Abstract Objective It was to verify the association between the definition of sex of rearing and, clinical and cytogenetic features among patients with genital ambiguity referred without a sex assignment. Methods The sample consisted of 133 patients with genital ambiguity seen at a single reference service. These patients did not have a defined social sex at the first consultation and their etiological diagnosis was obtained during follow-up. Results A total of 133 cases were included, 74 of which were reared as males and 59 as females. No correlation was found between the year of birth and the year of the first consultation with the definition of sex of rearing. However, the definition of sex of rearing was associated with age at the first consultation, severity of genital ambiguity, presence of palpable gonad(s), presence of uterus on ultrasound, karyotype, and diagnosis. Palpable gonad(s), more virilized genitalia, absence of a uterus on ultrasound, 46, XY karyotype, or a karyotype with sex chromosome abnormalities emerged as strong predictors for defining male sex. All 77 (58 %) patients over 18 years old had a gender identity in accordance with the sex of rearing; though 9 of 77 (12 %) had homo or bisexual orientation, especially girls with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. Conclusions Clinical and cytogenetic data were strongly associated with the definition of the sex of rearing of children with genital ambiguity referred to a DSD center without sex assignment. Management in a specialized center allows the establishment of a gender identity in accordance with the sex of rearing. assignment 13 service followup. followup follow up. up follow-up included 7 5 females However gonads, gonads gonad s , gonad(s) ultrasound genitalia 46 58 (5 % 1 12 (1 orientation Hyperplasia gonad(s 4 (

Abstract Objective Evaluate the level of information of pediatricians about the diagnosis and management of cryptorchidism. Method A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using a form via the "Google Forms" platform. The study population included pediatricians and pediatric residents associated with the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics. Seven hundred twenty-eight responses were recorded and analyzed using IBM SPSS v21. Results 728 valid responses were obtained. Of these answers, only 20.5 % answered that the physical examination was sufficient for the diagnosis, and 79.4 % responded that they requested ultrasound as the best test to aid in diagnosing cryptorchidism. When questioned about the ideal age for referring a patient with cryptorchidism, the survey recorded 56.3 % of the responses defending the correct age as six months old, 30.2 % shortly after birth, and 13.2 % at two years old. Other topics were addressed in the form, such as the frequency of evaluation of testicular position and investigation for DDS, among others. Still, the answers to these questions were compatible with current manuals and guidelines on cryptorchidism. Conclusion It is evident that the understanding of the professionals consulted about the diagnosis and management of cryptorchidism needs to be updated with the current practices adopted and that pediatricians, in general, must maintain periodic programs on this subject. Therefore, this topic should be part of a continuing education program with pediatric surgery. crosssectional cross sectional Google Forms platform Pediatrics twentyeight twenty eight v21 v 72 obtained 205 20 5 20. 794 79 4 79. 563 56 3 56. old 302 30 2 30. birth 132 13 13. DDS others Still general subject Therefore surgery v2 7 1

Abstract Objective: To develop growth charts for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and body mass index (BMI)-for-age for both genders aged 2 to 18 years for Brazilian patients with Williams-Beuren Syndrome (WBS). Methods: This is a multicenter, retrospective, and longitudinal study, data were collected from the medical records of boys and girls with a confirmed diagnosis of WBS in three large university centers in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Growth charts stratified by gender and age in years were developed using LMSchartmaker Pro software. The LMS (Lambda Mu Sigma) method was used to model the charts. The quality of the settings was checked by worm plots. Results: The first Brazilian growth charts for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age stratified by gender were constructed for WBS patients aged 2 to 18 years. Conclusion: The growth charts developed in this study can help to guide family members and to improve the health care offered by health professionals. Objective weightforage, weightforage weight age, weight-for-age heightforage, heightforage height height-for-age BMIforage BMI 1 WilliamsBeuren Williams Beuren WBS. . (WBS) Methods multicenter retrospective Paulo Brazil software Lambda Sigma plots Results Conclusion professionals (WBS

