8 ± 0.636 mg/100 g, in lower concentration sodium 8.97 ± 0.82 mg/100 g and zinc 4.03 ± 0.09 mg/100 g. Chia`s seeds stand out as a source of dietary fiber, potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron. Its low level of sodium makes it suitable for diets with low sodium intake. The consuming of chia seeds could contribute to a varied and healthy diet.

RESUMEN El propósito de la presente investigación fue determinar el contenido de macronutrientes, fibra alimentaria, humedad y minerales en semillas de Salvia hispanica L. La determinación de humedad se realizó en estufa convencional hasta peso constante, proteínas por el método de kjeldahl, lípidos por soxhlet, fibra alimentaria con método enzimático gravimétrico, minerales por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica, carbohidratos por el método colorimétrico de antrona y el valor calórico se determinó por cálculos. Con los resultados obtenidos se observó que las semillas de chía presentan un contenido importante de fibra alimentaria 41,4 ± 1,20 g/100 g, lípidos totales 22,3 + 0,283 g/100 g, proteínas 17,2 + 0,436 g/100 g y carbohidratos totales 8,46 ± 0,085 g/100 g. Los minerales encontrados en mayor concentración fueron potasio 617 ± 26,6 mg/100 g, calcio 532 ± 15,1 mg/100 g, magnesio 81,5 ± 2,25 mg/100 g, hierro 10,8 ± 0,636 mg/100 g y en menor concentración sodio 8,97 ± 0,82 mg/100 g y cinc 4,03 ± 0,09 mg/100 g. Las semillas de chía se destacan como fuente de fibra alimentaria, potasio, calcio, magnesio y hierro. Su bajo nivel de sodio lo hace recomendable para dietas con baja ingesta de sodio. Su consumo podría contribuir a una dieta variada y saludable.

Abstract: Background: Infection and instability are the complications of prosthetic shoulder surgery of more difficult management. Instability builds up to half of the cases, while the fungal infection accounts for less than 1% of all and can cause severe damage to bone and soft tissue. Methods: In this case clinical fungal infection by Candida parapsilosis is presented in a shoulder hemiarthroplasty indicated by a fracture of the proximal humerus. He received surgical treatment in two-stages and administration of fluconazole for eight weeks prior to the second surgical time. In revision surgery was placed a reverse prosthesis as definitive treatment; however, the patient suffered several episodes of dislocation in the postoperative period; a second revision prosthetic surgery was necessary to use more stable components. During this surgery, we extracted samples that were analyzed, obtaining negative results for infection. Results: Now after three years of follow-up, the patient is well, no limitations in their daily work and has a Constant Score of 50.5. Discussion: We report our experience in this exceptional situation. We know, this is one of the first cases where the fungal infection and dislocation prosthetics in the same patient meet. This situation is a challenge for the surgeon, which has to treat complications two practically at the same time; we do not have scientific evidence to establish a criterion unified for the treatment of complications after surgery for revision of arthroplasty of the shoulder, especially in reverse or mega-denture prosthesis.

Resumen: Antecedentes: La infección e inestabilidad se encuentran entre las complicaciones de más difícil manejo en la cirugía protésica de hombro. La inestabilidad acumula hasta la mitad de los casos, mientras que la infección por hongos representa menos de 1% del total de infecciones y pueden causar daño severo a nivel óseo y de partes blandas. Métodos: En este caso clínico se presenta una infección fúngica por Candida parapsilosis en una hemiartroplastía de hombro indicada por una fractura de húmero proximal. Se dio tratamiento quirúrgico en dos tiempos y administración de fluconazol durante ocho semanas previo al segundo tiempo quirúrgico. En la revisión se colocó una prótesis reversa como tratamiento definitivo; sin embargo, el paciente sufrió varios episodios de luxación en el postoperatorio. Fue necesaria una segunda cirugía de revisión protésica para sustituir por componentes de mayor estabilidad. Durante la misma, se extrajeron muestras que fueron analizadas, obteniéndose resultados negativos para infección. Resultados: Actualmente tras tres años de seguimiento, el paciente se encuentra bien, sin limitaciones en su labor diaria y tiene un Constant Score de 50.5. Discusión: Reportamos nuestra experiencia en esta situación excepcional. A nuestro conocer, éste es uno de los primeros casos en los que la infección fúngica y la luxación protésica coinciden en un mismo paciente. Esta situación es un reto para el cirujano, el cual tiene que tratar las dos complicaciones prácticamente a la vez. No se dispone de una evidencia científica para establecer un criterio unificado para el tratamiento de las complicaciones tras cirugía de revisión de artroplastía de hombro, especialmente en la prótesis reversa o megaprótesis.

