ABSTRACT The use of bioactive compounds from macroalgae in agricultural formulations is an emerging technology with great potential to reduce dependence on synthetic agrochemicals. Currently, seaweed extracts are considered a sustainable resource due to their biodegradable nature. This review discusses their potential to replace or reduce a variety of synthetic molecules in economically important crops, such as synthetic nitrogen and phosphate fertilisers, synthetic hormone growth regulators, and organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides. Due to the presence of a wide range of bioactive substances already reported in certain algae, they are foreseen as good candidates for the production of plant bioformulations. In this sense, the commercial and biotechnological exploitation of macroalgae could benefit the local economy. However, despite the potential of algae, there is very little information on their total metabolomic or chemical content. This literature review summarises information proposing the use of the macroalgae Kappaphycus alvarezii, Acanthophora spicifera and Hypnea spinella in the Ecuadorian agricultural sector as an alternative for pesticide reduction.

RESUMEN El empleo de compuestos bioactivos extraídos de macroalgas en forma de formulaciones agrícolas representa una tecnología emergente con gran potencial para reducir la dependencia de agroquímicos sintéticos. Al presente, los extractos de algas marinas se consideran un recurso sostenible debido a su carácter biodegradable. En esta revisión se discute su potencial para reemplazar o reducir a una variedad de moléculas sintéticas en cultivos económicamente importantes, tales como fertilizantes sintéticos nitrogenados y fosfatados, reguladores del crecimiento hormonales sintéticos y plaguicidas organoclorados y organofosforados. Por la presencia de una extensa gama de sustancias bioactivas ya registradas en ciertas algas se prevén como buenos candidatos para la producción de bioformulaciones vegetales. En este sentido, el aprovechamiento comercial y biotecnológico de las macroalgas podría beneficiar la economía local. Sin embargo, pese a todo el potencial de las algas existe muy poca información de su contenido metabolómico o químico total. Esta revisión bibliográfica resume información que propone el uso de las macroalgas Kappaphycus. alvarezii, Acanthophora spicifera e Hypnea spinella dentro del sector agrícola ecuatoriano como alternativa para la reducción de pesticidas.

Abstract Pregnancy represents an opportunity for the health system to diagnose and treat infections that increase maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Elimination of maternal-infant transmitted diseases is a priority in the Americas region. Several efforts are taking place to reach this goal by the year 2030. This document gathers the participation of several experts from the Latin American and Caribbean Region within the Latin-American Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (SLIPE), presenting a practical guidance adapted to the limitations of our countries, that support the analysis and improvement in interventions to change the management of congenital infection.

Resumen El embarazo representa una oportunidad del sistema de salud para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de afecciones que aumentan la morbilidad fetal y neonatal, y la salud de la mujer gestante, siendo la eliminación de las enfermedades de transmisión materno-infantil una prioridad en la región de las Américas. En esta línea se están llevando a cabo numerosos esfuerzos en la región para alcanzar esta meta para el año 2030. El presente documento reúne la participación de expertos en la Región de América Latina y el Caribe, dentro de la Sociedad Latino-americana de Infectología Pediátrica (SLIPE), brindando una mirada práctica adaptada a las limitaciones de muchos de nuestros países, que nos ayude a analizar las mejores herramientas para detectar posibles momentos estratégicos de intervención y cambio en el manejo de las infecciones congénitas.

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the risk factors associated with 30-day hospital readmissions after a cholecystectomy. Methods: We conducted a case–control study, with data obtained from UC-Christus from Santiago, Chile. All patients who underwent a cholecystectomy between January 2015 and December 2019 were included in the study. We identified all patients readmitted after a cholecystectomy and compared them with a randomized control group. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify risk factors. Results: Of the 4866 cholecystectomies performed between 2015 and 2019, 79 patients presented 30-day hospital readmission after the surgical procedure (1.6%). We identified as risk factors for readmission in the univariate analysis the presence of a solid tumor at the moment of cholecystectomy (OR = 7.58), high pre-operative direct bilirubin (OR = 2.52), high pre-operative alkaline phosphatase (OR = 3.25), emergency admission (OR = 2.04), choledocholithiasis on admission (OR = 4.34), additional surgical procedure during the cholecystectomy (OR = 4.12), and post-operative complications. In the multivariate analysis, the performance of an additional surgical procedure during cholecystectomy was statistically significant (OR = 4.24). Conclusion: Performing an additional surgical procedure during cholecystectomy was identified as a risk factor associated with 30-day hospital readmission.

Resumen Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los factores de riesgo asociados al reingreso hospitalario en los primeros 30 días post colecistectomía. Métodos: Estudio de casos-controles con datos obtenidos del Hospital Clínico de la UC-Christus, Santiago, Chile. Se incluyeron las colecistectomías realizadas entre los años 2015-2019. Se consideraron como casos aquellos pacientes que reingresaron en los 30 primeros días posterior a una colecistectomía. Se realizó un análisis univariado y multivariado de diferentes posibles factores de riesgo. Resultados: De un total de 4866 colecistectomías, 79 pacientes presentaron reingreso hospitalario. Los resultados estadísticamente significativos en el análisis univariado fueron; tumor sólido al momento de la colecistectomía (OR = 7.58) bilirrubina directa preoperatoria alterada (OR = 2.52), fosfatasa alcalina preoperatoria alterada (OR = 3.25), ingreso de urgencia (OR = 2.04), coledocolitiasis al ingreso (OR = 4.34) realización de otros procedimientos (OR = 4.12) y complicaciones postoperatorias. En el análisis multivariado sólo la realización de otro procedimiento durante la colecistectomía fue estadísticamente significativa (OR = 4.24). Conclusión: La realización de otros procedimientos durante la colecistectomía es un factor de riesgo de reingreso hospitalario en los 30 días posteriores a la colecistectomía.

