Abstract Patients who need prolonged domiciliary enteral nutritional therapy may benefit from handmade diets. However, the preparation of such diets might cause insecurity with regard to their nutritional composition and physical-chemical properties. Current study analyzes the osmolality and Hydrogen-Ion concentration (pH) on handmade enteral diets. To this purpose, six formulas and two juices, prescribed on discharge from hospital, were analyzed physically and chemically. Osmolality and pH were respectively determined by cryoscopy and potentiometry. Most formulations were classified as isosmolar (with less than 400 mOsm/kg solvent), and only one was classified as slightly hyperosmolar, with rates ranging from 356.7 to 403.5 mOsm/kg solvent. On average, the standard formula presented higher osmolality than similar ones prepared for hyperglycemia. Among the juices, only one registered hyperosmolar concentration of 595.54 mOsm/kg solvent. All formulas presented pH rates classified as low acidity, ranging between 6.1 and 6.6, while the two juices had the lowest results, 4.73 and 4.66 each. The blend of ingredients used in handmade formulas and juices studied presented acceptable osmolality and pH rates for a safe administration and absence of gastrointestinal complications. Data showed here are consistent with an appropriate and healthy diet and contributed towards success in domiciliary enteral nutritional therapy.

Resumo Objetivo: Desenvolver e analisar a composição de macro e micronutrientes de dietas enterais semiartesanais para uso domiciliar. Método: Foi desenvolvida uma receita de dieta enteral semiartesanal padrão, com três concentrações calóricas, de 1500, 1800 e 2100 Kcal. Após o preparo e teste de viscosidade, estabilidade, odor, cor e custo as dietas tiveram a composição química de macro e micronutrientes analisada. O folato e vitamina D e B12 tiveram seus valores estimados por meio de tabelas de composição química. Os resultados encontrados foram comparados com as recomendações nutricionais para idosos. Resultado: As dietas apresentaram distribuição normal de macronutrientes. A dieta de 1500 Kcal apresentou diversas deficiências de minerais e vitaminas. Nos demais níveis calóricos, obteve-se valores adequados para todos os minerais exceto o magnésio. As vitaminas estavam todas adequadas no nível calórico de 2100 Kcal e no de 1800 Kcal, a vitamina E, D e B6 não alcançaram as recomendações dietéticas diárias. Conclusão: A dietas padrões desenvolvidas podem contribuir para segurança alimentar e nutricional de idosos em terapia nutricional domiciliar, desde que todas suplementadas com magnésio, e a de 1800 Kcal com vitamina E, D e B6. A fórmula de 1500 Kcal não se mostrou segura nutricionalmente no que tange aos micronutrientes.

Abstract Objective: the development and analysis of the macro and micronutrient composition of homemade enteral diets. Method: A standard homemade enteral diet was developed at three caloric concentrations - 1500, 1800 and 2100 Kcal. After preparation and testing of viscosity, stability, odor and color, plus evaluation of cost, the chemical composition of the nutrients of the diets were analytically determined. Folic acid, vitamin D and vitamin B12 values were calculated using chemical composition tables. The results were compared with recommended nutritional standards for the elderly. Result: The diets exhibited normal macronutrient distribution. The 1500 caloric level presented some mineral and vitamin deficiencies. Suitable values were obtained at the other caloric levels for all minerals except magnesium. There were appropriate levels of all the vitamins in the 2100 Kcal diet, while vitamin E, D and B6 levels were below the recommended dietary allowances in the 1800 Kcal diet. Conclusion: The standard homemade enteral diets studied can contribute to the food and nutritional safety of elderly persons undergoing home care, if all are supplemented with magnesium and the 1800 Kcal diet is supplemented with vitamin E, D and B6. The 1500 Kcal diet was not nutritionally safe in terms of micronutrients.

