Abstract: The objective is to analyze in the period 1990 to 2019 the effects of climate and the tendency of individuals to leave a territory, measuring the weight of precipitation or lack thereof in the Central American Dry Corridor. A stochastic frontier model was developed to study this process. As a primary result, it was found that there is a greater tendency to migrate when a drought occurs, understanding it as an extreme event for the environment and society. This tendency is evaluated with a system that includes series of controls such as other extreme weather events such as El Niño (ENSO) and hurricanes, violence levels, economy and exchange rate, which leads to the conclusion that drought above any other climatic event motivates the population to migrate. These findings contribute to the formulation of prevention, mitigation and resilience policies.

Resumen: El objetivo es analizar en el periodo 1990 a 2019 los efectos del clima y la tendencia de los individuos a dejar un territorio al medir el peso que tiene la precipitación o la falta de esta en el Corredor Seco de Centroamérica. Para estudiar este proceso se desarrolló un modelo estocástico de frontera. Se encontró como resultado principal que se tiene una mayor tendencia a migrar cuando se presenta una sequía, entendida como un evento extremo para el ambiente y la sociedad. Esta propensión se evalúa con un sistema que incluye una serie de controles como eventos climáticos extremos como El Niño (ENOS) y huracanes, niveles de violencia, economía y tipo de cambio, que lleva a concluir que la sequía por encima de otro evento climático motiva a la población a migrar. Estos hallazgos permiten contribuir en el planteamiento de políticas de prevención, mitigación y resiliencia para cada evento climático.

Resumo Formigas cortadeiras estão entre as pragas agrícola e florestal mais importante da região Neotropical, uma vez que utilizam material vegetal como substrato para crescimento de seu fungo mutualista Leucoagaricus gongylophorus. Inseticidas e fungicidas de origem vegetal têm mostrado potencial para o controle dessas formigas. O presente estudo avaliou a atividade de extratos hidroalcóolicos de frondes de quatro espécies de samambaias (períodos seco e chuvoso) sobre o fungo mutualista de formigas cortadeiras. Suspensões do micélio fúngico foram semeadas na superfície dos tubos contendo extratos das samambaias na concentração de 5 mg/mL e 100 μg/mL. O perfil químico dos extratos foi analisado por cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD). Extratos (período seco) na concentração de 5 mg/mL inibiram o crescimento do fungo: Macrothelypteris torresiana e Dicksonia sellowiana (menos de 20%) Niphidium crassifolium (aproximadamente 40%), Parapolystichum effusum (100%). Os extratos (períodos seco e chuvoso) na concentração 100 μg/mL não promoveram inibição. A análise do perfil químico dos extratos das quatro espécies indicou a presença de beta-sitosterol, friedelinol, rutina e canferol. Os extratos brutos de P. effusum e N. crassifolium foram os mais promissores para futuras formulações de produtos antifúngicos. Assim sendo, as samambaias são plantas potenciais na busca de substâncias com menor impacto ambiental para uma agricultural sustentável. Neotropical gongylophorus períodos chuvoso mgmL mg mL 10 μgmL μg CCD. CCD . (CCD) período menos 20% 20 aproximadamente 40%, 40 40% , 40%) 100%. 100% (100%) inibição betasitosterol, betasitosterol beta sitosterol, sitosterol beta-sitosterol friedelinol canferol P N antifúngicos sendo sustentável 1 (CCD 2 4 (100% (100 (10 (1 (

