Metabolomics analysis of wild type Arabidopsis thaliana plants, under control and drought stress conditions revealed several metabolic pathways that are induced under water deficit. The metabolic response to drought stress is also associated with ABA dependent and independent pathways, allowing a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms in this model plant. Through combining an in silico approach and gene expression analysis by quantitative real-time PCR, the present work aims at identifying genes of soybean metabolic pathways potentially associated with water deficit. Digital expression patterns of Arabidopsis genes, which were selected based on the basis of literature reports, were evaluated under drought stress condition by Genevestigator. Genes that showed strong induction under drought stress were selected and used as bait to identify orthologs in the soybean genome. This allowed us to select 354 genes of putative soybean orthologs of 79 Arabidopsis genes belonging to 38 distinct metabolic pathways. The expression pattern of the selected genes was verified in the subtractive libraries available in the GENOSOJA project. Subsequently, 13 genes from different metabolic pathways were selected for validation by qPCR experiments. The expression of six genes was validated in plants undergoing drought stress in both pot-based and hydroponic cultivation systems. The results suggest that the metabolic response to drought stress is conserved in Arabidopsis and soybean plants.

The study of tolerance mechanisms for drought stress in soybean is fundamental to the understanding and development of tolerant varieties. Using in silico analysis, four marker genes involved in the classical ABA-dependent and ABA-independent pathways of drought response were identified in the Glycine max genome in the present work. The expression profiles of the marker genes ERD1-like, GmaxRD20A-like, GmaxRD22-like and GmaxRD29B-like were investigated by qPCR in root samples of drought sensitive and tolerant soybean cultivars (BR 16 and Embrapa 48, respectively), submitted to water deficit conditions in hydroponic and pot-based systems. Among the four putative soybean homologs to Arabidopsis genes investigated herein, only GmaxRD29B-like was not regulated by water deficit stress. Distinct expression profiles and different induction levels were observed among the genes, as well as between the two drought-inducing systems. Our results showed contrasting gene expression responses for the GmaxRD20A-like and GmaxRD22-like genes. GmaxRD20A-like was highly induced by continuous drought acclimating conditions, whereas GmaxRD22-like responses decreased after abrupt water deprivation. GmaxERD1-like showed a different expression profile for the cultivars in each system. Conversely, GmaxRD20A-like and GmaxRD22-like genes exhibited similar expression levels in tolerant plants in both systems.

OBJETIVO: Os objetivos deste estudo foram o de avaliar a prevalência de Disfunção Têmporo-Mandibular e Dor Orofacial (DTM e DOf) em mulheres vítimas de violência, e o impacto da dor crônica nos fatores psicossociais relacionados, como depressão e somatização, e na qualidade de vida das mulheres. METODOLOGIA: Uma amostra de conveniência de 20 mulheres em situação de violência doméstica que acessam instituições de apoio foram entrevistadas volutariamente. A dor orofacial e fatores psicossociais relacionados foram avaliados pelo RDC/DTM (Critério de Diagnóstico para Pesquisa das Desordens Temporomandibulares) Eixo II, e a história de abuso físico e social pelo S/PAHQ (Questionário sobre História de Abuso Físico e Sexual). RESULTADOS: Oitenta por cento das mulheres vítimas de violência mostraram dor crônica, variando de 1 a 3 em uma escala de quarto ítens (0 to 3), 65% demonstraram depressão severa, e 60 e 70%, somatização severa com ou sem dor, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, 85% relataram dor na face, têmporas e ouvido no ultimo mês com uma padrão recorrente. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados indicaram alta prevalência de DTM e DOf nesta amostra. Há necessidade de qualificação de profissionais de saúde que atendam mulheres agredidas a fim de identificar a presença de DTM e DOf, bem como depressão e somatização.