ABSTRACT Congenital cardiopathies are the most frequent malformations and represent a high neonatal morbidity and mortality rate, especially in those neonates without timely prenatal diagnosis. They appear as the first cause of infant death associated with congenital malformations. Advances in technology and the standardization of ultrasound diagnostic protocols have allowed increasingly accurate identification of congenital heart diseases. However, this has not been sufficient and there continues to be a high rate of neonates with congenital heart disease undiagnosed in prenatal surveillance. On the other hand, with the advent of fetal surgery, it is necessary to identify the presence of any major congenital heart disease that could cloud the prognosis associated with the underlying fetal pathology that made intrauterine intervention necessary. Considering the above, both parents and medical professionals need to be made aware of the importance of screening for congenital heart disease, especially in those fetuses that are going to undergo prenatal surgery. There is currently a high rate of errors in congenital heart disease screening, which causes anxiety in parents. This may be due to inadequate imaging technique, lack of standardization in the study protocol based on clinical practice guidelines, or lack of adequate training to perform this type of study. This article focuses on the most common errors in screening for congenital heart disease during second trimester morphological ultrasound, based on clinical practice guidelines for fetal echocardiography.

RESUMEN Las cardiopatías congénitas son las malformaciones más frecuentes y significan una alta tasa morbimortalidad neonatal, sobre todo en aquellos neonatos sin diagnóstico prenatal oportuno. Representan la primera causa de muerte infantil asociada a malformaciones congénitas. El avance de la tecnología y la estandarización de los protocolos de diagnóstico ecográfico han permitido identificar cada vez con más precisión las cardiopatías congénitas. Sin embargo, esto no ha sido suficiente y sigue habiendo una alta tasa de neonatos con cardiopatías congénitas no diagnosticadas en la vigilancia prenatal. Por otro lado, con el advenimiento de la cirugía fetal se hace necesario identificar la presencia de alguna cardiopatía congénita mayor que pudiera ensombrecer el pronóstico asociado con la patología fetal de fondo que hizo necesaria la intervención intrauterina. Considerando lo anterior, se necesita concientizar tanto a los padres como a los profesionales médicos sobre la importancia del cribado de cardiopatías congénitas, especialmente en aquellos fetos que van a ser sometidos a cirugía prenatal. Actualmente existe una alta tasa de errores en el tamizaje de cardiopatías congénitas, lo que ocasiona ansiedad en los padres. Esto puede deberse a una técnica inadecuada en la toma de imágenes, falta de estandarización en el protocolo de estudio basado en las guías practicas clínicas, o bien la falta de entrenamiento adecuado para realizar este tipo de estudios. El presente artículo se enfoca en los errores más comunes en el tamizaje de cardiopatías congénitas durante la ecografía morfológica del segundo trimestre, tomando como base las guías practicas clínicas de ecocardiografía fetal.

ABSTRACT Objective: Considering the rarity and clinical and molecular diversity of Wolfram syndrome (WS), the objective of this study was to identify patients with a clinical presentation suggestive of WS following up at a single Brazilian diabetes service and analyze their clinical and molecular characteristics. Subjects and methods: The study included all patients with a clinical presentation of WS following up between 1991 and 2022 with early-onset diabetes mellitus and other WS signs and symptoms. A retrospective analysis was conducted, including patients’ age, sex, consanguinity, age at symptom onset, diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, diabetes insipidus, neurological and psychiatric disorders, hearing loss, urinary disorders, hypogonadism, and WFS1 molecular analysis. Results: Eight patients were identified, all of whom were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus at an average age of 3.7 years. Optic atrophy, diabetes insipidus, and hearing loss were common, while psychiatric and neurological alterations were observed in some cases. Genetic analysis revealed pathogenic variants in homozygosity or compound heterozygosity. The most frequent variant was p. Val412Serfs29, present in five of the seven families. Conclusions: This study represents the second-largest Brazilian sample of WS and is the first cohort from a single center in Southeast Brazil. The patients had an early, severe, and complete clinical presentation. The genetic variants identified were consistent with previous literature descriptions. The variant p. Val412Serfs29 was particularly common in this cohort, highlighting its relevance in the region. Objective WS, , (WS) characteristics methods 199 202 earlyonset early onset symptoms conducted sex consanguinity atrophy insipidus disorders hypogonadism WFS Results 37 3 7 3. years cases heterozygosity p ValSerfs Val Serfs families Conclusions secondlargest second largest Brazil severe descriptions Val412Serfs2 region (WS 19 20 Val412Serfs 1 2

