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RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a mortalidade em 12 meses de pacientes holandeses com COVID-19 internados em unidades de terapia intensiva, a população total com COVID-19 e vários subgrupos segundo o número de comorbidades, idade, sexo, ventilação mecânica e uso de medicação vasoativa. Métodos: Incluímos todos os pacientes admitidos com COVID-19 entre 1° de março de 2020 e 29 de março de 2022, do banco de dados do registro holandês National Intensive Care Evaluation (NICE). A taxa bruta de mortalidade em 12 meses é apresentada por meio das curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier para cada subgrupo de pacientes. Usamos modelos de regressão de Cox para analisar os efeitos das características do paciente na mortalidade em 12 meses após a alta hospitalar. Resultados: Incluímos 16.605 pacientes com COVID-19. A taxa de mortalidade hospitalar foi de 28,1%, e a taxa de mortalidade em 12 meses após a admissão na unidade de terapia intensiva foi de 29,8%. Entre os sobreviventes hospitalares, a mortalidade em 12 meses após a alta hospitalar foi de 2,5% (300/11.931). O risco de morte em 12 meses após a alta hospitalar foi maior em pacientes entre 60 e 79 anos (HR 4,74; IC95% 2,23 - 10,06) e ≥ 80 anos (HR 22,77; IC95% 9,91 - 52,28) do que em pacientes < 40 anos de idade; em pacientes do sexo masculino do que do sexo feminino (HR de 1,38; IC95% 1,07 - 1,78); e em pacientes com uma comorbidade (HR ajustado 1,95; IC95% 1,5 - 2,53), duas comorbidades (HR ajustado 4,49; IC95% 3,27 - 6,16) ou mais de duas (HR ajustado 4,99; IC95% 2,62 - 9,5) do que em pacientes sem comorbidades. Nem o uso de medicação vasoativa nem a ventilação mecânica apresentaram resultados estatisticamente significativos. Conclusão: A maioria das mortes de pacientes holandeses com COVID-19 na unidade de terapia intensiva ocorreu durante a internação hospitalar. Para os sobreviventes do hospital, a taxa bruta de mortalidade em 12 meses foi baixa. A idade do paciente (acima de 60 anos), o sexo e o número de comorbidades foram associados a um maior risco de morte 12 meses após a alta hospitalar, enquanto a ventilação mecânica e a medicação vasoativa não foram. Objetivo 1 COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 Métodos 202 2 2022 NICE. NICE . (NICE) KaplanMeier Kaplan Meier Resultados 16605 16 605 16.60 COVID19. 19. 281 28 28,1% 298 8 29,8% hospitalares 25 5 2,5 300/11.931. 30011931 300/11.931 300 11 931 (300/11.931) 6 7 HR 4,74 474 4 74 IC95 IC 223 23 2,2 10,06 1006 10 06 22,77 2277 22 77 991 9 91 9,9 52,28 5228 52 1,38 138 38 107 07 1,0 1,78 178 78 1,78) 1,95 195 95 15 1, 2,53, 253 2,53 , 53 2,53) 4,49 449 49 327 3 27 3,2 6,16 616 4,99 499 99 262 62 2,6 9,5 significativos Conclusão hospital baixa acima anos, anos) COVID1 COVID- 20 (NICE 1660 16.6 28,1 29,8 2, 3001193 300/11.93 30 93 (300/11.931 4,7 47 IC9 10,0 100 0 22,7 227 9, 52,2 522 1,3 13 1,7 17 1,9 4,4 44 32 3, 6,1 61 4,9 26 166 16. 28, 29, 300119 300/11.9 (300/11.93 4, 10, 22, 52, 6, 30011 300/11. (300/11.9 3001 300/11 (300/11. 300/1 (300/11 300/ (300/1 (300/ (300 (30 (3 (

