Abstract Dendrobium nobile is a traditional Chinese medicine and functional food in China, with anti-aging, immunity-enhancing, glucose-lowering and lipid-lowering health functions. In recent years, the research value of D. nobile has attracted the attention of more and more experts and scholars. Today, phytochemical investigation of the stems of Dendrobium nobile Lindl., led to the isolation of five sesquiterpene glycosides, including dendromoniliside D (1), dendronobiloside A (2), dendronobiloside C (3), dendronobiloside D (4), dendroside G (5) and their α-amylase and α-glycosidase inhibitory activities were also investigated. Among them, dendromoniliside D (1), dendroside G (5) were first isolated from D. nobile. And dendronobiloside A (2) and dendronobiloside C (3) exhibited better inhibitory activity against α-glycosidases, respectively. In the case of α-amylase inhibition, dendroside G (5) has a relatively good effect. These results suggest that sesquiterpene glycosides of D. nobile have potential hypoglycemic activity and deserve further research and development.

Abstract Dendrobium officinale is a famous traditional Chinese medicine and nourishing food in China. The active constituents in D. officinale include a variety of chemical components such as polysaccharides, bibenzyl, phenanthrenes, and flavonoids etc. Among them, polysaccharide was selected as the quality control marker for D. officinale in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The previous studies found that the content of polysaccharide constituents in D. officinale from different growing origins had significant differences. To the best of our knowledge, whether the secondary metabolites other than polysaccharides are similarly different in D. officinale from different origins has not been reported. In the present continuing study, UPLC-Q/TOF-MS coupled with multivariate analysis were employed for comparative analysis of the secondary metabolites of D. officinale from different growing origins. At last, 12 differential secondary metabolites of D. officinale from different origins were identified. Network pharmacological analysis results indicated that these differential secondary metabolites of D. officinale from different origins are mainly involved in neuropsychiatric related disorder diseases. This investigation will provide a valuable information for doctors and consumers in clinical practice. China D bibenzyl phenanthrenes etc them Pharmacopoeia differences knowledge reported study UPLCQ/TOFMS UPLCQTOFMS UPLC Q/TOF MS Q TOF last 1 identified diseases practice UPLCQ TOFMS QTOF

Abstract In herbal markets, an overwhelming majority the Dendrobium nobile are sold in dried strips form, and this product type would lead to the incomplete release of the active ingredient. To increase the bioaccessibility of Dendrobium nobile, we obtained powders of different particle sizes by shear-breaking and superfine-grinding to further compare its sensory properties, physical properties, the leaching rate of active ingredients and antioxidant activity in vitro. The results showed that the superfine-grinding changed the sensory properties and physical properties of Dendrobium nobile, with an increase in bulk density, a decrease in swelling capacity and water-holding capacity and an increase in water solubility index. The method also contributed to the release of total polysaccharides, dendrobine, total polyphenols and total flavonoids components, thereby increasing ABTS, DPPH and nitrite ion scavenging activity. In addition, scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy analyses showed that superfine-grinding had no effect on the primary structure of the fractions as with decreasing particle size. This study suggested that superfine-grinding could be a promising method for producing Dendrobium nobile powders with higher contents of bioactive compounds and bioactivity. markets form ingredient shearbreaking shear breaking superfinegrinding superfine grinding vitro density waterholding holding index polysaccharides dendrobine components ABTS addition size bioactivity