ABSTRACT Objective: Herein, we compared ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) between young adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase enzyme (21OHase) deficiency and a control group. Additionally, we analyzed correlations between the glucocorticoid dose and androgen levels and ABP parameters. Subjects and methods: This case-control study included 18 patients (6 males and 12 females) and 19 controls (8 males and 11 females) matched by age (18-31 years). ABP monitoring was used to estimate blood pressure (BP) over a 24-h period. Results: No difference was noted between patients and controls in terms of systolic BP (males, 115.5 ± 5.6 vs. 117.0 ± 9.3, P = 0.733; and females, 106.4 ± 7.9 vs. 108.4 ± 7.6, P = 0.556, respectively) and diastolic BP during 24 h (males, 62.8 ± 7.5 vs. 66.2 ± 5.6, P = 0.349; and females, 62.7 ± 4.9 vs. 62.3 ± 4.9, P = 0.818, respectively). Systolic and diastolic BP and pulse pressure during daytime and nocturnal periods were similar between patients and controls. Furthermore, no differences were detected in the percentage of load and impaired nocturnal dipping of systolic and diastolic BP between patients and controls during the 24-h period. Additionally, the glucocorticoid dose (varying between r = −0.24 to 0.13, P > 0.05) and androgens levels (varying between r = 0.01 to 0.14, P > 0.05) were not associated with ABP parameters. Conclusion: No signs of an elevated risk for hypertension were observed based on ABP monitoring in young adults with CAH attributed to 21OHase deficiency undergoing glucocorticoid replacement therapy. Objective Herein (ABP (CAH 21hydroxylase hydroxylase 21 OHase (21OHase group Additionally parameters methods casecontrol case 1 6 ( females 8 1831 31 (18-3 years. years . years) (BP 24h period Results males, (males 1155 115 5 115. 56 5. vs 1170 117 0 117. 93 9 3 9.3 0.733 0733 733 1064 106 4 106. 79 7 7. 1084 108 108. 76 7.6 0556 556 0.556 respectively 2 628 62 62. 75 662 66 66. 0.349 0349 349 627 49 4. 623 0818 818 0.818 respectively. Furthermore varying 024 −0.2 013 13 0.13 0.05 005 05 001 01 0.0 014 14 0.14 Conclusion therapy 183 (18- 9. 0.73 073 73 10 055 55 0.55 0.34 034 34 081 81 0.81 02 −0. 0.1 00 0. (18 0.7 07 0.5 0.3 03 08 0.8 −0 (1 −

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to analyze if anthropometric factors and physical appearance are associated to QoL in Turner syndrome (TS). Materials and methods: Observational, analytical, and cross-sectional study. The SF-36 was applied along with an additional questionnaire regarding specific characteristics of TS. Results: There were no differences in quality of life (QoL) in TS women regarding median height and appropriate height according to parental target height, however, participants satisfied and who did not desire to change their height had better scores in the mental health and role emotional domains than those not satisfied and desired to change it. When comparing participants who were or were not bothered by physical appearance, the results showed that those not bothered by physical appearance had a better score in the vitality and social function domains. Considering patients who did or did not desire to change physical appearance, those who did not want to change their physical appearance had higher scores in the mental component and in the social function and mental health domains of the SF-36. Conclusion: This study indicated that anthropometric factors and physical appearance may possibly be associated to QoL in TS, and also emphasizes the need to develop and validate an official questionnaire regarding specific TS characteristics in order to assess in more detail how specific characteristics of TS interfere with their QoL. Objective . (TS) methods Observational analytical crosssectional cross sectional SF36 SF 36 SF-3 Results (QoL however it SF36. 36. Conclusion (TS SF3 3 SF-