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the 12-month mortality of Dutch COVID-19 intensive care unit patients, the total COVID-19 population and various subgroups on the basis of the number of comorbidities, age, sex, mechanical ventilation, and vasoactive medication use. Methods: We included all patients admitted with COVID-19 between March 1, 2020, and March 29, 2022, from the Dutch National Intensive Care (NICE) database. The crude 12-month mortality rate is presented via Kaplan-Meier survival curves for each patient subgroup. We used Cox regression models to analyze the effects of patient characteristics on 12-month mortality after hospital discharge. Results: We included 16,605 COVID-19 patients. The in-hospital mortality rate was 28.1%, and the 12-month mortality rate after intensive care unit admission was 29.8%. Among hospital survivors, 12-month mortality after hospital discharge was 2.5% (300/11,931). The hazard of death at 12 months after hospital discharge was greater in patients between 60 and 79 years (HR 4.74; 95%CI 2.23 - 10.06) and ≥ 80 years (HR 22.77; 95%CI 9.91 - 52.28) than in patients < 40 years of age; in male patients than in female patients (HR 1.38; 95%CI 1.07 - 1.78); and in patients with one (adjusted HR 1.95; 95%CI 1.5 - 2.53), two (adjusted HR 4.49; 95%CI 3.27 - 6.16) or more than two comorbidities (adjusted HR 4.99; 95%CI 2.62 - 9.5) than in patients with no comorbidities. Neither vasoactive medication use nor mechanical ventilation resulted in statistically significant results. Conclusion: For Dutch COVID-19 intensive care unit patients, most deaths occurred during their hospital stay. For hospital survivors, the crude 12-month mortality rate was low. Patient age (older than 60), sex and the number of comorbidities were associated with a greater hazard of death at 12 months after hospital discharge, whereas mechanical ventilation and vasoactive medication were not. Objective 12month month COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 Methods 1 2020 29 2022 NICE (NICE database KaplanMeier Kaplan Meier subgroup Results 16605 16 605 16,60 inhospital 281 28 28.1% 298 8 29.8% survivors 25 2 5 2.5 300/11,931. 30011931 300/11,931 . 300 11 931 (300/11,931) 6 7 4.74 474 4 74 95CI CI 95 223 23 2.2 10.06 1006 10 06 22.77 2277 22 77 991 9 91 9.9 52.28 5228 52 1.38 138 38 107 07 1.0 1.78 178 78 1.78) adjusted 1.95 195 15 1. 2.53, 253 2.53 , 53 2.53) 4.49 449 49 327 3 27 3.2 6.16 616 4.99 499 99 262 62 2.6 9.5 results Conclusion stay low older 60, 60) not COVID1 COVID- 202 1660 16,6 28.1 29.8 2. 3001193 300/11,93 30 93 (300/11,931 4.7 47 10.0 100 0 22.7 227 9. 52.2 522 1.3 13 1.7 17 1.9 4.4 44 32 3. 6.1 61 4.9 26 20 166 16, 28. 29. 300119 300/11,9 (300/11,93 4. 10. 22. 52. 6. 30011 300/11, (300/11,9 3001 300/11 (300/11, 300/1 (300/11 300/ (300/1 (300/ (300 (30 (3 (

https://doi.org/10.62675/2965-2774.20240251-en

Bacteriemia por Acinetobacter baumannii productor de oxacilinasa en hospitales de Lima, Perú
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Castillo, Yanet

; Nieto, Cynthia

; Astocondor, Lizeth

; Jacobs, Jan

; Garcia, Coralith

Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Publica

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jun 2019, Volume 36 N. 2 Pages 364 - 366

Abstract: Es | Text: Es | PDF: Es

https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2019.362.4152

Bacteriemia por Acinetobacter baumannii productor de oxacilinasa en hospitales de Lima, Perú
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Castillo, Yanet

; Nieto, Cynthia

; Astocondor, Lizeth

; Jacobs, Jan

; Garcia, Coralith

Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública

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jun 2019, Volume 36 N. 2 Pages 364 - 366

Abstract: Es | Text: Es | PDF: Es

https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2019.362.4152

An Early Warning System for currency crises in Argentina and Brazil 1990-2009
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Boonman, Tjeerd M.

; Jacobs, Jan P. A. M.

; Kuper, Gerard H.