Abstract Leafcutter ants are among the most important agricultural and forest pests in the Neotropical region, given that they use plant matter as substrate for the growth of their mutualist fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus. Plant-based insecticides and fungicides have shown potential for controlling these ants. The present study assessed the hydroalcoholic extract activity of four fern fronds (dry and rainy periods) on the mutualist fungus of leafcutter ants. Fungal mycelium suspensions were seeded on the surface of tubes containing fern extracts at a concentration of 5 mg/mL and 100 μg/mL. The chemical profile of the extracts was analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Extracts (dry period) at a concentration of 5 mg/mL inhibited the growth of the fungus: Macrothelypteris torresiana and Dicksonia sellowiana (less than 20%), Niphidium crassifolium (approximately 40%), Parapolystichum effusum extract (100%). None of the extracts (dry and rainy periods) inhibited fungal growth at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. The chemical profile analysis of the extracts indicated the presence of beta-sitosterol, friedelinol, rutin, and kaempferol. The crude extracts of P. effusum and N. crassifolium were the most promising in future formulations of antifungal products. Thus, ferns are potential plants in the search for environmentally-friendly substances for sustainable agriculture. region gongylophorus Plantbased Plant based dry periods mgmL mg mL 10 μgmL μg μg/mL TLC. TLC . (TLC) period less 20%, 20 20% , 20%) approximately 40%, 40 40% 40%) 100%. 100% (100%) betasitosterol, betasitosterol beta sitosterol, sitosterol beta-sitosterol friedelinol rutin kaempferol P N products Thus environmentallyfriendly environmentally friendly agriculture 1 (TLC 2 4 (100% (100 (10 (1 (

Abstract Background Congenital heart diseases (CHD) are one of the most prevalent malformations, and the screening tests to identify critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) is the pulse oximetry test, with subsequent investigation and treatment. Objective To quantify positive pulse oximetry tests and verify the prevalence of CCHD detected by it in asymptomatic newborns, ≥35 gestational weeks, in a Brazilian maternity hospital. Methodology This is an observational, retrospective, quantitative, analytical and cross-sectional study, conducted from October 2020 to May 2022, in a maternity hospital in southern Brazil, through the collection of records of positive oximetry pulse tests, following the norms of screening CCHD test of the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics (SBP), after they were evaluated with echocardiography for confirmation or exclusion of CHD. Results A total of 5,667 newborns were evaluated in this study, according to the inclusion criteria; 0.17% (n = 10) had a positive pulse oximetry test. Regarding the results of the echocardiography of the neonates with a positive test, two were normal, seven were cases of patent foramen ovale (PFO), and one was a case (0,017%) with interatrial communication (IAC) diagnosis. In the same period, five neonates with CCHD were born, symptomatic, diagnosed by physical examination, and referred to neonatal intensive care units (NICU) before taking the neonatal cardiac screening (< 24 hours of life). Conclusion The prevalence of positive pulse oximetry tests was 0.17% and none CCHD was detected. Five cases of CCHD were born in this period, but they were diagnosed before the recommend time to perform the screening test. CHD (CHD malformations (CCHD treatment 35 ≥3 weeks observational retrospective quantitative crosssectional cross sectional study 202 2022 Brazil SBP, SBP , (SBP) 5667 5 667 5,66 criteria 017 0 17 0.17 n 10 normal PFO, PFO (PFO) 0,017% 0017 (0,017% IAC (IAC diagnosis period symptomatic examination NICU (NICU < ( 2 life. life . life) 3 ≥ 20 (SBP 566 66 5,6 01 1 0.1 (PFO 0,017 001 (0,017 56 6 5, 0. 0,01 00 (0,01 0,0 (0,0 0, (0, (0