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Knowledge of clinical and laboratory differences between chromosomal and undefined causes aids etiological research on non-obstructive azoospermia. OBJECTIVE: Compare clinical and laboratory differences between men with non-obstructive azoospermia due to chromosomal anomalies versus undefined causes DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional retrospective study conducted at a public university hospital in Campinas (Brazil) METHODS: All men aged 20–40 years with non-obstructive azoospermia were included in the analysis. RESULTS: The 107 cases included 14 with Klinefelter syndrome (KS) (13%), 1 with mosaic KS, 4 with sex development disorders (2 testicular XX, 1 NR5A1 gene mutation, and 1 mild androgen insensitivity syndrome) (4%), 9 with other non-obstructive azoospermia etiologies (8%), and 79 with undefined causes. The 22 chromosomal anomaly cases (14 KS, 1 mosaic KS, 2 testicular XX, 4 sex chromosome anomalies, and 1 autosomal anomaly) were compared with the 79 undefined cause cases. The KS group had lower average testicular volume, shorter penile length, and lower total testosterone levels but greater height, arm span, serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, and gynecomastia frequency (absent in the undefined group and affecting more than half of the KS group). Patients with testicular XX DSD had LH, FSH, and penile length data intermediate between the KS and undefined cause groups, testicular volume similar to the KS group, and other data similar to the undefined group. CONCLUSION: Clinical and laboratory data differentiate men with non-obstructive azoospermia and chromosomal anomalies, particularly KS and testicular XX, from those with undefined causes or other chromosomal anomalies. BACKGROUND nonobstructive non obstructive OBJECTIVE SETTING crosssectional cross sectional Brazil (Brazil METHODS 2040 20 40 20–4 analysis RESULTS 10 (KS 13%, 13 13% , (13%) ( NRA NR NR5A mutation 4%, 4% (4%) 8%, 8 8% (8%) 7 (1 height span LH (LH FSH (FSH absent . group) groups CONCLUSION 204 20– (13% (4% (8% (13 (4 (8

Abstract Objective Population-level monitoring of body composition requires accurate, biologically-relevant, yet feasible methods for estimating percent body fat (%BF). The aim of this study was to develop and cross-validate an equation for %BF from Body Mass Index (BMI), age, and sex among children with intellectual disability (ID). This study further aimed to examine the performance of an existing BMI-based equation (Deurenberg equation) for %BF in children with ID. Method Participants were 107 children (63 boys; aged 6-15 years) with ID randomly allocated to development (n= 81) and cross-validation (n= 26) samples. Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry provided the criterion %BF. Results The model including BMI, age, and sex (0 = male; 1 = female) had a significant goodness-of-fit in determining %BF (p< 0.001; R2= 0.69; SEE =5.68%). The equation was: %BF = - 15.416 + (1.394 × BMI) + (4.538 × age) - (0.262 × age2) + (5.489 × sex). The equation was cross-validated in the separate sample based on (i) strong correlation (r = 0.82; p< 0.001) and non-significant differences between actual and predicted %BF (28.6 ± 9.6% and 30.1 ± 7.1%, respectively); (ii) mean absolute error (MAE) = 4.4%; and (iii) reasonable %BF estimations in Bland-Altman plot (mean: 1.48%; 95% CI: 12.5, -9.6). The Deurenberg equation had a large %BF underestimation (mean: -7.1%; 95% CI: 5.3, -19.5), significant difference between actual and estimated %BF (28.6 ± 9.7% and 21.5 ± 7.0%, respectively; p< 0.001), and MAE = 8.1%. Conclusions The developed equation with BMI, sex, and age provides valid %BF estimates for facilitating population-level body fat screening among children with ID.