Abstract Background: The results of breast reduction surgery are usually reported in terms of anthropometric assessments. However the impact of surgery in quality of life is seldom informed. Aim: To assess the effects of breast reduction surgery on the quality of life of patients. Material and Methods: The "Breast-QReduction and Mastopexy Module" was prospectively applied to all women subjected to breast reductionsurgery in a University Hospital during one year. Results: Twenty women answered the survey in thepreoperative period and 20 in the postoperative period. The most commonly cutaneous pattern employedthat the inverted T in 10 women, followed by the Wise pattern in six patients. The most commonly usedpedicles were superior in 10 patients, followed by superomedial in seven patients. Mean excision weightwas 923 g (range 150-2850). Mean Breast Q score improved from 45 to 65%. Satisfaction with breastappearance improved from 31 to 83%, self-esteem from 39 to 80%, sexuality from 50 to 81% and physicalsymptoms decreased from 48 to 16%. There was a significant association between the magnitude of excision and improvement in physical symptoms. Conclusions: Quality of life improves notably in womenafter breast reduction surgery.

Resumen Objetivo: Tradicionalmente la evaluación de resultados en reducción mamaria se ha limitado a evaluaciones antropométricas, que si bien nos entregan una evaluación objetiva de un aspecto de los resultados, resultan insuficientes para evaluar el impacto global en calidad de vida (CdV) de la cirugía en nuestros pacientes. Es por esto que el objetivo de este trabajo es determinar el cambio en calidad de vida en mujer es sometidas a reducción mamaria y explorar sus factores determinantes. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte prospectiva con todas las pacientes que ingresaron al Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile (HCUCH) y se sometieron a reducción mamaria por cualquier técnica desde julio de 2013 a abril de 2014. La calidad de vida (CdV) se midió con el instrumento validado Breast-Q Reduction and Mastopex y Module. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva para caracterizar la muestra y analítica para determinar el cambio en CdV y sus factores pronósticos. Resultados: Entre julio de 2013 y abril de 2014 se operaron 25 pacientes, el seguimiento promedio fue de 7 meses. Veinte pacientes contestaron el Breast-Q preoperatorio y 20 el post operatorio. El patrón cutáneo más empleado fue la T acortada (10; 55,6%) seguido por el patrón de Wise (6; 33,3%); el pedículo más usado fue el superior (10; 55,6%) seguido del supero medial (7; 38,9%). La resección promedio total fue de 923 g, variando entre 150 g y 2.850 g. El puntaje promedio del Breast-Q subió de45% a 65% (p = 0,005). Las pacientes mejoraron su satisfacción con la apariencia mamaria desde un 30,8%a un 82,9% (p < 0,001), su autoestima de 38,7% a 80,1% (p < 0,001), síntomas físicos de 47,8% a 15,5% (p= 0,003) y sexualidad de 50,0% a 81,4% (p < 0,001). La magnitud de la resección se asoció a la mejoría de síntomas físicos (Coeff 0,07; p = 0,023). No se encontraron otras asociaciones significativas entre el cambio en parámetros de calidad de vida y variables independientes. Conclusiones: En este reporte preliminar hemos podido objetivar que existe una mejoría significativa en la calidad de vida de las pacientes sometidas a una reducción mamaria tanto en forma global como también en cada uno de los aspectos evaluados, mejorando significativamente su autoimagen, autoestima, vida sexual y síntomas físicos.