ABSTRACT Objective: Abdominal ultrasonography is widely used to evaluate suspected cases of appendicitis. Objective descriptions of the direct and indirect signs of appendicitis result in varied assessments of its likelihood. This study introduces the Appendix Imaging Reporting and Data System (APENDIC-RADS) to standardize the reporting of appendix ultrasound findings. Methods: This single-center retrospective study included consecutive patients of all ages who underwent abdominal ultrasonography for the investigation of acute appendicitis. The primary outcome was histopathological confirmation of acute appendicitis post-surgery. The imaging findings were classified into five categories: APENDIC-RADS 0, where the appendix cannot be visualized; APENDIC-RADS 1, indicating a normal appendix; APENDIC-RADS 2, describing an appendix that is likely normal but only partially visualized; APENDIC-RADS 3, appendicitis cannot be ruled out due to uncertain features and APENDIC-RADS 4, acute appendicitis. Results: A total of 747 patients were assessed for suspected acute appendicitis using ultrasonography. Of the diagnosed patients, 52% were male, primarily exhibiting symptoms such as nausea and/or vomiting (60%), right iliac fossa pain (54%), and sudden decompression in the right iliac fossa (24%). Stratification into APENDIC-RADS categories revealed a significant variation in the incidence of acute appendicitis, with incidence rates of 4.5% for category 0 and 0.7%, 2.2%, 11.5%, and 93.5% for categories 1 to 4, respectively (p<0.001). The APENDIC-RADS showed excellent discriminative ability, evidenced by an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.950 (95%CI=0.899-1). Conclusion: APENDIC-RADS categorization demonstrated excellent performance in standardizing the ultrasound-determined probability of acute appendicitis. Its implementation could improve physician communication and standardization of patient management. likelihood APENDICRADS APENDIC RADS (APENDIC-RADS Methods singlecenter single center postsurgery. postsurgery post surgery. surgery post-surgery visualized 2 3 4 Results 74 52 male andor or 60%, 60 60% , (60%) 54%, 54 54% (54%) 24%. 24 24% . (24%) 45 5 4.5 07 7 0.7% 22 2.2% 115 11 11.5% 935 93 93.5 p<0.001. p0001 p p<0.001 001 (p<0.001) ability 0950 950 0.95 95%CI=0.8991. 95CI08991 CI 95%CI=0.899 95 899 (95%CI=0.899-1) Conclusion ultrasounddetermined determined management 6 (60% (54% (24% 4. 0.7 2.2 11.5 9 93. p000 p<0.00 00 (p<0.001 095 0.9 8991 95%CI=0.8991 95CI0899 95%CI=0.89 89 (95%CI=0.899-1 (60 (54 (24 0. 2. 11. p00 p<0.0 (p<0.00 09 95CI089 95%CI=0.8 8 (95%CI=0.899- (6 (5 (2 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 95CI08 95%CI=0. (95%CI=0.899 ( p<0 (p<0. 95CI0 95%CI=0 (95%CI=0.89 p< (p<0 95CI 95%CI= (95%CI=0.8 (p< 95%CI (95%CI=0. (p (95%CI=0 (95%CI= (95%CI

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi realizar um estudo comparativo entre as próteses Smith & Nephew ® e Zimmer ®, com polietileno espesso versus o fino, em pacientes submetidos à artroplastia total primária do joelho, durante um seguimento de curto prazo. Dessa forma, foi analisada a sobrevida dos implantes em questão sob o aspecto clínico e radiográfico. Métodos: A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos: grupo 1 com polietileno espesso e grupo 2 com polietileno fino. Foi realizada análise clínica dos pacientes e verificado se ocorreu soltura dos implantes. Resultados: Os grupos tiveram resultados semelhantes quando comparados. Segundo a classificação de Ahlbäck, 83% dos pacientes eram dos grupos IV e V. A mediana do escore funcional no pós-operatório foi similar entre os grupos. No pós-operatório o ângulo tíbio-femoral oscilou na média entre 5 e 6 0 de valgo. Foram observadas duas complicações em cada grupo. Nenhum dos pacientes avaliados apresentou soltura do implante. Conclusão: Os pacientes tratados com o polietileno espesso apresentaram o mesmo escore funcional do grupo controle, assim como ausência de alterações radiográficas nesse seguimento de curto prazo, com sobrevida do implante e índice de complicações similar entre ambos os grupos. Nível de evidência III, Estudo retrospectivo. Objetivo fino joelho prazo forma radiográfico Métodos Resultados comparados Ahlbäck 83 V pósoperatório pós operatório tíbiofemoral tíbio femoral valgo Conclusão controle III retrospectivo 8