The effect of replacing of 0; 0.33; 0.67 and 1.0 (kg/kg) of soybean meal (SBM) by undecorticated castor seed meal treated with calcium oxide (CMT - 60 g/kg) was evaluated on performance and efficiency of nutrient utilization in dairy cows. Sixteen Holstein and crossbred cows were distributed in four 4 × 4 latin squares. Animals received concentrated feed at a ratio of 1 kg for 3 kg of milk produced, in the natural matter. The diets had the same amount of nitrogen (150.4 g crude protein/kg DM), containing 325.6 g of concentrated feed/kg DM. There was no effect on the serum concentration of transaminase and the animals showed no clinical symptoms of intoxication by ricin. The intake of DM, crude protein (CP) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) reduced from 0.67 replacement of SBM by CMT. The intake of neutral detergent fibers corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) increased from 0.33 replacement of SBM with CMT. Although the digestibility of dietary components decreased from 0.33 replacement, the intake of digestible components only reduced from 0.67 replacement. Because of the reduction of digestible energy, the synthesis of microbial CP and the utilization efficiency of rumen-degradable protein for the synthesis of microbial CP reduced with full replacement of SBM by CMT. Milk yield, milk composition, daily variation of body weight and the efficiency of utilization of the nutrients for the synthesis of N in milk reduced from 0.67 replacement of SBM by CMT. Castor seed meal treated with calcium oxide can replace up to 0.33 of SBM (50 g/kg DM diet DM) in the diet of dairy cows with an average milk production of 20 kg/day.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da forma de fornecimento da dieta e do processamento da palma forrageira sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, a produção e a composição do leite, a concentração de N-ureico no plasma (NUP) e no leite (NUL) e a produção de proteína microbiana em vacas holandesas em lactação. Foram utilizadas oito vacas com 453 ± 75,8 kg e produção de 14 kg de leite/dia distribuídas em arranjo fatorial, com duas formas de processamento do cacto (picado a faca ou em máquina forrageira) e duas formas de fornecimento da dieta (concentrado separado e mistura completa). Os consumos de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, fibra em detergente neutro e nutrientes digestíveis totais foram menores quando o cacto foi processado a faca. A digestibilidade, a produção de leite e as produções de proteína e gordura não foram alteradas pela forma de fornecimento da dieta nem pelo processamento da palma-forrageira. A produção média de leite foi de 14,8 kg/dia para a palma picada a faca e de 14,6 kg/dia para a palma picada em máquina forrageira e de 14,8 kg/dia quando fornecida em concentrado separado e de 14,5 kg/dia quando em mistura completa. Todavia, o teor de gordura foi menor (36 g/kg) para nas vacas alimentadas com a palma picada a faca. Os derivados de purina e as concentrações de N-ureico não foram influenciados pela forma de fornecimento da dieta nem pelo processamento da palma-forrageira. As médias observadas para eficiência da síntese de proteína microbiana (98,9 g/kg NDT), concentrações de NUP (21,3 mg/dL) e NUL (18,2 mg/dL) foram semelhantes para o processamento do cacto e a forma de fornecimento da dieta. O processamento da palma em máquina forrageira melhora o consumo de matéria seca e o fornecimento em forma mistura completa evita a seletividade.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the manner in which diet is supplied and spineless cactus forage is processed on intake, nutrient digestibility, milk production and composition, concentration of plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) in the milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and production of microbial protein in Holstein cows in lactation. Eight cows (453 ± 75.8 kg) yielding 14 kg milk/day were allotted to a factorial design, with two manners of cactus processing (knife-chopped or forage machine) and two diet supplies (separate concentrate or total mixed ration). Intakes of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients were lower when cactus was knife-chopped. Digestibility, milk production and fat and protein yield did not change according to the manner diet was supplied neither by forage cactus processing. Average milk production was 14.8 kg/day for knife-chopped cactus and 14.6 kg/day for cactus chopped in forage machine and 14.8 kg/day when cactus was given in separate concentrate and 14.5 kg/day when it was given in total mixed ration. However, fat content was lower (36 g/kg) for knife-chopped cactus fed cows. Purine derivatives and concentrations of N-ureic were not influenced by the manner in which diet was supplied neither by the forage cactus processing. Means observed for efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (98.9 g/kg TDN), PUN concentrations (21.3 mg/dL) and MUN (18.2 mg/dL) were similar for cactus processing and for the manner in which diet was supplied. Forage-machine cactus processing improves dry matter intake and total mixed ration supply avoids selectivity.