For drip-irrigated olive orchards, plant water status monitoring is an important tool for irrigation management practices, as it determines final fruit and oil yield. However, plant water status monitoring using plant physiological measurements, such as plant water potential and stomatal conductance (g s) imposes a challenge because the selection of the measurement site inside the canopy must be representative of the whole plant trend. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to study the spatial variability of stomatal conductance at the within-plant scale on a young drip-irrigated olive orchard under semi-arid growing conditions. A field study was carried out on a commercial drip-irrigated olive orchard (Olea europea L. Arbequina') located in Pencahue valley, Maule Region, Chile (35º 23' S; 71º 44' W; WGS 84; 96 m.a.s.l.). Measurements of g s were done at four dates using an infrared gas analyzer (LI-COR, LI-6400, USA) during the 2011-2012 growing season. The results show that under mild to moderate water restriction (-1.5 to -2.2 MPa), intracanopy stomatal conductance variability was high and two sectors were identified, independent of the level of vegetative expression. In contrast, under moderate to strong water restriction (< -2.2 to -3.5 MPa), intra-canopy stomatal conductance variability was low for both high and low vegetative expression, with no sector detected. These considerations are relevant to select the more appropriate site within the canopy for plant water status and/or gas exchange measurements.

Para olivos regados por goteo, el monitoreo del estado hídrico de la planta es una herramienta fundamental para la gestión del riego, ya que influencia directamente el rendimiento final de fruta y de aceite. Sin embargo, el monitoreo del estado hídrico de la planta utilizando mediciones fisiológicas tales como el potencial hídrico y la conductancia estomática (gs), implican un desafío técnico importante en la selección del sitio de medición dentro del dosel, el cual debe ser representativo de toda la planta. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue estudiar la variabilidad espacial de la conductancia estomática dentro de la planta, en un huerto joven de olivos regados por goteo creciendo en condiciones semi-áridas. Se realizó un ensayo de campo en un huerto comercial joven de olivos (Olea europea L. 'Arbequina') regado por goteo, ubicado en el valle de Pencahue, Región del Maule, Chile (35° 23' S; 71° 44' O; WGS 84; 96 m.s.n.m.). Las mediciones de gs se realizaron en cuatro fechas utilizando un analizador infrarrojo de gases (LI-COR, LI-6400, EE.UU.) durante la temporada de crecimiento 2011-2012. Los resultados mostraron que en condiciones de restricción hídrica de leve a moderada (-1,5 a -2,2 MPa), la variabilidad intraplanta de la conductancia estomática fue alta, permitiendo identificar dos zonas distintas dentro del follaje, las cuales fueron observadas en ambos niveles de expresión vegetativa. Por el contrario, en condiciones de restricción hídrica de moderada a fuerte (< -2,2 a -3,5 MPa), la variabilidad intraplanta de la conductancia estomática fue baja para ambos niveles de expresión vegetativa, sin detectar sectores distintos al interior de la planta. Los resultados anteriores son relevante para la selección del sitio más apropiado de muestreo dentro del dosel de la planta para las mediciones de potencial hídrico y/o intercambio gaseoso.

A study was carried out to evaluate the leaf gas exchange relations and water-use efficiency (WUE) of ungrafted Carménère (Vitis vinifera L.) grapevines growing under field conditions and different levels of water stress. Stomatal conductance (g s), transpiration (E), net CO2 assimilation (A N) and stem water potential (i*s) were measured at midday in a drip-irrigated commercial vineyard located in the Maule Valley (Chile) during three growing seasons (2005 to 2009). In addition, the instantaneous (A N/E) and intrinsic (A N/g s) water-use efficiencies and stomatal sensitivity factor (k) were estimated for the own-rooted grapevines. In this study a significant non-linear relationship was observed between A N and g s (r² = 0.82), with values of A N decreasing from 14.9 to 3.5 pmol/m2/sec as g s diminished from 0.5 to 0.05 mol/m²/sec. This resulted in a progressive increase in WUEi (intrinsic water use efficiency). A significant linear relationship was observed between i*s and g s (r² = 0.39) for measurements taken before and after véraison, with an increasing scattering from -1.6 to -0.4 MPa. Finally, k decreased as water stress increased, with values of 234 and 120 for no and severe water stress respectively, while k ranged from 264 to 480 and 255 to 297 for the measurements taken before and after véraison respectively. Based on the results obtained in the present study, the cultivar Carménère could be classified as drought tolerant at low water potentials, with a large range of physiological parameters changing in response to water stress.