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of the research was to carry out a comparative study between Smith & Nephew ® or Zimmer ® prostheses with thick versus thin polyethylene, in patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty, during a short-term follow-up. Thus, the objective was to analyze the survival of the implants in question under the clinical and radiographic aspect. Methods: The sample was divided into two groups: Group 1 with thick polyethylene and group 2 with thin polyethylene. A clinical analysis of the patients was carried out and the implants were checked for loosening. Results: The groups were similar when compared. According to the Ahlbäck classification, 83% of the patients were in groups IV and V. The median functional score in the postoperative period was similar between the two groups. Postoperatively, the tibiofemoral angle fluctuated between 5 and 6 0 valgus on average. Two complications were observed in each group. None of the evaluated patients presented implant loosening Conclusion: Patients treated with thick polyethylene had the same functional score as the control group, as well as the absence of radiographic changes in this short-term follow-up, with implant survival and a similar rate of complications between both groups. Level of evidence III, Retrospective study. Objective arthroplasty shortterm short term followup. followup follow up. up follow-up Thus aspect Methods Results compared classification 83 V Postoperatively average Conclusion followup, up, III 8

Resumo Microgramma vacciniifolia, uma samambaia epifíta, abriga duas galhas caulinares, uma delas induzida por Tortrimosaica polypodivora (Lepidoptera), que também induz galhas em M. squamulosa e em M. mortoniana. Alterações induzidas por T. polypodivora nos caules de M. vacciniifolia foram comparadas aos caules não-galhados, para avaliar os potenciais anatômicos das samambaias hospedeiras em resposta a um Lepidoptera galhador. Comparações histoquímicas e histométricas foram realizadas para avaliar os processos que levam à formação das galhas. As galhas de M. vacciinifolia e M. squamulosa são anatomicamente semelhantes, embora seus tamanhos diferem, refletindo o potencial de crescimento de cada espécie hospedeira. Alterações estruturais simples ocorrem durante a formação da galha, como hiperplasia das células corticais e pericíclicas, enquanto hipertrofia celular, comum em galhas mais complexas, é detectada apenas no periciclo. Os meristelos não têm o tamanho alterado, mas o periciclo apresenta hiperplasia. As escamas são mais largas nas galhas. Ao redor da câmara larval observa-se um tecido nutritivo com lipídios, típico das galhas de Lepidoptera, com células pequenas e atividade meristemática. Amido, proteínas e açúcares redutores também se acumulam nas células nutritivas, raramente relatado em galhas de Lepidoptera. Apesar das alterações estruturais simples, T. polypodivora induz o estabelecimento de um gradiente de metabólitos primários, semelhante ao observado em galhas de angiospermas. epifíta caulinares , (Lepidoptera) M mortoniana T nãogalhados, nãogalhados galhados, galhados não-galhados galhador semelhantes diferem hospedeira galha pericíclicas celular complexas alterado observase observa lipídios meristemática Amido nutritivas primários angiospermas (Lepidoptera

Abstract Microgramma vacciniifolia, an epiphyte fern, hosts of two stem galls. One is induced by Tortrimosaica polypodivora (Lepidoptera), which can also induce galls in M. squamulosa and M. mortoniana. The alterations induced by T. polypodivora on M. vacciniifolia stem were compared to non-galled organs to evaluate the anatomical potentials of host ferns in response to a galling Lepidoptera. Histochemical and histometrical comparisons between galled and non-galled stems were performed to assess the processes leading to gall formation. M. vacciinifolia and M. squamulosa galls were anatomically similar, although their sizes differ, reflecting the growth potential of each host species. Simple structural alterations, such as hyperplasia of cortical and pericycle cells, occur during gall formation, while cell hypertrophy, common in more complex galls, was only detected on the pericycle. Meristele size remained unaltered in galls, but the pericycle appeared hyperplasic. The protective scales were broader in galls. A nutritive tissue with lipids, typical to Lepidoptera galls, was observed around the larval chamber, with small cells and meristematic activity. Starch, proteins, and reducing sugars accumulated in nutritive cells are uncommonly found in Lepidoptera galls. Despite simple structural alterations, T. polypodivora induced a gradient of primary metabolites, similar to angiosperm galls. fern Lepidoptera, , (Lepidoptera) M mortoniana T nongalled non formation differ species hypertrophy hyperplasic lipids chamber activity Starch proteins metabolites (Lepidoptera