EconoQuantum

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dec 2017, Volume 14 N. 2 Pages 47 - 68

Abstract: En Es | Text: En Es | PDF: En | PDF: Es

Abstrac: The Global Financial Crisis (GFC) has affected many regions including Latin America. This paper focuses on currency crises in Argentina and Brazil, the two largest economies in South America, and with a wide experience with currency crises. We estimate an Early Warning System, consisting of a static factor model and a multinomial ordered logit model, with monthly data for 1990-2007. Ex ante forecasts for 2008-2009 produce an increased probability of currency crises in the fall of 2008. Our model outcomes confirm that elements from earlier crises are useful to predict the currency crises during the GFC.

Resumen: La crisis financiera mundial (GFC por sus signos en inglés) del 2007-2009 ha afectado a muchas regiones, incluyendo América Latina. Este documento se centra en las crisis cambiarias en Argentina y Brasil, las dos economías más grandes de Sudamérica, y con una amplia experiencia con crisis cambiarias. Estimamos un sistema de alerta temprana, que consiste en un modelo estático de factores y un modelo logit multinomial ordenado, con datos mensuales de 1990 a 2007. Predicciones ex ante para 2008-2009 producen un aumento de la probabilidad de crisis cambiarias en el otoño de 2008. Nuestros resultados confirman que elementos de crisis anteriores contienen información relevante para pronosticar las crisis cambiarias durante la crisis financiera mundial.

https://doi.org/10.18381/eq.v14i2.7100 526 downloads

Preliminary report on osteochondrosis in cattle in the north-western parts of South Africa
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Prozesky, Leon

; Neser, Johan

; Meissner, Heinz

; Botha, Kenneth

; Jacobs, Lubbe

; Shepstone, Craig

; Viljoen, Hannes

; Köster, Hinner

; de Brouwer, Chris

; van Zyl, Jan

; van der Veen, Gerjan

Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research

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2016, Volume 83 N. 1 Pages 1 - 7

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

The north-western part of South Africa, in particular, is well known for mineral imbalances. Aphosphorosis, resulting in rickets and osteomalacia, received a lot of attention at the turn of the nineteenth century (1882-1912). This was followed in 1997 by research on Vryburg hepatosis, another area-specific mineral imbalance-related disease in young calves reared on manganese-rich soil derived from the weathering of dolomitic (carbonate) rock formations. In 1982, a totally new syndrome (osteochondrosis) manifested in, amongst others, areas in South Africa where aphosphorosis was rife. Osteochondrosis was also identified in the south-western parts of Namibia as well as southern Botswana and other areas in South Africa. Osteochondrosis has a multifactorial aetiology and this study focused on the role of minerals, particularly phosphorus, in the development of the disease. A significant improvement in the clinical signs in experimental animals and a reduction of osteochondrosis occurred on farms where animals received bioavailable trace minerals and phosphorus as part of a balanced lick. An increase in the occurrence of the disease on farms during severe drought conditions in 2012-2013 prompted researchers to investigate the possible role of chronic metabolic acidosis in the pathogenesis of the disease.

https://doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v83i1.1083 898 downloads

Antibiotic prescription behaviours in Lao People's Democratic Republic: a knowledge, attitude and practice survey
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Quet, Fabrice

; Vlieghe, Erika

; Leyer, Caroline

; Buisson, Yves

; Newton, Paul N

; Naphayvong, Philaysak

; Keoluangkhot, Valy

; Chomarat, Monique

; Longuet, Christophe

; Steenkeste, Nicolas

; Jacobs, Jan

Bulletin of the World Health Organization

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apr 2015, Volume 93 N. 4 Pages 219 - 227

摘要目的评估老挝人民民主共和国医生的抗生素处方实务及其对当地抗生素耐药性模式的知识。方法要求四个省25所公立医院参加晨会的医生完成知识、态度和实务调查。问卷包含43个多项选择题,医生在会议时间内完成回答。结果响应率为83.4%(386/463)。其中270名...

Резюме Цель Оценить порядок назначения антибиотиков, которого придерживаются врачи, работающие в Лаосской Народно-Демократической Республике, а также осве...