Resumo: O “marxismo cultural” tem sido usado como justificativa para o ataque ao pensamento social crítico em todo o mundo. O ensino superior, como local de produção do conhecimento, não tem ficado de fora deste ataque e vem sendo alvo nos últimos anos no Brasil com maior força desde o início do governo Bolsonaro. Assim, este artigo visa apresentar uma proposta de Revisão Sistemática Crítica sobre a relação entre o ‘marxismo cultural’ e o ensino superior. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática crítica da literatura sobre o tema presente em periódicos marxistas. Optamos pelo método de revisão sistemática, adaptando suas etapas à área do conhecimento científico marxista. Foram identificadas 32 revistas científicas reconhecidamente marxistas. Os “termos livres primários” para elaborar uma estratégia de busca foram ‘ensino superior’, ‘marxismo cultural’ e ‘guerra cultural’ e os “termos livres secundários” usados foram ‘Escola de Frankfurt, ‘bolchevismo’ e ‘conservadorismo’. Como resultado, obtiveram-se 563 publicações. Após a utilização do fluxograma PRISMA, 35 artigos foram incluídos para revisão. A análise dos dados extraídos dos 35 artigos incluídos será realizada por meio da Análise Crítica de Conteúdo e a interpretação será feita pelo método do materialismo histórico dialético. Nesta adaptação foi preciso considerar aos diferentes sistemas internos de busca de cada revista e suas limitações. Uma hipótese é que essas dificuldades possam ser decorrentes do interesse de que o conhecimento marxista esteja fora do debate, e, uma forma de fazer isso, é dificultar sua recuperação na internet. Pensamos que o caminho de busca apresentado neste artigo possa ajudar outros pesquisadores interessados no debate marxista a encontrar periódicos e utilizar uma forma sistemática para facilitar a reprodutibilidade do caminho a ser seguido.

Abstract: “Cultural Marxism” has been used as a justification for the attack on critical social thought around the world. Higher education, as a place of knowledge production, has not been left out of this attack and has been targeted in recent years in Brazil with greater force since the beginning of the Bolsonaro government. Thus, this article aims to present a proposal for a Critical Systematic Review on the relationship between 'cultural Marxism' and higher education. This is a systematic critical review of the literature on the topic present in Marxist journals. We opted for the systematic review method, adapting its steps to the area of Marxist scientific knowledge. Thirty-two recognizably Marxist scientific journals were identified. The "primary free terms" used to create a search strategy were 'higher education', 'cultural Marxism' and 'culture warfare' and the "secondary free terms" used were 'Frankfurt School, 'Bolshevism' and 'conservatism'. As a result, 563 publications were obtained. After using the PRISMA flowchart, 35 articles were included for review. The analysis of the data extracted from the 35 articles included will be carried out through Critical Content Analysis and the interpretation will be made by the method of dialectical historical materialism. In this adaptation, it was necessary to consider the different internal search systems of each journal and their limitations. One hypothesis is that these difficulties may be due to the interest that Marxist knowledge is out of the debate, and one way to do this is to make it difficult to retrieve it on the internet. We think that the search path presented in this article can help other researchers interested in the Marxist debate to find journals and use a systematic way to facilitate the reproducibility of the path to be followed.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Because normal male sexual differentiation is more complex than normal female sexual differentiation, there are more cases of disorders of sex development (DSDs) with 46,XY karyotype that have unclear etiology. However, Leydig and Sertoli cell markers are rarely used in distinguishing such individuals. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the function of Leydig and Sertoli cells in individuals with genital ambiguity, 46,XY karyotype, palpable gonads and normal testosterone secretion. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Case-control study with 77 patients, including eight with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome, eight with 5α-reductase deficiency type 2 (5ARD2) and 19 with idiopathic 46,XY DSD, and 42 healthy controls, from the Interdisciplinary Study Group for Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), at the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil. METHODS: Baseline levels of gonadotropins, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), inhibin B, insulin-like 3 (INSL3), testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in cases, and AMH, inhibin B, and INSL3 levels in controls, were assessed. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in age between cases and controls (P = 0.595). AMH and inhibin B levels were significantly lower in cases than in controls (P = 0.031 and P < 0.001, respectively). INSL3 levels were significantly higher in cases than in controls (P = 0.003). Inhibin B levels were lower in 5ARD2 patients (P = 0.045) and idiopathic patients (P = 0.001), in separate comparisons with the controls. CONCLUSION: According to our findings, we can speculate that inhibin B levels may be used to differentiate among DSD cases.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Knowledge of clinical and laboratory differences between chromosomal and undefined causes aids etiological research on non-obstructive azoospermia. OBJECTIVE: Compare clinical and laboratory differences between men with non-obstructive azoospermia due to chromosomal anomalies versus undefined causes DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional retrospective study conducted at a public university hospital in Campinas (Brazil) METHODS: All men aged 20–40 years with non-obstructive azoospermia were included in the analysis. RESULTS: The 107 cases included 14 with Klinefelter syndrome (KS) (13%), 1 with mosaic KS, 4 with sex development disorders (2 testicular XX, 1 NR5A1 gene mutation, and 1 mild androgen insensitivity syndrome) (4%), 9 with other non-obstructive azoospermia etiologies (8%), and 79 with undefined causes. The 22 chromosomal anomaly cases (14 KS, 1 mosaic KS, 2 testicular XX, 4 sex chromosome anomalies, and 1 autosomal anomaly) were compared with the 79 undefined cause cases. The KS group had lower average testicular volume, shorter penile length, and lower total testosterone levels but greater height, arm span, serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, and gynecomastia frequency (absent in the undefined group and affecting more than half of the KS group). Patients with testicular XX DSD had LH, FSH, and penile length data intermediate between the KS and undefined cause groups, testicular volume similar to the KS group, and other data similar to the undefined group. CONCLUSION: Clinical and laboratory data differentiate men with non-obstructive azoospermia and chromosomal anomalies, particularly KS and testicular XX, from those with undefined causes or other chromosomal anomalies. BACKGROUND nonobstructive non obstructive OBJECTIVE SETTING crosssectional cross sectional Brazil (Brazil METHODS 2040 20 40 20–4 analysis RESULTS 10 (KS 13%, 13 13% , (13%) ( NRA NR NR5A mutation 4%, 4% (4%) 8%, 8 8% (8%) 7 (1 height span LH (LH FSH (FSH absent . group) groups CONCLUSION 204 20– (13% (4% (8% (13 (4 (8