Abstract Objectives The deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals within synovial joints and tissues is the initiating factor for gout arthritis. Thus, MSU crystals are a vital tool for studying gout's molecular mechanism in animal and cellular models. This study mainly compared the excellence and worseness of MSU crystals prepared by different processes and the degree of inflammation induced by MSU crystals. Methods MSU crystals were prepared using neutralization, alkali titration, and acid titration methods. The crystals' shape, length, quality, and uniformity were observed by polarized light microscopy and calculated by the software Image J. The foot pad and air pouch models were used to assess the different degrees of inflammation induced by the MSU crystals prepared by the three different methods at different time points. Paw swelling was evaluated by caliper. In air pouch lavage fluid, inflammatory cell recruitment was measured by hemocytometer, and the level of IL-1β TNF- α, and IL-18 by ELISA. Inflammatory cell infiltration was assayed by immunohistochemistry of air pouch synovial slices. Results For the preparation of MSU crystals with the same uric acid, the quantity acquired by the alkalization method was highest, followed by neutralization, with the acid titration method being the lowest. The crystals prepared by neutralization were the longest. The swelling index of the foot pad induced by MSU crystals prepared by acid titration was significantly lower than that of the other methods at 24 h. The inflammatory cell recruitment and level of 1-1β, TNF-α, and IL-18 in air pouch lavage fluid were lowest in animals with crystals prepared by acid titration. IL-1β secretion induced by MSU crystals prepared by acid titration was significantly lower than that of the other two groups, but there was no significant difference in IL-18 secretion between the three groups in THP-1 macrophages and BMDMs. Conclusions All three methods can successfully prepare MSU crystals, but the levels of inflammation induced by the crystals prepared by the three methods were not identical. The degree of inflammation induced by MSU crystals prepared by neutralization and alkalization is greater than by acid titration, but the quantity of MSU crystals obtained by the alkalization method is higher and less time-consuming. Apparently, the window of inflammation triggered by acid titration preparation is shorter compared to other forms of crystal preparation. Overall, MSU crystals prepared by the alkaline method should be recommended for studying the molecular mechanisms of gout in animal and cellular models. (MSU arthritis Thus gouts s shape length quality J points caliper hemocytometer IL1β ILβ IL 1β β TNF α IL18 18 IL-1 ELISA slices highest longest 2 h 11β, 11β 1 1β, 1-1β TNFα, TNFα TNF-α THP1 THP THP- BMDMs identical timeconsuming. timeconsuming consuming. consuming time-consuming Apparently Overall IL1 IL-

Abstract Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now considered to be the most common liver disease worldwide, caused by fat deposition in hepatocytes. High-fat diet is considered to be a major lifestyle factor predisposing to NAFLD. However, the effect of different cycles of high-fat diets on changes in NAFLD-related gene and protein expression is unclear. In this study, NAFLD mouse models were established by feeding C57BL/6 male mice a high-fat diet for 16 and 38 weeks. The transcriptome and proteome of mouse liver were profiled by RNA sequencing and high-resolution mass spectrometry, respectively. The results show that accumulation of liver lipids was observed at 38 weeks of treatment on a high-fat diet. At the same time, the expression profiles of 1329 genes and 802 proteins involved in NAFLD were changed, with a total of 234 genes and 37 proteins significantly changing by more than twice. These differentially expressed genes and proteins were significantly enriched in fatty acid metabolism and organic acid biosynthesis. 18 genes and their corresponding protein overlaps were identified using Venn diagrams, and most of them were regulated by high-fat diet in an aging-dependent manner. All in all, our study is valuable for understanding the high-fat diet on the developmental process of NAFLD. Nonalcoholic Non alcoholic (NAFLD worldwide hepatocytes Highfat High However highfat high NAFLDrelated related unclear C57BL6 CBL C57BL 6 C BL C57BL/ 1 3 highresolution resolution spectrometry respectively time 132 80 changed 23 twice biosynthesis diagrams agingdependent aging dependent manner all 13 8 2

Abstract OATP1A4 is an important member of the family of organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs), which is generally thought to mediate cellular uptake of endogenous and exogenous substances, such as bile acids, drugs and environmental toxins. Recent studies have found that Oatp1a4 plays an important role in drug passage through the blood-brain barrier and is expected to be an important target for drugs used to treat central diseases. Oatp1a4 has also been associated with various diseases such as cholestasis. differences in Oatp1a4 across age and sex have also become an area of concern for precision drug administration. Therefore, this paper presents a systematic review of Oatp1a4 expression in drug transport and various physiopathological states. OATPA OATP A OATP1A OATPs, OATPs , (OATPs) substances acids toxins Oatpa Oatp Oatp1a bloodbrain blood brain cholestasis administration Therefore states (OATPs