RESUMEN En México existe una tendencia por reformar las legislaciones estatales de gestión de residuos con la intención de frenar la dispersión de plásticos de un sólo uso (P1U) y fomentar la reducción de residuos mediante acciones de corresponsabilidad. Actualmente, 29 de los 32 estados mexicanos establecen en sus leyes la participación de sectores de la sociedad para motivar una gobernanza de los plásticos. Sin embargo, aún no existe un estudio nacional que brinde información sobre la forma en la que se está distribuyendo la responsabilidad dentro de las legislaciones. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar a través de un análisis de redes la diversidad de actores y su inclusión como sectores dentro de la legislación que hasta ahora regula los P1U en México. Los hallazgos de la investigación indican que para frenar la dispersión de P1U el 90 % de las entidades federativas, de acuerdo con su legislación, se apoyan en el sector económico de la distribución y comercialización. Además, a nivel nacional, se observó una subrepresentación de la responsabilidad de los sectores productivo y académico. En este sentido el presente estudio ofrece una propuesta metodológica para visualizar de forma resumida y esquemática la diversidad de actores y sectores en el complejo panorama de la corresponsabilidad para la reducción de P1U. La herramienta de análisis de redes podría ser aprovechada para facilitar la tarea de los tomadores de decisión o para investigaciones que consideren la revisión legislativa cuantitativa.

ABSTRACT In Mexico, there is a growing trend to reform the state waste management legislation to curb the dispersion of single-use plastics (P1U) and encourage waste reduction through co-responsibility actions. Currently, 29 of Mexico’s 32 states establish the participation of society’s sectors to motivate plastics governance in their laws. However, a national study is still needed to provide information on how responsibility is distributed within the legislation. Therefore, through network analysis, this study aimed to evaluate the diversity of actors and their inclusion as sectors within the legislation regulating P1U in Mexico. According to the research findings, Mexican state legislation aimed at reducing the spread of P1U relies primarily on economic measures targeting the distribution and commercialization sectors, accounting for 90% of the overall strategy.; however, the productive and academic sectors are underrepresented. This study presents a methodological proposal to provide a concise and schematic visualization of the diverse actors and sectors involved in the complex responsibility landscape for P1U reduction. The network analysis tool could be used to facilitate the task of decision-makers or for research that considers quantitative legislative review.

Resumen Las infestaciones de garrapatas representan una gran dificultad para la producción de ganado bovino en países tropicales y subtropicales alrededor del mundo. Las formas tradicionales de combate a esta plaga son químicos (acaricidas) y manejo integral de pastizales. Sin embargo, estos métodos no han logrado controlar de manera contundente la presencia de este ectoparásito. Lo anterior ha llevado a la búsqueda de vacunas que permitan el control de estos parásitos. Actualmente, se cuenta con inmunógenos que contienen el antígeno intestinal Bm86 de Rhipicephalus microplus, los cuales han demostrado ser una alternativa efectiva, al reducir las poblaciones de garrapatas y el uso de acaricidas sintéticos. No obstante, el polimorfismo de este locus en garrapatas de distintas zonas geográficas representa una limitante en su efectividad. Se han realizado un número importante de investigaciones acerca del gen Bm86 como antígeno vacunal, por lo que, en este documento, se presenta una actualización de las investigaciones realizadas con este antígeno y su potencial uso como control inmunológico para reducir las infestaciones de garrapatas en el ganado bovino.