Foram realizados dois experimentos, o primeiro com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da substituição do feno de capim-elefante por palma forrageira e o segundo para avaliar o efeito da substituição total do milho, e parcial da soja, por palma e ureia sobre o comportamento ingestivo de ovinos e de vacas em lactação, respectivamente. No experimento 1, foram utilizados cinco ovinos machos, não-castrados, sem raça definida, com peso médio de 25,8 kg, distribuídos em quadrado latino 5 x 5. No experimento 2, foram utilizadas 8 vacas em lactação, com produção média inicial de 14 kg leite/dia, distribuídas em dois quadrados latino 4 x 4. A observação dos dados comportamentais foi realizada visualmente, durante 24 horas, em ambos os experimentos. No experimento 1, com a inclusão da palma forrageira, os consumos de matéria seca, o tempo de alimentação e as eficiências de ruminação aumentaram linearmente, ao passo que o tempo de ruminação reduziu, linearmente também; o consumo de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e as eficiências de alimentação apresentaram comportamento quadrático. No experimento 2, a inclusão de palma e ureia não influenciou os consumos de matéria seca e FDN nem os tempos de alimentação e ruminação e as eficiências de alimentação e de ruminação (kgMS/hora), no entanto, a eficiência de ruminação (kg FDN/hora) apresentou comportamento quadrático. O tempo de mastigação total e o tempo de ócio não foram influenciados pela inclusão de palma na dieta nos dois experimentos. Recomenda-se para ração de ruminantes com alta proporção de palma forrageira a inclusão de uma fonte de fibra fisicamente efetiva.

It was carried out two experiments, the first aiming to assess the effect of substituting elephant grass hay by spineless cactus and the second to evaluate the total replacement of corn and partial replacement of soybean by cactus and urea regarding to the ingestion behavior of sheep and lactating cows, respectively. In experiment 1, five mixed-breed non castrated male sheep with 25.8 kg average weight were distributed in a 5 x 5 latin square. In experiment 2, it was used eight lactating cows 14 kg milk/day average initial production distributed in two 4 x 4 latin squares. The observation of the behavioral data was visually performed for a period of 24 hours in both experiments. In experiment 1, the intake of dry matter, feeding time and rumination efficiency increased linearly with the inclusion of the spineless cactus, whereas rumination time decreased linearly; the consumption of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and feeding efficiency exhibited quadratic behavior. In experiment 2, the inclusion of cactus and urea had no influence on dry matter and NDF intake, neither on time (kgDM/h) and efficiency of feeding and rumination; however, rumination efficiency (kgNDF/h) exhibited quadratic behavior. Total mastication time and idle time were not influenced by the inclusion of cactus in the diet in both experiments. The inclusion of a source of physically effective fiber is recommended for ruminant rations with a high proportion of spineless cactus.