Résumé Objectif Évaluer les pratiques de prescription d'antibiotiques des médecins travaillant en République démocratique populaire lao et leur connaissance des profils locaux de résistance aux antibiotiques. Méthodes Les médecins participant aux réunions matinales dans 25 hôpitaux publiques dans 4 provinces ont été invités à répondre à une enquête sur leurs connaissances, leur attitude et leur pratique. Le questionnaire contenait 43 questions à choix multiples auxquelles les médecins répondaient au moment de la réunion. Résultats Le taux de réponse était de 83,4% (386/463). Deux cent soixante-dix médecins (59,8%) ont déclaré ne pas avoir suffisamment d'informations sur les antibiotiques. Seuls 14,0% des mé...

Objective To assess the antibiotic prescribing practices of doctors working in the Lao People's Democratic Republic and their knowledge of local antibiotic resistance patterns. Methods Doctors attending morning meetings in 25 public hospitals in four provinces were asked to complete a knowledge, attitude and practice survey. The questionnaire contained 43 multiple choice questions that the doctor answered at the time of the meeting. Findings The response rate was 83.4% (386/463). Two hundred and seventy doctors (59.8%) declared that they had insufficient information about antibiotics. Only 14.0% (54/386) recognized the possibility of cephalosporin cross-resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Most participants had no information about local antibiotic resistance for Salmonella Typhi (211/385, 54.8%) and hospital-acquired pneumonia (253/384, 65.9%). Unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions were considered as harmless by 115 participants and 148 considered locally-available generic antibiotics to be of poor quality. Nearly three-quarters (280/386) of participants agreed that it was difficult to select the correct antibiotics. Most participants (373/386) welcomed educational programmes on antibiotic prescribing and 65.0% (249/383) preferred local over international antibiotic guidelines. Conclusion Doctors in the Lao People's Democratic Republic seem to favour antibiotic prescribing interventions. Health authorities should consider a capacity building programme that incorporates antibiotic prescribing and hospital infection control.

ملخص الغرض تقييم ممارسات الأطباء العاملين في جمهورية لاو الديمقراطية الشعبية في وصف المضادات الحيوية ومعرفتهم بالأنماط المحلية لمقاومة المضادات الحيوية. الط...

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar las prácticas de prescripción de antibióticos de los médicos que prestan servicio en la República Democrática Popular Lao y sus conocimientos de los patrones de resistencia a antibióticos locales. Métodos Se solicitó a los médicos que asistían a reuniones por la mañana en 25 hospitales públicos de cuatro provincias que completaran una encuesta sobre conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas. El cuestionario contenía 43 preguntas de opción múltiple que los médicos contestaron en la reunión. Resultados La tasa de respuesta fue del 83,4 % (386/463). 270 médicos (59,8 %) declararon que no disponían de información suficiente acerca de los antibióticos. Solo el 14,0 % (54/386) reconoció la posibilidad de resistencia cruzada con cefalosporina del Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina. La mayoría de los participantes no tenía información sobre la resistencia antibiótica local para la Salmonela typhi (211/385, 54,8 %) y la neumonía adquirida en el hospital (253/384, 65,9 %). 115 participantes consideraron inofensivas las prescripciones innecesarias de antibióticos y 148 consideraron que los antibióticos genéricos disponibles localmente eran de mala calidad. Casi tres cuartas partes (280/386) de los participantes convinieron en que era difícil elegir los antibióticos correctos. La mayoría de los participantes (373/386) acogieron bien los programas educativos sobre la prescripción de antibióticos y el 65,0 % (249/383) prefirió pautas locales para el uso de antibióticos frente a las internacionales. Conclusión Los médicos en la República Democrática Popular Lao parecen favorecer las intervenciones de prescripción de antibióticos. Las autoridades sanitarias deberían considerar un programa de capacitación que incorpore la prescripción de antibióticos y el control de las infecciones hospitalarias.

https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.14.142844 1550 downloads

Elimination of sleeping sickness hindered by difficult diagnosis
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Lejon, Veerle

; Jacobs, Jan

; Simarro, Pere P

Bulletin of the World Health Organization

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oct 2013, Volume 91 N. 10 Pages 718 - 718

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.13.126474 536 downloads

10.