Abstract Tick infestations represent a major difficulty for cattle production in tropical and subtropical countries around the world. The traditional ways to combat this pest are chemicals (acaricides) and integrated management of grasslands. Nevertheless, these methods have not been able to conclusively control the presence of this ectoparasite. This has led to the search for vaccines that allow the control of these parasites. Currently, there are immunogens containing the gut antigen Bm86 of Rhipicephalus microplus, which have proven to be an effective alternative, as they have reduced tick populations and the use of synthetic acaricides. However, the polymorphism of this locus in ticks from different geographical areas represents a limitation in its effectiveness. A significant number of studies have been conducted on the Bm86 gene as a vaccine antigen, so this paper presents an update on studies conducted with this antigen and its potential use as an immunological control to reduce tick infestations in cattle.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the temporal tendency of stunting prevalence among children under five years of age registered in the Food and Nutritional Surveillance System (SISVAN) in the Brazilian Northern Region, from 2008 to 2017. Methods: Ecological time-series study with data from SISVAN. The annual variation rate for the prevalence of undernutrition, measured by the presence of stunting (low height-for-age index), was estimated for the Northern Region and for each of its states using the Prais-Winsten regression model with and without variable adjustment for SISVAN coverage to explore the relationship between these variables. Results: The Northern Region showed a tendency toward the reduction of chronic child stunting, with an annual variation of -5.30% (95%CI -9.64; -0.77) in the period studied. The states of Acre (-7.19%; 95%CI -12.31; -1.77), Pará (-4.86%; 95%CI -9.44; -0.03), and Tocantins (-6.22%; 95%CI -9.88; -2.41) showed a tendency to reduce the prevalence of stunting, while the other four states showed stability during the period. A strong negative correlation was found between SISVAN coverage and the prevalence of stunting in the states of Acre (beta: -0.725), Amazonas (beta: -0.874), Pará (beta: -0.841), and Tocantins (beta: -0.871), indicating that the increase in system coverage is associated with a reduction of stunting. Conclusions: There is a tendency toward a reduction in the prevalence of stunting particularly in three states and in the North Region as a whole, from 2008 to 2017. The coverage by the system was associated with a reduction in the prevalence of child stunting in four states. Objective (SISVAN 200 2017 Methods timeseries time series undernutrition low heightforage height index, index , index) PraisWinsten Prais Winsten variables Results 5.30% 530 5 30 -5.30 95CI CI 95 9.64 964 9 64 -9.64 0.77 077 0 77 -0.77 studied 7.19% 719 7 19 (-7.19% 12.31 1231 12 31 -12.31 1.77, 177 1.77 1 -1.77) 4.86% 486 4 86 (-4.86% 9.44 944 44 -9.44 0.03, 003 0.03 03 -0.03) 6.22% 622 6 22 (-6.22% 9.88 988 88 -9.88 2.41 241 2 41 -2.41 beta (beta 0.725, 0725 0.725 725 -0.725) 0.874, 0874 0.874 874 -0.874) 0.841, 0841 0.841 841 -0.841) 0.871, 0871 0.871 871 -0.871) Conclusions whole 20 201 5.30 53 3 -5.3 9.6 96 -9.6 0.7 07 -0.7 7.19 71 (-7.19 12.3 123 -12.3 17 1.7 -1.77 4.86 48 8 (-4.86 9.4 94 -9.4 00 0.0 -0.03 6.22 62 (-6.22 9.8 98 -9.8 2.4 24 -2.4 072 0.72 72 -0.725 087 0.87 87 -0.874 084 0.84 84 -0.841 -0.871 5.3 -5. 9. -9. 0. -0. 7.1 (-7.1 12. -12. 1. -1.7 4.8 (-4.8 -0.0 6.2 (-6.2 2. -2. -0.72 08 0.8 -0.87 -0.84 5. -5 -9 -0 7. (-7. -12 -1. 4. (-4. 6. (-6. -2 -0.8 - (-7 -1 (-4 (-6 (- (

Resumo Foi avaliada a relação entre a distribuição de medicamentos usados na pandemia por SARS-COV-19 no município do Rio de Janeiro e o nível de risco ambiental estimado provocado por seus resíduos. Foi coletada a quantidade de medicamentos distribuídos pelas unidades de atenção primária à saúde (APS) entre 2019 e 2021. O quociente de risco (QR) correspondeu à razão entre a concentração ambiental preditiva estimada (PECest), obtida pelo consumo e excreção de cada fármaco, e a sua concentração preditiva não efetiva (PNEC). Os PECest da azitromicina e da ivermectina aumentaram entre 2019 e 2020, tendo uma queda em 2021 provavelmente devido ao desabastecimento. Já o da dexclorfeniramina (DEX) e da fluoxetina (FLU) tiveram uma queda, retornando o crescimento em 2021. Enquanto o PECest do diazepam (DIA) aumentou ao longo desses três anos, o etinilestradiol (EE2) diminuiu, possivelmente pela priorização da APS no tratamento da COVID-19. Os maiores QR foram de FLU, EE2 e AZI. O padrão de consumo desses medicamentos não refletiu seu risco ambiental, pois os mais consumidos possuem baixa toxicidade. Vale destacar que alguns dados podem estar subestimados devido ao incentivo que foi dado durante a pandemia para o consumo de determinados grupos de fármacos. SARSCOV19 SARSCOV SARS COV 19 SARS-COV-1 resíduos (APS 201 (QR PECest, , (PECest) fármaco PNEC. PNEC . (PNEC) 2020 202 desabastecimento DEX (DEX FLU (FLU DIA (DIA anos EE (EE2 diminuiu COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19. COVID-19 AZI toxicidade fármacos SARSCOV1 1 SARS-COV- 20 (PECest (PNEC (EE COVID1 COVID-1 SARS-COV 2 COVID-

Abstract The relationship between the distribution of medicines used in the Pandemic by SARS-COV-19 in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro and the estimated level of environmental risk caused by their residues was evaluated. The amount of medicines distributed by primary health care (PHC) units between 2019 and 2021 were collected. The risk quotient (RQ) corresponded to the ratio between the estimated predictive environmental concentration (PECest) obtained by the consumption and excretion of each drug and its non-effective predictive concentration (PNEC). Between 2019 and 2020, the PECest of azithromycin (AZI) and ivermectin (IVE) increased between 2019 and 2020, with a decrease in 2021 probably due to shortages. Dexchlorpheniramine (DEX) and fluoxetine (FLU) fell, returning to growth in 2021. While the PECest of diazepam (DIA) increased over these 3 years, ethinylestradiol (EE2) decreased possibly due to the prioritization of PHC in the treatment of COVID-19. The largest QR were from FLU, EE2 and AZI. The consumption pattern of these drugs did not reflect their environmental risk because the most consumed ones have low toxicity. It is worth noting that some data may be underestimated due to the incentive given during the pandemic to the consumption of certain groups of drugs. SARSCOV19 SARSCOV SARS COV 19 SARS-COV-1 evaluated (PHC 201 202 collected RQ (RQ (PECest noneffective non effective PNEC. PNEC . (PNEC) 2020 AZI (AZI IVE (IVE shortages DEX (DEX FLU (FLU fell DIA (DIA years EE (EE2 COVID19. COVID19 COVID 19. COVID-19 toxicity SARSCOV1 1 SARS-COV- 20 (PNEC (EE COVID1 COVID-1 SARS-COV 2 COVID-