Abstract This work describes the circulation over the continental slope and the São Paulo Plateau in the Santos Basin during the SANSED winter 2019 survey. The cruise consisted of four legs in the period between June, 11 and August, 03 2019. The observed circulation is dominated by the Atlantic southwestern boundary current regime and remotely-generated anticyclones and cyclones. The former is composed by the Brazil Current, the Intermediate Western Boundary Current and their mesoscale meanders; the latter are 300km vortical rings with origin in the eastern side of the South Atlantic Basin. A Lagrangian scheme applied over satellite altimeter maps indicate that the origin of these rings is primarily the Cape Basin of South Africa. The interaction between the boundary currents, their cyclonic meanders, and the anticyclonic rings is complex, and varies widely. During the SANSED winter 2019 survey period, three anticyclones interacted with the Brazil Current, instabilizing it, forming dipoles with the current cyclonic meanders, leading to their downstream propagation. Ancienter cyclonic eddies within Santos Basin may interfere with the propagation of the large anticyclones further south. In addition, the continuous arrival of remotely-originated anticyclones, the larger portion over the São Paulo Plateau presented a tendency of counter-clockwise circulation during the whole cruise period.

Resumen: El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la estructura dimensional de Brief-COPE durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Seiscientos sesenta y seis adultos de todas las regiones de Brasil participaron en esta investigación, en su mayoría mujeres (77 %), con edades entre 18 y 79 años (M = 36.70; DE = 13.12). Los participantes respondieron preguntas sociodemográficas y el Brief-COPE. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y análisis factoriales confirmatorios. Se confirmó la estructura dimensional de primer orden, con 14 factores. La estructura de segundo orden no convergió y se propuso una nueva estructura de segundo orden basada en la correlación entre los factores de primer orden. El nuevo modelo propuesto presentó índices adecuados de ajuste a los datos. Estos resultados sugieren que la pandemia puede haber cambiado la forma en que los participantes perciben y relacionan las estrategias de afrontamiento.

Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the dimensional structure of Brief-COPE during the COVID-19 pandemic. Six hundred and sixty-six adults from all regions of Brazil, mostly women (77 %), aged between 18 and 79 years old (M = 36.70; SD = 13.12), took part in this research. They answered sociodemographic questions and the Brief-COPE. Descriptive and confirmatory factor analyzes were performed. The first order dimensional structure was confirmed with the 14 original factors. The second order structure did not converge, and a new second order structure was proposed based on the correlation indexes among the first order factors. The proposed new model presented adequate indexes of adjustment to the data. Such results suggest that the pandemic may have changed the way participants perceive and relate coping strategies.

Resumo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a estrutura dimensional do Brief-COPE durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Participaram desta pesquisa 666 adultos de todas as regiões do Brasil, majoritariamente mulheres (77 %), com idade entre 18 e 79 anos (M = 36,70; DP = 13,12). Estes responderam perguntas sociodemográficas e o Brief-COPE. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e Análises Fatoriais Confirmatórias. A estrutura dimensional de primeira ordem foi confirmada, com 14 fatores. A estrutura de segunda ordem não convergiu, sendo proposta uma nova estrutura de segunda ordem tomando como base a correlação entre os fatores de primeira ordem. O novo modelo proposto apresentou índices adequados de ajuste aos dados. Tais resultados sugerem que a pandemia pode ter alterado a forma como os participantes percebem e relacionam as estratégias de enfrentamento.