Abstract Yanlishuang Pills is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine used to treat pharyngitis widely. In this study, we used gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to establish a method for the fingerprint and quantitative analysis of the four major components of Yanlishuang Pills, which can provide a more reliable method for its quality control. We used the software “Chromatographic Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation System for Traditional Chinese Medicine”, version A, 2004, to obtain fingerprint using the averaging method with a time width of 0.1. The peak with the largest peak area was used as the reference peak to determine the shared peaks and generate the common pattern. Then the main components of the Yanlishuang Pills were identified and their contents were determined in GC-MS SIM mode using internal standard method.The fingerprint established by GC-MS were reproducible, and a total of 18 common peaks were identified in the fingerprint of 13 batches of samples, and the similarity of the fingerprint of each batch of samples was above 0.99. The concentrations of camphor, menthone, borneol and menthol of the four main ingredients of the Yanlishuang Pills were linearly well within the range of 25.13-150.78 μg/mL (r = 0.9995), 28.77-172.62 μg/mL (r = 0.9991), 299.70-1798.20 μg/mL (r = 0.9997), 121.98-731.88 μg/mL (r = 0.9997), and the average recoveries were 102.02% (RSD of 1.3%), 96.10% (RSD of 1.0%), 102.71% (RSD of 1.3%), 102.58% (RSD of 1.1%), respectively, with good precision, reproducibility, and stability within 16 h. The camphor content of the 13 batches of samples was 5.6025-8.3662 mg/g, menthone content was 4.7871-5.8936 mg/g, borneol content was 88.0034-133.0969 mg/g and menthol was 40.2017-61.9466 mg/g. The fingerprints of the Yanlishuang Pills established by GC-MS were characterized by a common pattern, and the simultaneous determination of camphor, menthone, borneol and menthol in the Yanlishuang Pills was rapid, simple and accurate. In conclusion, the determination of the content of multiple ingredients combined with fingerprinting can provide a more comprehensive control of the quality of Yanlishuang Pills. widely study GCMS GC MS (GC-MS Chromatographic Medicine, Medicine , Medicine” A 2004 01 0 1 0.1 pattern methodThe reproducible 099 99 0.99 25.13150.78 251315078 25.13 150.78 25 150 78 25.13-150.7 μgmL μg mL r 0.9995, 09995 0.9995 9995 0.9995) 28.77172.62 287717262 28.77 172.62 28 77 172 62 28.77-172.6 0.9991, 09991 0.9991 9991 0.9991) 299.701798.20 29970179820 299.70 1798.20 299 70 1798 