Resumo Foi avaliada a relação entre a distribuição de medicamentos usados na pandemia por SARS-COV-19 no município do Rio de Janeiro e o nível de risco ambiental estimado provocado por seus resíduos. Foi coletada a quantidade de medicamentos distribuídos pelas unidades de atenção primária à saúde (APS) entre 2019 e 2021. O quociente de risco (QR) correspondeu à razão entre a concentração ambiental preditiva estimada (PECest), obtida pelo consumo e excreção de cada fármaco, e a sua concentração preditiva não efetiva (PNEC). Os PECest da azitromicina e da ivermectina aumentaram entre 2019 e 2020, tendo uma queda em 2021 provavelmente devido ao desabastecimento. Já o da dexclorfeniramina (DEX) e da fluoxetina (FLU) tiveram uma queda, retornando o crescimento em 2021. Enquanto o PECest do diazepam (DIA) aumentou ao longo desses três anos, o etinilestradiol (EE2) diminuiu, possivelmente pela priorização da APS no tratamento da COVID-19. Os maiores QR foram de FLU, EE2 e AZI. O padrão de consumo desses medicamentos não refletiu seu risco ambiental, pois os mais consumidos possuem baixa toxicidade. Vale destacar que alguns dados podem estar subestimados devido ao incentivo que foi dado durante a pandemia para o consumo de determinados grupos de fármacos.

Abstract The relationship between the distribution of medicines used in the Pandemic by SARS-COV-19 in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro and the estimated level of environmental risk caused by their residues was evaluated. The amount of medicines distributed by primary health care (PHC) units between 2019 and 2021 were collected. The risk quotient (RQ) corresponded to the ratio between the estimated predictive environmental concentration (PECest) obtained by the consumption and excretion of each drug and its non-effective predictive concentration (PNEC). Between 2019 and 2020, the PECest of azithromycin (AZI) and ivermectin (IVE) increased between 2019 and 2020, with a decrease in 2021 probably due to shortages. Dexchlorpheniramine (DEX) and fluoxetine (FLU) fell, returning to growth in 2021. While the PECest of diazepam (DIA) increased over these 3 years, ethinylestradiol (EE2) decreased possibly due to the prioritization of PHC in the treatment of COVID-19. The largest QR were from FLU, EE2 and AZI. The consumption pattern of these drugs did not reflect their environmental risk because the most consumed ones have low toxicity. It is worth noting that some data may be underestimated due to the incentive given during the pandemic to the consumption of certain groups of drugs.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia de reacciones adversas (RA) tras la primera dosis de la vacuna Pfizer-BioNTech e identificar algunos factores asociados con ellas. Método: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectiva. Los datos fueron obtenidos mediante una encuesta epidemiológica contestada en línea. Se realizaron análisis multivariados para identificar factores asociados con las RA tempranas (< 2 h) y tardías (≥ 2 h). Resultados: Se incluyeron 2295 trabajadores de la salud; en ellos, la incidencia acumulada de RA fue del 18.2% (intervalo de confianza del 95%: 16.6-19.8%) y la mayoría fueron tardías (78.2%). Las RA tempranas más frecuentes fueron dolor local, cefalea y mareo; en las tardías fueron dolor local, cefalea y fatiga. No se documentaron casos de anafilaxia; sin embargo, en el grupo de RA tempranas y tardías hubo un caso y tres casos, respectivamente, con síntomas sistémicos que afectaron a dos órganos diferentes. Los factores asociados que incrementaron el riesgo de RA tempranas fueron ser mujer (odds ratio [OR]: 2.23; p = 0.002) y pertenecer al personal médico (OR: 1.56; p = 0.041). En las RA tardías fue ser mujer (OR: 1.94; p < 0.0001); por su parte, la diabetes (OR: 0.46; p = 0.021), el asma (OR: 0.53; p = 0.040) y el tabaquismo (OR: 0.44; p = 0.002) fueron factores asociados inversamente. Es interesante que la historia de COVID-19 no se asoció con RA tempranas ni tardías. Conclusiones: El riesgo de presentar algún tipo de RA debido a la vacuna Pfizer-BioNTech en trabajadores de la salud es < 20%.

Abstract Objective: To determine the incidence of adverse reactions (AR) after the first dose of Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, and to identify some factors associated with AR. Method: A retrospective cohort study was conducted. Data were obtained through an epidemiological survey answered online. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with early (< 2 h) and late (≥ 2 h) AR. Results: A total of 2295 health care workers were included; in them, the cumulative incidence of AR was 18.2% (95% confidence interval: 16.6-19.8), where the majority were late (78.2%). The associated factors that increased the risk of early AR were being female (odds ratio [OR]: 2.23, p = 0.002) and belonging to the medical staff (OR: 1.56; p = 0.041). In late AR were being female (OR: 1.94; p < 0.0001); on the other hand, diabetes (OR: 0.46; p = 0.021), asthma (OR: 0.53; p = 0.040) and smoking (OR: 0.44, p = 0.002) were inversely associated factors. Interestingly, history of COVID-19 was not associated with either early or late AR. Conclusions: The risk of presenting some type of AR due to the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine in health care workers is < 20%.