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a massa óssea de pacientes pré-púberes com Síndrome de Turner (ST) de acordo com a idade estatura (IE) e verificar a influência do cariótipo e da adiposidade. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo e analítico de pacientes pré-púberes com ST. As variáveis analisadas foram: cariótipo, idade na realização da densitometria óssea (DO); estatura, índice de massa corporal (IMC) e resultado da DO. Realizou-se a correção do resultado da DO utilizando a IE. O IMC e a DO foram calculados em Z score para idade cronológica (IC) e para IE. Resultados: foram selecionadas 37 pacientes pré-púberes e após critério de exclusão foram incluídas no estudo 13 casos entre 10 e 13 anos de idade. A DO para IE foi significativamente maior que para IC (0,39 ± 1,18 × −1,62 ± 1,32), sem influência do cariótipo (p=0,369) e do IMC (p=0,697). Conclusão: pacientes pré-púberes com ST apresentam DO normal quando corrigida para IE, sem influência do cariótipo e do IMC.

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the bone mass in prepubertal patients with Turner Syndrome (TS) according to height age (HA) and verify the influence of karyotype and adiposity. Methods: retrospective and analytical study of prepubertal TS patients. The variables analyzed were: karyotype, age at bone densitometry (BD), height, body mass index (BMI) and BD result. The result of the BD was corrected using HA. BMI and BD were calculated on Z score for chronological age (CA) and for HA. Results: thirty-seven prepubertal patients were selected and after exclusion criteria, 13 cases between 10 and 13 years old were included in the study. The BD for HA was significantly higher than for CA (0.39 ± 1.18 x −1.62 ± 1.32), without karyotype (p=0.369) and BMI (p=0.697) influence. Conclusion: prepubertal TS patients present normal BD when corrected for HA, without influence of karyotype and BMI.