20 299.70-1798.2 0.9997, 09997 0.9997 9997 0.9997) 121.98731.88 1219873188 121.98 731.88 121 98 731 88 121.98-731.8 10202 102 02 102.02 RSD 1.3%, 1.3% 3 1.3%) 9610 96 10 96.10 1.0%, 1.0% 1.0%) 10271 71 102.71 10258 58 102.58 1.1%, 11 1.1% 1.1%) respectively precision reproducibility h 5.60258.3662 5602583662 5.6025 8.3662 5 6025 8 3662 5.6025-8.366 mgg mg g 4.78715.8936 4787158936 4.7871 5.8936 4 7871 8936 4.7871-5.893 88.0034133.0969 8800341330969 88.0034 133.0969 0034 133 0969 88.0034-133.096 40.201761.9466 402017619466 40.2017 61.9466 40 2017 61 9466 40.2017-61.946 rapid accurate conclusion 200 0. 09 9 0.9 13150 25.13150.7 25131507 2513 25.1 15078 150.7 2 15 7 25.13-150. 0999 0.999 999 77172 28.77172.6 28771726 2877 28.7 17262 172.6 17 6 28.77-172. 701798 299.701798.2 2997017982 29970 299.7 179820 1798.2 29 179 299.70-1798. 98731 121.98731.8 121987318 12198 121.9 73188 731.8 12 73 121.98-731. 1020 102.0 1.3 961 96.1 1.0 1027 102.7 1025 102.5 1.1 60258 5.60258.366 560258366 56025 5.602 83662 8.366 602 366 5.6025-8.36 78715 4.78715.893 478715893 47871 4.787 58936 5.893 787 893 4.7871-5.89 0034133 88.0034133.096 880034133096 880034 88.003 1330969 133.096 003 096 88.0034-133.09 201761 40.201761.946 40201761946 402017 40.201 619466 61.946 201 946 40.2017-61.94 1315 25.13150. 2513150 251 25. 1507 150. 25.13-150 7717 28.77172. 2877172 287 28. 1726 172. 28.77-172 70179 299.701798. 299701798 2997 299. 17982 1798. 299.70-1798 9873 121.98731. 12198731 1219 121. 7318 731. 121.98-731 102. 1. 96. 5.60258.36 56025836 5602 5.60 8366 8.36 60 36 5.6025-8.3 4.78715.89 47871589 4787 4.78 5893 5.89 89 4.7871-5.8 003413 88.0034133.09 88003413309 88003 88.00 133096 133.09 00 88.0034-133.0 20176 40.201761.94 4020176194 40201 40.20 61946 61.94 94 40.2017-61.9 131 25.13150 251315 25.13-15 771 28.77172 287717 28.77-17 7017 299.701798 29970179 299.70-179 987 121.98731 1219873 121.98-73 5.60258.3 5602583 560 5.6 836 8.3 5.6025-8. 4.78715.8 4787158 478 4.7 589 5.8 4.7871-5. 00341 88.0034133.0 8800341330 8800 88.0 13309 133.0 88.0034-133. 40.201761.9 402017619 4020 40.2 6194 61.9 40.2017-61. 25.1315 25131 25.13-1 28.7717 28771 28.77-1 701 299.70179 2997017 299.70-17 121.9873 121987 121.98-7 5.60258. 560258 56 5. 83 8. 5.6025-8 4.78715. 478715 47 4. 4.7871-5 88.0034133. 880034133 880 88. 1330 133. 88.0034-133 40.201761. 40201761 402 40. 619 61. 40.2017-61 25.131 25.13- 28.771 28.77- 299.7017 299701 299.70-1 121.987 121.98- 5.60258 5.6025- 4.78715 4.7871- 88.0034133 88003413 88.0034-13 40.201761 4020176 40.2017-6 299.701 299.70- 88.003413 8800341 88.0034-1 40.20176 40.2017- 88.00341 88.0034-