Resumo A atual sindemia global, amplificada pela pandemia de covid-19, evidencia o colapso dos sistemas alimentares atuais. As iniciativas de agricultura urbana e periurbana (AUP) têm sido reconhecidas como estratégias de oposição ao modelo de sistema alimentar dominante, a partir de seus múltiplos impactos positivos. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo é discutir a evolução do conceito de segurança alimentar e nutricional (SAN) no âmbito internacional, desde sua proposição (no pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial) até a crise da covid-19, compreendendo quais as contribuições a AUP ocupa nesta agenda. Para isso, o documento estrutura-se a partir de uma revisão crítica de literatura. O campo da SAN evoluiu e foram incluídas diferentes dimensões à sua caracterização, contudo, as respostas institucionais concentram-se em momentos de crise, cujos impactos incidem sobre ela e privilegiam a manutenção de sistemas alimentares globalizados e insustentáveis. Já as práticas de AUP aparecem com picos de ascensão e declínio, a medida em que suas contribuições ganham vão ganhando novos contornos, evoluindo junto com a agenda de SAN. Na perspectiva de ampliar e somar às discussões atuais sobre SAN e AUP, discute-se, finalmente, a necessidade de incorporação dos conceitos de justiça, saúde global e de uma visão multidimensional sobre sustentabilidade. covid19, covid19 covid 19, 19 covid-19 (AUP dominante positivos Assim (SAN internacional pósSegunda pós Segunda Mundial isso estruturase estrutura se literatura caracterização contudo concentramse concentram insustentáveis declínio contornos discutese, discutese discute se, discute-se finalmente justiça sustentabilidade covid1 1 covid-1 covid-

Abstract The current global syndemic, amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic, highlights the collapse of current food systems. Urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) initiatives have been recognised as strategies of opposition to the dominant food system model based on their multiple positive impacts. Thus, the aim of this article is to discuss the evolution of the concept of food and nutrition security (FNS) at the international level from its proposition (in the post-World War II period) to the COVID-19 crisis, understanding the contributions of UPA in this agenda. To this end, the document is based on a critical literature review. The FNS field has evolved, and different dimensions have been included in its characterisation; however, institutional responses are concentrated in times of crises, whose impacts affect it and favour the maintenance of globalised and unsustainable food systems. The UPA practices, on the other hand, appear with peaks of rise and decline, as their contributions gain new contours, evolving along with the FNS agenda. With a view to broadening and adding to the current discussions on FNSand UPA, we finally discuss the need to incorporate the concepts of justice, global health, and a multidimensional view on sustainability. syndemic COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 pandemic systems periurban peri urban (UPA Thus (FNS postWorld post World period crisis agenda end review evolved characterisation however crises practices hand decline contours justice health sustainability COVID1 1 COVID-

Resumo Introdução fatores individuais parecem estar relacionados à utilização de novas recomendações e mudanças de prática profissional para ações de promoção à saúde. Objetivo avaliar a relação entre conhecimento, autoeficácia (AE) e utilização das recomendações do Guia Alimentar Brasileiro (GAB) nas práticas de equipes de Núcleos de Apoio à Saúde da Família (NASF-AB). Método recorte transversal de pós-intervenção de um ensaio comunitário controlado envolvendo 26 profissionais de saúde. Conhecimento e AE em utilizar as recomendações do GAB foram coletados por escalas validadas autoaplicáveis. A utilização do GAB na prática profissional foi mensurada mediante observação da rotina de trabalho dos NASF-AB e preenchimento de escala validada sobre as recomendações do GAB. Todos os escores variaram de 0 a 100. Resultados as pontuações médias nos escores de conhecimento, AE e utilização do GAB foram de 83,07 (DP = 18,29), 63,36 (DP = 19,07) e 4,33 (DP = 8,03), respectivamente. Houve correlação positiva e moderada entre AE e escore de utilização do GAB (r = 0,45; p = 0,03). Conhecimento sobre o GAB obteve fraca correlação com o escore de utilização (r = 0,34; p = 0,11). Diferença significativa foi obtida entre as médias do escore de utilização do GAB no grupo de elevada AE (5,13; p = 0,004; DP =1,55), em relação ao de baixa AE (3,40; p = 0,059; DP = 1,69), independentemente da categoria profissional. Conclusão neste estudo, a AE demonstrou estar moderadamente correlacionada com a adoção de novas práticas profissionais. saúde conhecimento (AE (GAB NASFAB. NASFAB NASF AB . (NASF-AB) pósintervenção pós intervenção 2 autoaplicáveis 100 8307 83 07 83,0 18,29, 1829 18,29 , 18 29 18,29) 6336 63 36 63,3 19,07 1907 19 433 4 33 4,3 8,03, 803 8,03 8 03 8,03) respectivamente r 0,45 045 45 0,03. 003 0,03 0,03) 0,34 034 34 0,11. 011 0,11 11 0,11) 5,13 513 5 13 (5,13 0,004 0004 004 =1,55, 155 =1,55 1 55 =1,55) 3,40 340 3 40 (3,40 0,059 0059 059 1,69, 169 1,69 69 1,69) estudo (NASF-AB 10 830 83, 182 18,2 633 6 63, 19,0 190 43 4, 80 8,0 0,4 04 00 0,0 0,3 01 0,1 5,1 51 (5,1 0,00 000 15 =1,5 3,4 (3,4 0,05 005 05 16 1,6 18, 19, 8, 0, 5, (5, =1, 3, (3, 1, (5 =1 (3 (