Resumo O objetivo principal deste artigo é propor um programa de microcrédito para estimular projetos de Desenvolvimento Econômico Local. Esta definição se baseia no papel preponderante do desenvolvimento local em Cuba, que se tornou uma política pública de importância estratégica como complemento do Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social até 2030, bem como eixo central e articulador das agendas públicas. dos governos a nível municipal e provincial. No entanto, são evidentes as limitações financeiras para a concretização das ideias de projetos de desenvolvimento no setor estatal e não estatal, em consequência, entre outros fatores, da oferta limitada de mecanismos de financiamento que incentivem os empresários a concretizar as suas ideias de negócio. Os métodos utilizados na pesquisa foram: histórico-lógico, sistêmico e modelagem para determinar as tendências da gestão de microcréditos com base no desenvolvimento local e embasar o procedimento proposto para a alocação de microcréditos para financiar projetos de desenvolvimento econômico local. O programa de microcrédito proposto representa uma ferramenta de apoio à solução do problema científico proposto nesta pesquisa. O procedimento possui um conjunto de sugestões que facilitarão sua aplicação, que variam de acordo com os critérios dos atores locais.

Abstract The main objective of this article is to propose a microcredit program to stimulate Local Economic Development projects. This definition is based on the preponderant role of local development in Cuba, which has become a public policy of strategic importance as a complement to the National Economic and Social Development Plan until 2030, as well as a central and articulating axis of the public agendas of governments at the municipal and provincial levels. However, there is evidence of financial limitations to implement development project ideas in the state and non-state sector, as a consequence, among other factors, of the limited offers of financial mechanisms that stimulate entrepreneurs to put their business ideas into operation. The methods used in the research were: historical-logical, systemic and modeling to determine the trends in the management of microcredits in terms of local development and to support the proposed procedure for the allocation of microcredits to finance local economic development projects. The proposed microcredit program represents a support tool to solve the scientific problem stated in this research. The procedure has a set of suggestions that will facilitate its application, which are variable according to the criteria of the local actors.

Resumen El presente artículo tiene como objetivo fundamental proponer un programa de microcrédito en función del estímulo a los proyectos de Desarrollo Económico Local. Esta definición parte del papel preponderante con que cuenta el desarrollo local en Cuba, el cual ha pasado a constituir una política pública de importancia estratégica como complemento al Plan Nacional de Desarrollo Económico y Social hasta el año 2030, así como un eje central y articulador de las agendas públicas de los gobiernos a nivel municipal y provincial. Sin embargo, se evidencia limitaciones financieras para poner en marcha las ideas de proyectos de desarrollo en el sector estatal y no estatal, como consecuencia entre otros factores de las limitadas ofertas de mecanismos financieros que estimulen a emprendedores a poner en funcionamiento sus ideas de negocios. Los métodos utilizados en la investigación fueron: histórico-lógico, el sistémico y de modelación para determinar las tendencias de la gestión de microcréditos en función del desarrollo local y fundamentar la propuesta de procedimiento para la asignación de microcréditos para financiar proyectos de desarrollo económico local. El programa de microcréditos propuesto representa una herramienta de apoyo para solucionar el problema científico que se plantea en esta investigación. El procedimiento cuenta con un conjunto de sugerencias que facilitaran su aplicación, los cuales son variables de acuerdo al criterio de los actores locales.

Abstract Objective: To indicate neck circumference (NC) cutoff points to identify excess weight at different stages of somatic maturation and evaluate the association between NC and body mass index (BMI). Methods: Cross-sectional study with 1715 adolescents. BMI was classified according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Somatic maturation was obtained through the peak growth velocity (PGV). To define the cutoff points, curves of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) model were constructed. The agreement between the anthropometric evaluation instruments was analyzed. The association between the variables was verified. Results: Of the girls, 93 were in the pre-PGV stage, 266 in the PGV stage, and 481 in the post-PGV stage. Of the boys, 264 were in the pre-PGV stage, 334 in the PGV stage, and 277 in the post-PGV stage. For the pre-PGV group, the cutoff point was 28 cm for females and 29 cm for males; for the group during PGV, the cutoff points were 30 cm for females and 33 cm for males; in the post-PGV group the cutoff values were 32 cm in females and 35 cm in males. The prevalence of excess weight was higher in the pre-PGV stage in males and in the PGV stage in females. The correlation coefficients were higher in the pre-PGV and PGV stages. Conclusion: The cutoff points for NC found in this study showed good sensitivity and specificity to identify excess weight in Brazilian adolescents and can be used as a reference in epidemiological studies.