Abstract Gynostemma pentaphyllum is a functional food that is commercially available worldwide. Triterpenoid saponins are the main active components in Gynostemma pentaphyllum, which are usually hydrolyzed into triterpene sapogenins in organisms to play a pharmacological role. Gypensapogenin D is a triterpene sapogenins with the highest content in the hydrolysate of gypenoside. In addition, it was found that Gypensapogenin D had a certain inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. In view of the poor solubility of Gypensapogenin D, which affects its bioavailability, Gypensapogenin D was prepared as a liposomal formulation in this paper, which provides valuable data for the later in-depth study and drug development and utilization of this compound. worldwide role gypenoside addition αglucosidase. αglucosidase α glucosidase. glucosidase α-glucosidase bioavailability paper indepth depth compound

Abstract Dendrobium officinale is a traditional Chinese medicine and nourishing food in China. Polysaccharide content was used as a criterion for evaluating the quality of D. officinale. At present, epiphytic cultivation is the main cultivation method of D. officinale in China. In the present study, D. officinale was collected under various growing conditions to compare its polysaccharide content in an attempt to discover the most favorable growing conditions for D. officinale, which can be used to guide the artificial cultivation production of D. officinale. China D study

Abstract Dendrobium nobile is a traditional Chinese medicine and nourishing food in China. Alkaloids and sesquiterpene glycosides are the two main active ingredients in D. nobile. The previous reports showed that alkaloids and sesquiterpene glycosides have the same upstream biosynthetic pathway, starting from sesquiterpene components, part of which is converted to sesquiterpene glycosides by the action of UDP-glycosyltransferase, and part of which is further synthesized to alkaloids. Therefore, sesquiterpene UDP-glycosyltransferases play an important role in the biosynthesis of alkaloids and sesquiterpene glycosides in D. nobile. In this study, the key glycosyltransferase genes in sesquiterpene glycosylation in D. nobile were explored, predicted and validated by transcriptome technology. China D pathway components UDPglycosyltransferase, UDPglycosyltransferase UDP glycosyltransferase, UDP-glycosyltransferase Therefore UDPglycosyltransferases glycosyltransferases study explored technology

Abstract Dendrobium nobile is a traditional Chinese medicine and functional food in China, containing phenanthrene, alkaloids, bibenzyl, sesquiterpenes, polysaccharides and other chemical components, with anti-aging, immunity-enhancing, glucose-lowering and lipid-lowering health functions. In recent years, the research value of D. nobile has attracted the attention of more and more experts and scholars. This paper reviews the chemical constituents isolated and identified from D. nobile and provides reference for further development and utilization of D. nobile.

Abstract OATP1A1 is the first and founding member of the Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) family. OATP1A1 is usually considered to mediate the cellular uptake of endogenous and xenobiotics, such as bile acids, drugs and environmental toxins. However, some new research indicated that the decrease of Oatp1a1 expression can result in the cholestasis, which was confirmed by clinic case of drug-induced cholestatic liver injury and bile duct ligation surgery or Oatp1a1-null mice models. These results suggested that Oatp1a1 does not simply transport bile acids to hepatocytes, as is commonly believed. In this overview, we summarized the advances of OATP1A1 in drug induced toxicity, cholestasis and other pathological states as well as the differences of Oatp1a1 in different gender and age.

Abstract To evaluate the effectiveness of regulating insulin sensitivity via the insulin receptor substrate-1 of Zingiber striolatum bud extract in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice. The C57BL mice were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=10), including normal control group, model group, metformin group, ZS-l (ZS low dose) group, and ZS-h (ZS high dose) group. The body weight and blood glucose were determined weekly. The oral glucose tolerance test, plasma insulin and biochemical parameters, pancreas histopathology, and the expression of insulin receptor substrate-1 were assayed at the end of experimental point. The results showed that Z. striolatum bud extract can significantly decrease the fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in C57BL mice. Western blot analysis demonstrated Z. striolatum bud extract could regulate the insulin sensitivity by upregulating the express of phospho-insulin receptor substrate-1. In conclusion, Z. striolatum bud extract could prevent the progression of diabetes and pancreatic fibrosis in C57BL mice.

Abstract Rosa roxbughii Tratt (RRT) is a welcome medicinal and edible fruit with unique functions and nutrients in China. In the past decades, extensive research including chemical constituents and bioactivities of RRT were reported. A total of small 78 small molecules, such as flavonoids, organic acid, triterpenes, etc. and 11 polysaccharides have been isolated from RRT. Its antioxidant, anti-tumor and other pharmacological effects were also discovered. This paper reviews the progress of those information for the R&D of RRT in the future.

Malt is the mature fruit of Hordeum vulgare L. after germination and drying and has been applied for treatment female abnormal galactorrhea. Previous studies have showed total alkaloids in malt have anti-HPRL effect. However, total alkaloids of malt change with the growth cycle, and the specified levels of total alkaloids in different bud length of malt have not been decided. To determine the definitive level of total alkaloids in different buds of malt and the most suitable bud length for clinical application by comparing effects on hyperprolactinemia rat. During the budding of malt, the content of total alkaloids first increased and then decreased, and it peaked at a bud length of 0.75 cm. Treated the HPRL model rats with different buds of malt, the PRL level was decreased, the number of PRLpositive cells and the mRNA expression level in the pituitary were significantly declined, and the number of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the hypothalamus was increased. The above changes were most significant in 0.75 cm bud. These results suggest that in terms of the content of effective substance and the effects on HPRL model rats, a malt bud length of 0.75 cm is optimal for clinical application.