Abstract Background Individual factors appear related to the adoption of new recommendations and changes to professional practice for health promotion initiatives. Objective to evaluate the relationship between knowledge, self-efficacy (SE) and adoption of the Brazilian Dietary Guideline (BDG) recommendations in the practices of Family Health Support Center (NASF-AB) teams. Method a post-intervention cross-sectional sample from a controlled community trial involving 26 health professionals. Knowledge and SE in adopting the BDG recommendations were determined using a validated self- applicable scale. BDG adoption in professional practice was measured by observing the NASF-AB work routine and the scoring on the validated scale investigating GAB recommendation uptake. Scores ranged from 0 to 100 points. Results Average scores for knowledge, SE and BDG use were 83.07 (SD = 18.29), 63.36 (SD = 19.07) and 4.33 (SD = 8.03), respectively. There was a positive moderate correlation between SE and BDG utilization scores (r = 0.45; p = 0.03). Knowledge about BDG presented a weak correlation with the utilization score (r = 0.34; p = 0.11). Significant difference was observed between the averages of the BDG utilization score in the high SE group (5.13; p = 0.004; SD = 1.55), in relation to the low SE group (3.40; p = 0.059; SD = 1.69), regardless of professional category. Conclusion in this study, SE was moderately correlated with the adoption of new professional practices. initiatives knowledge selfefficacy self efficacy (SE (BDG NASFAB NASF AB (NASF-AB teams postintervention post intervention crosssectional cross sectional 2 professionals uptake 10 points 8307 83 07 83.0 18.29, 1829 18.29 , 18 29 18.29) 6336 63 36 63.3 19.07 1907 19 433 4 33 4.3 8.03, 803 8.03 8 03 8.03) respectively r 0.45 045 45 0.03. 003 0.03 . 0.03) 0.34 034 34 0.11. 011 0.11 11 0.11) 5.13 513 5 13 (5.13 0.004 0004 004 1.55, 155 1.55 1 55 1.55) 3.40 340 3 40 (3.40 0.059 0059 059 1.69, 169 1.69 69 1.69) category study 830 83. 182 18.2 633 6 63. 19.0 190 43 4. 80 8.0 0.4 04 00 0.0 0.3 01 0.1 5.1 51 (5.1 0.00 000 15 1.5 3.4 (3.4 0.05 005 05 16 1.6 18. 19. 8. 0. 5. (5. 1. 3. (3. (5 (3 (

RESUMO OBJETIVO Investigar o desempenho dos marcadores do consumo alimentar do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional (Sisvan) na avaliação da qualidade global da alimentação. MÉTODOS O estudo foi realizado a partir da reprodução de respostas aos marcadores em dados de recordatórios de 24 horas, de 46.164 indivíduos com idade menor ou igual a 10 anos, da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2017–2018. Foram avaliados sete marcadores do Sisvan e calculados dois escores para cada participante, a partir do somatório do número de marcadores de alimentação saudável (feijão, frutas, verduras/legumes, variando de 0 a 3) e não saudável (hambúrguer/embutidos, bebidas adoçadas, macarrão instantâneo/salgadinhos/biscoitos salgados, biscoito recheado/doces/guloseimas, variando de 0 a 4) consumidos. Análises de regressão linear foram usadas para avaliar a associação entre os escores e indicadores de qualidade da alimentação (participação de alimentos ultraprocessados, diversidade e teores de gordura saturada, trans, açúcar de adição, sódio, potássio e fibra da dieta). RESULTADOS o escore de marcadores de alimentação saudável aumentou de forma significativa com o aumento da diversidade e dos teores de potássio e fibra da dieta, enquanto tendência oposta foi observada para as densidades de açúcar de adição, sódio, gordura saturada e trans (p < 0,001). Observou-se que o escore de marcadores de alimentação não saudável aumentou de forma significativa com o aumento da participação de alimentos ultraprocessados e dos teores de açúcar de adição, gordura saturada e trans da dieta, enquanto tendência inversa é observada para potássio e fibra (p < 0,001). A análise conjunta da combinação dos dois escores de marcadores mostrou que indivíduos com melhor desempenho (3 no escore de alimentos saudáveis, e 0 no de alimentos não saudáveis) possuem menor número de inadequações no consumo de nutrientes. CONCLUSÃO Os marcadores do consumo alimentar do Sisvan, aplicados de forma rápida e prática e já incorporados no sistema público de saúde brasileiro, possuem bom potencial para refletir a qualidade global da alimentação. (Sisvan 2 horas 46164 46 164 46.16 1 anos 20172018 2017 2018 2017–2018 participante feijão, feijão (feijão frutas verduraslegumes verduras legumes verduras/legumes 3 hambúrguer/embutidos, hambúrguerembutidos hambúrguer embutidos (hambúrguer/embutidos adoçadas instantâneosalgadinhosbiscoitos instantâneo salgadinhos biscoitos salgados recheadodocesguloseimas recheado doces guloseimas recheado/doces/guloseimas 4 consumidos adição sódio dieta. dieta . dieta) p 0,001. 0001 0,001 001 0,001) Observouse Observou se ( saudáveis nutrientes brasileiro 4616 16 46.1 2017201 201 2017–201 hambúrguer/embutidos 000 0,00 00 461 46. 201720 20 2017–20 0,0 20172 2017–2 0, 2017–