Objetivou-se avaliar a substituição da palma-gigante por palma-miúda em dietas para bovinos em crescimento sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. Também foram avaliados dois períodos de incubação (144 e 288 horas) para obtenção da fração indigestível da matéria seca, fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido. Utilizaram-se cinco novilhas da raça Holandesa com peso inicial de aproximadamente 220 kg, distribuídas em quadrado latino 5 × 5 e alojadas em baias individuais cobertas, com piso de concreto e dotadas de comedouros de alvenaria e bebedouros individuais. As dietas experimentais foram à base de palma forrageira, bagaço de cana, farelo de soja, ureia e mistura mineral nas proporções 38,0; 42,0; 18,0; 0,5 e 1,5% na base da matéria seca, respectivamente, com 0; 25; 50; 75 ou 100% de substituição da palma-gigante pela palma-miúda. Os consumos e a digestibilidade de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, nutrientes digestíveis totais, carboidratos totais, carboidratos não-fibrosos e fibra em detergente neutro, não foram afetados pela substituição. A matéria seca indigestível (incubada por 144 horas), a fibra em detergente neutro e a fibra em detergente ácido indigestíveis (incubadas por 288 horas) permitiram estimar a produção de matéria seca fecal e a digestibilidade de matéria seca de maneira semelhante ao método de coleta total de fezes. A palma miúda pode substituir integralmente a palma gigante e a matéria seca indigestível incubada por 144 horas e a fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido indigestíveis incubadas por 288 horas podem ser utilizadas em estudo de digestibilidade com ruminantes.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the replacement of giant forage cactus (Opuntia ficus indica Mill) by small forage cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera) in diets for growing cattle on the nutrient intake and digestibility. Two incubation periods were also assessed (144 and 288 hours) to obtain the indigestible fractions of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. Five Holstein heifers were used, approximately 220 kg initial weight placed in a 5 × 5 Latin square design and housed in individual covered, stalls with concrete floor and equipped with masonry feeders and individual drinkers. The experimental diets were based on forage cactus, sugarcane bagasse, soybean meal, urea and mineral mixture, at the proportion of 38.0, 42.0, 18.0, 0.5 and 1.5%, respectively, on dry matter bases, with 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of replacement of giant forage cactus by small forage cactus. The intakes and digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, total digestible nutrients, total carbohydrates, non-fiber-carbohydrates and neutral detergent fiber were not affected by the replacement. The indigestible dry matter (incubated for 144 hours), indigestible neutral and acid detergent fiber (incubated for 288 hours) made possible to estimate the fecal dry matter production and the dry matter digestibility similar to the total feces collection. The small forage cactus can fully replace the giant forage cactus and the indigestible dry matter incubated for 144 hours and the indigestibles neutral and acid detergent fiber incubated for 288 hours can be used in a digestibility study with ruminants.

Cinco vacas da raça Holandesa foram distribuídas em um quadrado latino 5 × 5 com o objetivo de estimar a produção de proteína microbiana utilizando-se a excreção total de derivados de purinas (DP), por meio de coletas spot de urina, e as concentrações de nitrogênio (N)-uréia no plasma, no leite e na urina. As cinco dietas foram formuladas com diversos volumosos (bagaço de cana-de-açúcar; feno de capim-tifton; feno de capim-elefante; silagem de sorgo; e uma mistura de silagem de sorgo + bagaço de cana) associados à palma forrageira. As concentrações de uréia (10,98 mg/dL) e N-uréia (5,11 mg/dL) no leite não foram afetadas pelos volumosos, assim como as concentrações plasmáticas de uréia (28,10 mg/dL) e N-uréia (13,09 mg/dL). As excreções urinárias de uréia, N-uréia, alantoína e derivados de purina, purinas absorvidas, a síntese de N-microbiano e as concentrações de alantoína no leite não foram alteradas. Os volumosos utilizados podem ser associados a palma forrageira na alimentação de vacas Holandesas, pois não alteram a produção de proteína microbiana.

Five Holstein cows were allotted to a 5 × 5 Latin square design with the objective of evaluating the microbial protein production, using the total excretion of purine derivatives (PD), obtained from spot urine collection, plasma and milk urea and nitrogen (N)-urea. The five treatments contained different forage sources: sugar cane bagasse (CB), tifton hay (TH), elephant grass hay (EH), sorghum silage (SS) and a mixture of sugar cane bagasse + sorghum silage (CBSS). The milk urea (10.98 mg/dL) and N-urea (5.11 mg/dL) concentrations were not influenced by the forage sources, such as plasma urea (28.10 mg/dL) and N-urea (13.09 mg/dL) concentrations. The urinary urea, N-urea, allantoin and PD excretions, the absorbed purine, N-microbial synthesis and milk allantoin concentration remained unchanged. The different forage sources in association with forage cactus did not change the microbial protein production.