PURPOSE: To assess the prevalence of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) and Orofacial Pain (OFP) in women victim of domestic violence, and the impact of chronic pain in related psychosocial factors, such as depression and somatization, as well as in the women's quality of life. METHODS: A convenience sample of 20 women in a situation of domestic violence who accessed support institutions were voluntarily interviewed. OFP and related psychosocial factors were assessed by using the RDC/TMD (Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD) Axis II, and the history of physical and sexual abuse by the S/PAHQ (Sexual and Physical Abuse History Questionnaire). RESULTS: Eighty percent of women victim of violence showed chronic pain, varying from 1 to 3 on a four-point scale (0 to 3), 65% showed severe depression, and 60-70% reported evere somatization with or without pain, respectively. In addition, 85% reported pain in the face, temples and ear in the last month with a recurrent pattern. CONCLUSION: Data indicated high prevalence of TMD and OFP in this sample. There is a need for qualification of health professionals dealing with abused women in order to identify the presence of TMD and OFP as well as depression and somatization.

A fim de determinar se existem diferenças neuropsicológicas entre os grupos, o Teste de Aprendizado Verbal da Califórnia (CVLT) e o Teste do Trigrama de Consoantes de Brown-Peterson (CCC) foram usados. A depressão foi avaliada pelo Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI). Os testes neuropsicológicos usados não mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os três grupos estudados, o que pode ser devido à baixa proporção de pacientes com educação pós-secundária (25%). Entretanto, o grupo experimental (Grupos I e II) mostrou índices de depressão mais elevados (p<0,05) que o Grupo III. Adicionalmente, o Grupo II mostrou maiores índices de depressão (p<0,01) que o Grupo I, e não foi encontrada diferença estatística entre os Grupos I e III. Em conjunto, estes resultados sugerem que testes de memória são altamente dependentes do nível educacional e que não podem ser utilizados em larga escala. Do mesmo modo, a depressão desempenha um papel importante não só na etiologia, como também na perpetuação da DTM.

A cross-sectional retrospective study was undertaken, with the primary objective of discovering if there were any neuropsychological differences among and within groups. The California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) and the Brown-Peterson Consonant Trigram Auditory Memory Test (CCC) were used. Depression was assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI - Portuguese Version).The neuropsychological tests used did not present any statistically significant differences among the three groups studied, which might be due to the low proportion of patients with post high school education (20%). However, the experimental group (Groups I plus II) showed higher scores on depression (p<0.05) than Group III. In addition, Group II showed higher levels of depression (p<0.01) than Group I, and no statistical differences were found between Group I and III. Taken together, these results suggest that memory tests are highly dependent on the education levels of the participants and cannot be widely used. Additionally, depression plays a role not only in the etiology, but also in the perpetuation of TMD.

A fim de determinar se existem diferenças neuropsicológicas entre os grupos, o Teste de Aprendizado Verbal da Califórnia (CVLT) e o Teste do Trigrama de Consoantes de Brown-Peterson (CCC) foram usados. A depressão foi avaliada pelo Inventário de Depressão de Beck (BDI). Os testes neuropsicológicos usados não mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os três grupos estudados, o que pode ser devido à baixa proporção de pacientes com educação pós-secundária (25%). Entretanto, o grupo experimental (Grupos I e II) mostrou índices de depressão mais elevados (p<0,05) que o Grupo III. Adicionalmente, o Grupo II mostrou maiores índices de depressão (p<0,01) que o Grupo I, e não foi encontrada diferença estatística entre os Grupos I e III. Em conjunto, estes resultados sugerem que testes de memória são altamente dependentes do nível educacional e que não podem ser utilizados em larga escala. Do mesmo modo, a depressão desempenha um papel importante não só na etiologia, como também na perpetuação da DTM.

A cross-sectional retrospective study was undertaken, with the primary objective of discovering if there were any neuropsychological differences among and within groups. The California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) and the Brown-Peterson Consonant Trigram Auditory Memory Test (CCC) were used. Depression was assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI - Portuguese Version).The neuropsychological tests used did not present any statistically significant differences among the three groups studied, which might be due to the low proportion of patients with post high school education (20%). However, the experimental group (Groups I plus II) showed higher scores on depression (p<0.05) than Group III. In addition, Group II showed higher levels of depression (p<0.01) than Group I, and no statistical differences were found between Group I and III. Taken together, these results suggest that memory tests are highly dependent on the education levels of the participants and cannot be widely used. Additionally, depression plays a role not only in the etiology, but also in the perpetuation of TMD.