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate the performance of food consumption markers of the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (Sisvan) in assessing the overall dietary quality. METHODS The study was carried out based on the reproduction of responses to markers in 24-hour recall data from 46,164 individuals aged ≥ 10 years, from the 2017–2018 Household Budget Survey (POF). Seven Sisvan markers were evaluated, and two scores were calculated for each participant, based on the sum of the number of healthy food markers (beans, fruits, and vegetables, ranging from 0 to 3) and unhealthy (hamburgers/sausages, sweetened beverages, instant noodles/salt snacks/crackers, stuffed cookies/sweets/candies, ranging from 0 to 4) consumed. Linear regression analyses were used to assess the association between scores and diet quality indicators (ultra-processed foods, dietary diversity, and levels of saturated and trans fat, added sugar, sodium, potassium, and fiber in the diet). RESULTS The score of healthy eating markers increased significantly with increasing dietary diversity and potassium and fiber contents in the diet, while the opposite trend was observed for the densities of added sugar, sodium, saturated and trans fat (p < 0.001). The score of unhealthy eating markers increased significantly with the increase in the consumption of ultra-processed foods and densities of added sugar, saturated and trans fat levels in the diet, while an inverse trend was observed for potassium and fiber (p < 0.001). The joint analysis of the combination of the two marker scores showed that individuals with better performance (3 in the healthy food score, and 0 in the unhealthy food score) have a lower number of inadequacies in nutrient consumption. CONCLUSION Sisvan food consumption markers, quickly and easily applied and already incorporated into the Brazilian public health system, have good potential to reflect the overall dietary quality. (Sisvan 24hour hour 24 46164 46 164 46,16 1 years 20172018 2017 2018 2017–201 POF. POF . (POF) evaluated participant beans, beans (beans fruits vegetables 3 hamburgers/sausages, hamburgerssausages hamburgers sausages (hamburgers/sausages beverages noodlessalt noodles salt snackscrackers snacks crackers snacks/crackers cookiessweetscandies cookies sweets candies cookies/sweets/candies 4 consumed ultraprocessed ultra processed sugar sodium diet. diet) p 0.001. 0001 0.001 001 0.001) ( system 2 4616 16 46,1 2017201 201 2017–20 (POF hamburgers/sausages 000 0.00 00 461 46, 201720 20 2017–2 0.0 20172 2017– 0.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate the performance of food consumption markers of the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (Sisvan) in assessing the overall dietary quality. METHODS The study was carried out based on the reproduction of responses to markers in 24-hour recall data from 46,164 individuals aged ≥ 10 years, from the 2017–2018 Household Budget Survey (POF). Seven Sisvan markers were evaluated, and two scores were calculated for each participant, based on the sum of the number of healthy food markers (beans, fruits, and vegetables, ranging from 0 to 3) and unhealthy (hamburgers/sausages, sweetened beverages, instant noodles/salt snacks/crackers, stuffed cookies/sweets/candies, ranging from 0 to 4) consumed. Linear regression analyses were used to assess the association between scores and diet quality indicators (ultra-processed foods, dietary diversity, and levels of saturated and trans fat, added sugar, sodium, potassium, and fiber in the diet). RESULTS The score of healthy eating markers increased significantly with increasing dietary diversity and potassium and fiber contents in the diet, while the opposite trend was observed for the densities of added sugar, sodium, saturated and trans fat (p < 0.001). The score of unhealthy eating markers increased significantly with the increase in the consumption of ultra-processed foods and densities of added sugar, saturated and trans fat levels in the diet, while an inverse trend was observed for potassium and fiber (p < 0.001). The joint analysis of the combination of the two marker scores showed that individuals with better performance (3 in the healthy food score, and 0 in the unhealthy food score) have a lower number of inadequacies in nutrient consumption. CONCLUSION Sisvan food consumption markers, quickly and easily applied and already incorporated into the Brazilian public health system, have good potential to reflect the overall dietary quality.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Investigar o desempenho dos marcadores do consumo alimentar do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional (Sisvan) na avaliação da qualidade global da alimentação. MÉTODOS O estudo foi realizado a partir da reprodução de respostas aos marcadores em dados de recordatórios de 24 horas, de 46.164 indivíduos com idade menor ou igual a 10 anos, da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2017–2018. Foram avaliados sete marcadores do Sisvan e calculados dois escores para cada participante, a partir do somatório do número de marcadores de alimentação saudável (feijão, frutas, verduras/legumes, variando de 0 a 3) e não saudável (hambúrguer/embutidos, bebidas adoçadas, macarrão instantâneo/salgadinhos/biscoitos salgados, biscoito recheado/doces/guloseimas, variando de 0 a 4) consumidos. Análises de regressão linear foram usadas para avaliar a associação entre os escores e indicadores de qualidade da alimentação (participação de alimentos ultraprocessados, diversidade e teores de gordura saturada, trans, açúcar de adição, sódio, potássio e fibra da dieta). RESULTADOS o escore de marcadores de alimentação saudável aumentou de forma significativa com o aumento da diversidade e dos teores de potássio e fibra da dieta, enquanto tendência oposta foi observada para as densidades de açúcar de adição, sódio, gordura saturada e trans (p < 0,001). Observou-se que o escore de marcadores de alimentação não saudável aumentou de forma significativa com o aumento da participação de alimentos ultraprocessados e dos teores de açúcar de adição, gordura saturada e trans da dieta, enquanto tendência inversa é observada para potássio e fibra (p < 0,001). A análise conjunta da combinação dos dois escores de marcadores mostrou que indivíduos com melhor desempenho (3 no escore de alimentos saudáveis, e 0 no de alimentos não saudáveis) possuem menor número de inadequações no consumo de nutrientes. CONCLUSÃO Os marcadores do consumo alimentar do Sisvan, aplicados de forma rápida e prática e já incorporados no sistema público de saúde brasileiro, possuem bom potencial para refletir a qualidade global da alimentação.