Objective: To assess the individual variability of HOMA and QUICKI indexes for the assessment of insulin resistance, using three fasting blood samples obtained within 30 minutes. Research methods & procedures: Data from 80 participants aged 41.5 ± 15 years (26 females), who underwent an oral glucose tolerance test to calculate Matsuda index, were used. Every participant had three fasting blood samples obtained within 30 minutes and four blood samples obtained at 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after a 75 g oral glucose load. Insulin and glucose were measured in each sample. HOMA and QUICKI indexes were calculated using the nine possible combinations of the three fasting blood samples. Matsuda index was calculated with all samples obtained. Results: Median values of HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, QUICKI and Matsuda indexes were 1.9, 117.9, 0.35 and 3.71 arbitrary units, respectively. The individual variation coefficients of HOMA-IR, HOMA-β and QUICKI were 11.8 (7.8-18.9), 15 (10.2-22.9) and 1.8 (8.8-21.9) % respectively. When compared with Matsuda index, the R squared values of HOMA-IR, HOMA-β and QUICKI were 0.46, 0.2 and 0.71, respectively. Conclusions: Among fasting indexes for insulin resistance, QUICKI had the lower variation coefficient and the higher correlation with Matsuda index.

Objetivo: Evaluar la variabilidad individual de los índices HOMA y QUICKI para resistencia a insulina, utilizando tres muestras de sangre en ayunas obtenidas en un período de 30 minutos. Material y métodos: Se utilizaron datos provenientes de 80 participantes de 41.5 ± 15 años de edad (26 mujeres) a quienes se les efectuó una prueba de tolerancia a glucosa oral para calcular el índice de Matsuda. A cada participante se le tomaron tres muestras de sangre en ayunas en un período de 30 minutos y cuatro muestras a los 30, 60, 90 y 120 minutos después de una carga oral de 75 g de glucosa. En cada muestra se midieron los niveles de insulina y glucosa. Los índices HOMA y QUICKI se calcularon utilizando las nueve combinaciones posibles con las tres muestras obtenidas en ayunas. El índice de Matsuda se calculó utilizando todas las muestras. Resultados: Las medianas de los índices HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, QUICKI y Matsuda fueron 1,9, 117,9, 0,35 and 3,71 unidades arbitrarias, respectivamente. Los coeficientes de variación individual del HOMA-IR, HOMA-β y QUICKI fueron 11,8 (7,8-18,9), 15 (10,2-22,9) and 1,8 (8,8-21,9) %, respectivamente. Comparados con el índice de Matsuda, los valores de R² para el HOMA-IR, HOMA-β y QUICKI fueron 0,46, 0,2 y 0,71, respectivamente. Conclusiones: De los índices que utilizan muestras en ayunas para determinar resistencia a insulina, el QUICKI es el que tiene el menor coeficiente de variación y la mejor correlación con el índice de Matsuda.

The antioxidant properties of different extracts of quilo (Muehlenbeckia hastulata J., Poligonaceae) herb from Valparaíso region in Chile were evaluated. Antioxidant activity was assessed in three different model systems. Antioxidant models were examined by measuring the scavenging activity of extracts on 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazil (DPPH*). Moreover extracts were evaluated by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the total peroxyl radical-trapping potential (TRAP). The amount of dried extract, the content of total phenolics, flavonoids, hydrolyzed sugar and anthraquinones were also determined. Extracts pertaining to stem and root of the plants were the significant activities DPPH radical scavenging (IC50 0.74 mg/mL to 1.33 mg/mL the more active extracts). The activities and TRAP and FRAP high values in extracts of EtOAc (1.423 and 1.540 mM TEAC) and ethanol (245.26 and 309.04 mM TEAC) stem and root of the plant are higher.The observed differences in antioxidant activity among the different parts of quilo could be partially explained by the levels of phenolics compounds present in the root extract of EtOAc (0.023 mg GAE/g dry extract), flavonoids in the leaves of EtOAc extract (99.12 mg QE/g dry extract), hydrolyzed sugar in the ethanol extract (21.87, 14.85 and 14.32 mg GES/ g dry extract of leaf, stem and roots, respectively) and anthraquinones in the EtOAc extracts (2.50, 1.43 and 0.84 mg EE/ g dry extract of leaf, stem and roots, respectively) .