External quality assessment of Giemsa-stained blood film microscopy for the diagnosis of malaria and sleeping sickness in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Mukadi, Pierre

; Gillet, Philippe

; Lukuka, Albert

; Atua, Benjamin

; Sheshe, Nicole

; Kanza, Albert

; Mayunda, Jean Bosco

; Mongita, Briston

; Senga, Raphaël

; Ngoyi, John

; Muyembe, Jean-Jacques

; Jacobs, Jan

; Lejon, Veerle

Bulletin of the World Health Organization

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jun 2013, Volume 91 N. 6 Pages 441 - 448

Abstract: En Es Fr | Text: En Es Fr | PDF: En | PDF: Es | PDF: Fr

OBJECTIVE: To report the findings of a second external quality assessment of Giemsa-stained blood film microscopy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, performed one year after the first. METHODS: A panel of four slides was delivered to diagnostic laboratories in all provinces of the country. The slides contained: (i) Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes; (ii) P. falciparum trophozoites (reference density: 113 530 per µl); (iii) Trypanosoma brucei subspecies; and (iv) no parasites. FINDINGS: Of 356 laboratories contacted, 277 (77.8%) responded. Overall, 35.0% of the laboratories reported all four slides correctly but 14.1% reported correct results for 1 or 0 slides. Major errors included not diagnosing trypanosomiasis (50.4%), not recognizing P. falciparum gametocytes (17.5%) and diagnosing malaria from the slide with no parasites (19.0%). The frequency of serious errors in assessing parasite density and in reporting false-positive results was lower than in the previous external quality assessment: 17.2% and 52.3%, respectively, (P < 0.001) for parasite density and 19.0% and 33.3%, respectively, (P < 0.001) for false-positive results. Laboratories that participated in the previous quality assessment performed better than first-time participants and laboratories in provinces with a high number of sleeping sickness cases recognized trypanosomes more frequently (57.0% versus 31.2%, P < 0.001). Malaria rapid diagnostic tests were used by 44.3% of laboratories, almost double the proportion observed in the previous quality assessment. CONCLUSION: The overall quality of blood film microscopy was poor but was improved by participation in external quality assessments. The failure to recognize trypanosomes in a country where sleeping sickness is endemic is a concern.

OBJETIVO: Informar de los resultados de una segunda evaluación de calidad externa de la microscopía en frotis de sangre con tinción de Giemsa en la República Democrática del Congo, llevada a cabo un año después de la primera. MÉTODOS: Se entregó un panel de cuatro muestras a laboratorios de diagnóstico de todas las provincias del país. Las muestras contenían: (i) gametocitos Plasmodium falciparum; (ii) trofozoítos P. falciparum (densidad de referencia: 113 530 por µl); (iii) subespecies de Trypanosoma brucei y (iv) ningún parásito. RESULTADOS: De los 356 laboratorios contactados, respondieron 277 (77,8%). En total, el 35,0% de los laboratorios informó de las cuatro muestras correctamente, pero el 14,1% informó de resultados correctos en una o ninguna de las muestras. Los principales errores consistieron en no diagnosticar la tripanosomiasis (50,4%), no reconocer los gametocitos P. falciparum (17,5%) y diagnosticar malaria en la muestra sin parásitos (19,0%). La frecuencia de errores graves en la evaluación de la densidad de los parásitos y en informar de resultados con falsos positivos fue menor que en la evaluación de calidad externa anterior. El 17,2% y el 52,3%, respectivamente (P < 0,001), en el caso de la densidad de los parásitos y el 19,0% y el 33,3%, respectivamente (P < 0,001), en lo que atañe a los resultados con falsos positivos. Los laboratorios que participaron en la evaluación de calidad anterior tuvieron mejores resultados que los laboratorios noveles, y los laboratorios de provincias con un número alto de casos de la enfermedad del sueño reconocieron los tripanosomas con mayor frecuencia (el 57,0% frente al 31,2%, P < 0,001). Las pruebas de diagnóstico rápido de la malaria fueron utilizadas por el 44,3% de los laboratorios, casi el doble de la proporción observada en la evaluación de calidad anterior. CONCLUSIÓN: La calidad general de la microscopía en frotis de sangre se reveló escasa, pero experimentó mejoras gracias a la participación en evaluaciones de calidad externas. La incapacidad para reconocer los tripanosomas en un país en que la enfermedad del sueño es endémica es un problema.