Abstract Pinole is a fine flour made from popped and toasted maize and it is the predominant food in the Rarámuri diet. This work aims to advance the sensory mapping of pinole from Sierra Tarahumara and evaluate its aroma. Three samples of pinole were analysed using a modified flash profile, Head Space-Solid Phase Dynamic Extraction coupled to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, and electronic nose (e-nose). The e-nose analysis showed few significant differences between the pinoles. The results of the sensory profile showed that the descriptive characteristics (seventeen attributes in total) could discriminate each sample, and this could be a consequence of the slight differences in the traditional processes applied. Forty-nine volatile compounds were identified in the three samples, of which twenty-two had previously been identified in popcorn and other corn products. A Multiple Factor Analysis showed correlations of various volatile compounds (e.g., heterocyclic compounds probably formed during roasting and smoking) and sensor responses with sensory odour attributes such as peanut, corn, toasted, sweet and pinole as well as flavour attributes like toasted, pinole, sweet and corn taste.

Resumen El pinole es una harina fina hecha con base en maíz reventado, tostado y es el alimento predominante en la dieta Rarámuri. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo avanzar en el mapeo sensorial del pinole de la Sierra Tarahumara de Chihuahua, México y evaluar su aroma. Se analizaron tres muestras del producto utilizando el Perfil Flash modificado, la cromatografía de gases-la espectrometría de masas con extracción dinámica en la fase sólida de espacio de cabeza (HS-SPDE) y la nariz electrónica (e-nose). En el análisis de la nariz electrónica hubo pocas diferencias significativas entre los pinoles. En los resultados del perfil sensorial las características descriptivas (diecisiete atributos en total) discriminaron cada muestra, como una consecuencia de las ligeras diferencias en los procesos tradicionales aplicados. Se identificaron cuarenta y nueve compuestos volátiles en las tres muestras, de los que veintidós se habían determinado previamente en las palomitas de maíz y en otros productos de maíz. El Análisis Factorial Múltiple mostró correlaciones de varios compuestos volátiles (p. ej., los compuestos heterocíclicos formados durante el tostado y el ahumado) y las respuestas de los sensores con dos tipos de atributos: de olores sensoriales como maní, maíz, tostado, dulce y pinole, y los de sabor como tostado, pinole, dulce y maíz.

Abstract The current global syndemic, amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic, highlights the collapse of current food systems. Urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) initiatives have been recognised as strategies of opposition to the dominant food system model based on their multiple positive impacts. Thus, the aim of this article is to discuss the evolution of the concept of food and nutrition security (FNS) at the international level from its proposition (in the post-World War II period) to the COVID-19 crisis, understanding the contributions of UPA in this agenda. To this end, the document is based on a critical literature review. The FNS field has evolved, and different dimensions have been included in its characterisation; however, institutional responses are concentrated in times of crises, whose impacts affect it and favour the maintenance of globalised and unsustainable food systems. The UPA practices, on the other hand, appear with peaks of rise and decline, as their contributions gain new contours, evolving along with the FNS agenda. With a view to broadening and adding to the current discussions on FNSand UPA, we finally discuss the need to incorporate the concepts of justice, global health, and a multidimensional view on sustainability.

Resumo A atual sindemia global, amplificada pela pandemia de covid-19, evidencia o colapso dos sistemas alimentares atuais. As iniciativas de agricultura urbana e periurbana (AUP) têm sido reconhecidas como estratégias de oposição ao modelo de sistema alimentar dominante, a partir de seus múltiplos impactos positivos. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo é discutir a evolução do conceito de segurança alimentar e nutricional (SAN) no âmbito internacional, desde sua proposição (no pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial) até a crise da covid-19, compreendendo quais as contribuições a AUP ocupa nesta agenda. Para isso, o documento estrutura-se a partir de uma revisão crítica de literatura. O campo da SAN evoluiu e foram incluídas diferentes dimensões à sua caracterização, contudo, as respostas institucionais concentram-se em momentos de crise, cujos impactos incidem sobre ela e privilegiam a manutenção de sistemas alimentares globalizados e insustentáveis. Já as práticas de AUP aparecem com picos de ascensão e declínio, a medida em que suas contribuições ganham vão ganhando novos contornos, evoluindo junto com a agenda de SAN. Na perspectiva de ampliar e somar às discussões atuais sobre SAN e AUP, discute-se, finalmente, a necessidade de incorporação dos conceitos de justiça, saúde global e de uma visão multidimensional sobre sustentabilidade.