RESUMEN El control de constitucionalidad es uno de los temas que han generado mayores debates en el ámbito jurídico ecuatoriano, entre otros factores, aquello se debe a los posibles conflictos normativos que se presentan en la propia Constitución -CRE- al determinarse la coexistencia de dos sistemas: el mixto y el concentrado; esto se ha visto complementado con las indeterminaciones generadas por la normativa secundaria Ley Orgánica de Garantías Jurisdiccionales y Control Constitucional -LOGJCC-, y la contradictoria jurisprudencia de la Corte Constitucional de Ecuador -CCE-. Este trabajo tiene como principales objetivos analizar desde una perspectiva crítica la evolución del control constitucional ecuatoriano desde la aprobación de la Constitución de 2008, determinar los problemas existentes en relación con el control mixto de constitucionalidad; y reflejar la caótica jurisprudencia existente. Para ello se ha empleado un método analítico deductivo, que empieza con el estudio de la teoría del control constitucional, seguido por el análisis de la disciplina normativa, y un análisis estático de la jurisprudencia emitida por la CCE en relación con el control constitucional. Este análisis concluye planteando las razones en defensa de la implementación de un control mixto de constitucionalidad y, por tanto, de una nueva regulación más atenta al sistema garantista propulsado por la Constitución de Montecristi.

ABSTRACT The control of constitutionality is one of the issues that have generated the greatest debates in the Ecuadorian legal sphere, among other factors, this due to the possible normative conflicts that arise in the Constitution -CRE- itself when determining the coexistence of two systems, the mixed and the concentrated by the secondary regulation Organic Law of Jurisdictional Guarantees and Constitutional Control -LOGJCC-, and the contradictory jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court of Ecuador -CCE-. The main objectives of this paper are to analyse from a critical perspective the evolution of the Ecuadorian constitutional control since the approval of the 2008 Constitution, to determine the existing problems in relation to the mixed control of constitutionality and to reflect the existing chaotic jursprudence. For this purpose, a deductive analytical method has been employed, which begins with the study of the theory of constitutional control, followed by the analysis of the normative discipline, and a static analysis of the jurisprudence issued by the CCE in relation to constitutional control. This analysis concludes by representing the reasons in defense of the implementation of a mixed control of constitutionality and, therefore, of a new regulation more attentive to the guaran-teeing system promoted by the Constitution of Montecristi.

Abstract This article includes an analysis of the social roles of the elderly through the articulation of the dimensions of culture, health, and quality of life. Contemplate two moments of work. First, it discusses the quality of life and health in Chile, emphasizing that 70% of older people are able to carry out social and cultural tasks in the community. Second, the theoretical approaches of social gerontology are analyzed, proposing a disruptive gerontology that allows problematizing instances of gerontological research and intervention.

Resumen Este artículo presenta un análisis de los roles sociales de las personas mayores a través de la articulación de las dimensiones de cultura, salud y calidad de vida. Contempla dos momentos de trabajo. En primer lugar, discute la calidad de vida y salud en Chile, enfatizando que el 70% de las personas mayores está en condiciones de desarrollar tareas sociales y culturales en la comunidad. En segundo lugar, se analizan los enfoques teóricos de la gerontología social, proponiendo una gerontología rupturista que permita problematizar instancias de investigación e intervención gerontológica.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Common mental disorders (CMDs) have been correlated with consequences in different domains of life. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the prevalence rates of CMDs and factors associated with them among students at Brazilian medical schools. DESIGN AND SETTING: Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies developed in Brazilian medical schools. METHODS: In October 2021, searches were carried out in seven electronic databases, in Google Scholar and in reference lists. Observational studies reporting prevalence rates of CMDs among students at Brazilian medical schools were sought. Variables associated with CMDs arising from multivariate regression models were included in the synthesis. A meta-analysis was developed using a random-effects model and the risk of bias was assessed using an instrument developed from previous references. RESULTS: Fourteen original studies were included. The pooled prevalence rate of CMDs among undergraduate students at Brazilian medical schools was 43.3% (95% confidence interval = 38.9% to 47.6%; I2 = 87%; n = 3,927). Among the nine studies in which multivariate analyses were conducted, five showed risk associations between CMDs and medical school-related dissatisfactions, among which the desire to abandon the medical course can be highlighted (n = 3). In three studies, CMDs were associated with sleep indicators. CONCLUSION: Considering that the prevalence of CMDs among medical students is higher than in the general population, we recommend that Brazilian medical schools should give greater attention to this topic, and should enable expansion of care offerings relating to mental health. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) database (CRD42020142184).