OBJECTIF: Présenter les résultats d'une deuxième évaluation externe de la qualité de la microscopie de frottis sanguins colorés au Giemsa en République démocratique du Congo, réalisée un an après la première. MÉTHODES: Un ensemble de quatre lames a été livré aux laboratoires de diagnostic dans toutes les provinces du pays. Les lames contenaient: (i) des gamétocytes de Plasmodium falciparum, (ii) des trophozoïtes de P. falciparum (densité référence: 113 530 par µl), (iii) la sous-espèce Trypanosoma brucei, et (iv) aucun parasite. RÉSULTATS: Sur les 356 laboratoires contactés, 277 (77,8%) ont répondu. Dans l'ensemble, 35,0% des laboratoires ont correctement étudié les quatre lames mais 14,1% d'entre eux ont obtenu les bons résultats pour 1 ou 0 lame. Parmi les erreurs majeures figuraient le non-diagnostic de la trypanosomiase (50,4%), la non-reconnaissance des gamétocytes de P. falciparum (17,5%) et le diagnostic du paludisme sur la lame dépourvue de parasite (19,0%). La fréquence de ces erreurs graves dans l'évaluation de la densité parasitaire et de l'obtention de résultats faussement positifs est inférieure à celle de la précédente évaluation externe: 17,2% et 52,3%, respectivement, (P < 0,001) pour la densité parasitaire et 19% et 33,3%, respectivement, (P < 0,001) pour les résultats faussement positifs. Les laboratoires ayant participé à la précédente évaluation de la qualité ont obtenu de meilleurs résultats que les nouveaux participants, et les laboratoires situés dans les provinces présentant un nombre élevé de cas de maladie du sommeil ont mieux reconnu les trypanosomes (57,0% contre 31,2%, P < 0,001). Les tests de diagnostic rapide du paludisme ont été utilisés par 44,3% des laboratoires, presque le double de la proportion observée dans la précédente évaluation de la qualité. CONCLUSION: La qualité globale de la microscopie de frottis sanguin était faible, mais a été améliorée par la participation à l'évaluation externe de la qualité. L'incapacité à reconnaître les trypanosomes dans un pays où la maladie du sommeil est endémique est une préoccupation majeure.

https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.12.112706 1368 downloads Cited 1 time in SciELO

11.

Detection and molecular identification protocols for Phyllosticta citricarpa from citrus matter
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Meyer, Linda

; Jacobs, René

; Kotzé, Jan M

; Truter, Mariette

; Korsten, Lise

South African Journal of Science

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2012, Volume 108 N. 3-4 Pages 53 - 59

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Strict quarantine measures for the export of South African citrus fruit to European and US markets require the development of sensitive and accurate detection methods for the pathogen Phyllosticta citricarpa - a fungus causing citrus black spot disease. Because of the presence of other, non-pathogenic Phyllosticta species, rapid and accurate verification of the Phyllosticta species present on exported citrus fruit is important to producers, exporters and regulatory authorities to prevent unnecessary losses. We have analysed over 800 samples collected over 7 years and have compared sample preparation and detection protocols applied in different environments: nurseries, production systems including phytosanitary inspections in orchards, pack houses and export terminals in order to compile protocols for the detection of P. citricarpa. Standard procedures of sample preparation and DNA extraction were adapted to suit diverse inoculum sources. Low pathogen numbers in symptomless green leaves, for example, obliged the use of a wet-dry enrichment technique constituting the stimulation of fungal growth for easier detection. Physical maceration was adapted for sturdy material using liquid nitrogen or bead beating. The use of a two-step polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with nested primers significantly increased both the sensitivity and the specificity of the PCR performed on soil samples, overcoming problems with relatively impure DNA extracts and low pathogen numbers. The assays have proven to be highly consistent, thereby providing a reliable, reproducible and highly sensitive detection and diagnostic service to the southern African citrus industries in order to sustain market access.

1846 downloads Cited 1 time in SciELO

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elocation	elocation
doi	DOI number
issn	journal ISSN
in	SciELO colection code (e.g. scl - Brasil, col - Colômbia)
use_license	article usage license code

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