With the aim of contributing information to help clarify the association between oral health, periodontal disease and ischemic cardiomyopathy, a comparative study was performed on hospitalized patients with and without acute coronary syndrome (ACS), evaluating atherogenic risk factors (ARF), level of oral hygiene and dental and periodontal health status. The study included patients in the coronary unit with ACS and patients in regular floor bed without evidence of cardiovascular pathology at Hospital Español, Buenos Aires , Argentina. The following ARFs were analyzed for all patients: hypertension, cholesterol, diabetes, obesity and smoking. The clinical dental examination included recording dental charts and variables related to oral hygiene, epidemiological indices and diagnosis of periodontal disease. The data collected were used to compare the ACS Group to the Control Group regarding prevalence of the ARFs and clinical dental variables studied. A total of 146 patients were studied: 81 male and 65 female, with average age 69.8±10.14 years. Prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was found to be significantly higher in patients in the ACS group than in the control group (p=0.043). The other ARFs considered did not differ. The levels of oral hygiene were similar in both study groups. The prevalence of decayed and filled teeth was similar in both groups, although there was a significantly higher number of missing teeth in the ACS group (p< 0.001). Patients with ACS had more severe periodontal disease and higher levels of gingival inflammation than the control group (p<0.001). Conclusion: Oral health of patients with ACS was worse than oral health of patients without cardiovascular disease. The difference was shown by greater severity of periodontal disease in patients with ACS even though the level of oral hygiene was similar in both groups.

Con el objetivo de aportar información que permita esclarecer la relación entre la salud bucal, la enfermedad periodontal y la cardiopatía isquémica, se efectuó un estudio comparativo en pacientes internados con y sin síndrome coronario agudo (SCA) evaluando factores de riesgo aterogénicos (FRA), nivel de higiene bucal, estado de salud dental y periodontal. Se incorporaron al estudio pacientes internados en unidad coronaria con SCA y pacientes internados en sala general sin evidencia de patología cardiovascular del Hospital Español, Buenos Aires, Argentina. En todos los pacientes se consignaron los FRA: hipertensión arterial, colesterol, diabetes, obesidad y tabaquismo. En el examen clínico odontológico se registró: odontograma, variables relacionadas con la higiene bucal, se confeccionaron índices epidemiológicos y se realizó el diagnóstico del cuadro periodontal. Con los datos recolectados, se realizó un examen comparativo entre los dos grupos de estudio (Grupo con SCA vs Grupo Control) respecto a la prevalencia de los FRA y las variables clínicas odontológicas estudiadas. Se estudiaron 146 pacientes, 81 hombres - 65 mujeres, con promedio de edad de 69.8±10.14 años. Se observó que la prevalencia de hipercolesterolemia fue significativamente mayor en los pacientes del grupo SCA respecto a los controles (p=0.043). Los restantes FRA considerados no mostraron diferencias. Los niveles de higiene bucal fueron semejantes entre ambos grupos de estudio. El grupo SCA tuvo similar prevalencia de caries y restauraciones respecto al grupo Control, sin embargo, perdieron significativamente más piezas dentarias (p<0.001). Los enfermos con SCA tuvieron cuadros periodontales más severos y niveles de inflamación gingival superiores en comparación con el grupo control (p<0.001). Conclusión: El estado de salud bucal de los pacientes con SCA fue peor respecto de aquellos pacientes que no presentaban enfermedad cardiovascular. La diferencia se objetivó en una mayor severidad de la enfermedad periodontal en pacientes con SCA a pesar de observarse niveles de higiene similares entre ambos grupos.