Summary Background and aims : Zephyranthes brachyandra belongs to a tribe of ornamental Amaryllidaceae native of South America, whose genera circumscription and phylogenetic relationships are still unclear. Cytologically, Z. brachyandra is a tetraploid whose chromosomes are of similar size and morphology, hindering the identification of its 2n = 24 chromosomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the stability of the many CMA+ and DAPI+ bands and the occurrence of B chromosomes by a cytomolecular approach. M&M : For this investigation we conducted a cytomolecular analysis with CMA/DAPI staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization with 5S and 35S rDNA probes, and the TTTAGGG telomeric probe. Results : In the present work, a cytomolecular analysis of Z. brachyandra, revealed a large and variable number of CMA+ and DAPI+ heterochromatic bands and 5S and 35S rDNA sites, and a regular distribution of the TTTAGGG telomeric sequences. In addition, one individual was monotrisomic with 2n = 24, and another one had a B chromosome. Both numerical and structural chromosome alterations were clearly characterized by CMA/DAPI bands and rDNA sites. Conclusions : Comparing the present data with the cytological data for other species of Zephyranthes, it becomes clear that a cytomolecular approach is fundamental to the understanding of the chromosome variation and cytotaxonomy of the group.

Resumen Introducción y objetivos : Zephyranthes brachyandra pertenece a una tribu de Amaryllidaceae ornamentales nativa de América del Sur, cuya circunscripción de géneros y relaciones filogenéticas aún no están claras. Citológicamente, Z. brachyandra es un tetraploide cuyos cromosomas son de tamaño y morfología similar, lo que dificulta la identificación de sus 2n = 24 cromosomas. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la estabilidad de las numerosas bandas CMA+ y DAPI+ y la aparición de cromosomas B mediante un enfoque citomolecular. M&M : Para esta investigación realizamos un análisis citomolecular con tinción CMA/ DAPI e hibridación fluorescente in situ con sondas de ADNr 5S y 35S, y la sonda telomérica TTTAGGG. Resultados : En el presente trabajo se realizaron varios análisis citomoleculares de Z. brachyandra, que revelaron un número alto y variable de bandas heterocromáticas CMA+ y DAPI+ y de sitios de ADNr 5S y 35S, además de una distribución típica de las secuencias teloméricas TTTAGGG. Además, un individuo era monotrisómico con 2n = 24 y otro tenía un cromosoma B. Las alteraciones cromosómicas tanto numéricas como estructurales se caracterizaron claramente por bandas CMA / DAPI y sitios de ADNr. Conclusión : Al comparar los datos actuales con la literatura citológica de otras especies del género Zephyranthes, queda claro que un enfoque citomolecular es fundamental para la comprensión de la variación cromosómica y la citotaxonomía del grupo.

RESUMO Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff, 1893) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) é um parasitoide adulto de lepidópteros-praga, e a idade do hospedeiro exerce forte infuência sobre sua reprodução. Objetivou-se avaliar as características biológicas de T. howardi criado em pupas de Chrysodeixis includens (Walker, [1858]) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) de diferentes idades. Para tanto, pupas com 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 ou 168 horas de idade foram expostas ao parasitismo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com sete tratamentos (idade de pupa) e 10 repetições, sendo que cada repetição foi constituída por cinco pupas individualizadas com uma fêmea do parasitoide nas respectivas idades. Tetrastichus howardi parasitou e emergiu em pupas de todas as idades avaliadas. A duração do ciclo (ovo-adulto) em dias, número de parasitoides emergidos por pupa (progênie), progênie por fêmea, razão sexual do parasitoide e longevidade de adultos foram semelhantes. Este é o primeiro registro de T. howardi se reproduzindo em pupas de C. includens em condições de laboratório. O maior parasitismo e desenvolvimento de T. howardi foi obtido em pupas de C. includens com 24 a 96 horas, sendo essa faixa etária favorável para a criação desse parasitoide em condições de laboratório.

ABSTRACT Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff, 1893) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is an adult parasitoid of lepidopteran pests, and the age of the host has a strong influence on its reproduction. This study aimed to evaluate the biological characteristics of T. howardi reared on different aged pupae of Chrysodeixis includens (Walker, [1858]) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). For that, pupae with 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 or 168 h of age were exposed to parasitism. The experimental design was completely randomized, with seven treatments (pupal age) and ten replications, with each replication consisting of five pupae individualized with one female parasitoid at the respective ages. Tetrastichus howardi parasitized and emerged in pupae of all the evaluated ages. The duration of the cycle (egg-adult) in days, number of parasitoids that emerged per pupa (progeny), progeny per female, sex ratio of the parasitoid and longevity of adults were similar. This is the first record of T. howardi reproducing in C. includens pupae under laboratory conditions. The highest parasitism and development of T. howardi was obtained in 24-to 96-hour-old pupae of C. includens, indicating that this age range is more favorable to rear this parasitoid under laboratory conditions.

Resumo As metas de Aichi, das quais o Brasil foi signatário, previam que, até 2020, pelo menos 17% de áreas terrestres e águas continentais e 10% das áreas marinhas e costeiras fossem englobados em áreas protegidas. Finalizado o prazo da meta, o Brasil conta, oficialmente, com 30% da área continental e 27% da área marinha protegidas, todavia distribuídas desigualmente em seu território. Neste estudo, computou-se a cobertura de 98 UCs e um corredor ecológico no estado do Ceará (CE) e foi avaliada sua distribuição entre os vários ambientes naturais do estado. Destarte, buscou-se avaliar a representatividade da conservação promovida pelas UCs em relação aos diferentes ecossistemas estaduais. Os resultados apontam que 92,4% da área protegida corresponde ao regime de Uso Sustentável, distribuída prioritariamente em ecossistemas de exceção do bioma Caatinga, como as áreas costeiras e encraves úmidos e sub-úmidos. Essas áreas apresentam relevância ambiental com rica biodiversidade e geodiversidadade, com interesse socioeconômico, mas o desenho atual de UCs deixou pouco protegida a vegetação de caatinga, ecossistema predominante do estado. Ademais, a predominância de UCs de uso sustentável trazem menos proteção jurídica para salvaguardar a biodiversidade, especialmente aquelas com baixo grau legal de proteção, como a categoria Área de Proteção Ambiental que corresponde à maior cobertura estadual. Conclui-se que a configuração espacial das UCs estaduais ainda está distante do ideal em termos de extensão e representatividade, com poucas áreas protegidas na vegetação de caatinga e pequena extensão de UCs de proteção integral.

Abstract Among the targets of the Aichi Accord, of which Brazil was a signatory, was the commitment to protect at least 17% of its terrestrial and continental waters and 10% of all marine and coastal areas by 2020. When the target window closed, Brazil had 30% of those projected continental and 27% of the marine areas protected. Those areas, however, are unevenly distributed throughout the country, with the Amazon region exceeding 30% of the projected protection, while only approximately 8% of the Caatinga region has been considered. In this study, we computed the coverage of 98 designated Conservation Areas (CAs) and an ecological corridor in Ceará State (CE) and evaluated their distributions among that state’s various natural environments. Our results indicated that 92.6% % of the total officially protected areas corresponded to Uso Sustentável categories (US), which means sustainable use in English ,largely distributed among ecosystems outside the Caatinga domain, including coastal areas and humid and sub-humid enclaves. Those CAs contain rich bio- and geo-diversities of significant socioeconomic interest, although they do little to protect caatinga vegetation - the predominant ecosystem in the state. Additionally, the predominance of US CAs provide limited legal safeguards to biodiversity, especially among those CAs with low levels of legal protection, such as the category of Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA), which means Environmental Protection Areas in English, which account for the greatest coverage in the state. We conclude that the spatial configuration of state CAs is distant from ideal in terms of their extensions and representativeness, with few areas of protected caatinga vegetation and limited areas with full protection.