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1.
The effect of a parental mHealth resource on language outcomes in 4- to 5-year-old children
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le Roux, Elizabeth W.
; Eccles, Renata
; Abdoola, Shabnam
; Graham, Marien
; van der Linde, Jeannie
.
BACKGROUND: The use of mobile health (mHealth) technology is rapidly expanding in healthcare worldwide. mHealth tools may provide parents with access to resources essential for promoting language development. AIM: The current study aimed to determine how an mHealth parental resource influenced 42 preschool children's (4.0-5.11 months old) language abilities after a 17-week intervention period. SETTING: Participants were identified from six early childhood development (ECD) centres from a low-income community in Tshwane, South Africa. METHOD: A randomised controlled trial (RCT), pre-test post-test research design was employed to determine whether an mHealth parental resource influenced 42 preschool children's (4.0-5.11 months old) language abilities after a 17-week intervention period. Data were collected using the language subtests of a South African standardised protocol, the Emergent Literacy and Language Assessment Protocol (ELLA). RESULTS: The parental mHealth application targeting language stimulation did not significantly improve the experimental group's language outcomes when compared with the control group because most of the parents (n = 27) used the application for less than 20% of the active days. CONCLUSION: Providing parents with more support with mobile resources may lead to improved usage of the application.
https://doi.org/10.4102/sajce.v12i1.1026
33 downloads
2.
Excessive red tape is strangling biodiversity research in South Africa
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Alexander, Graham J.
; Tollev, Krystal A.
; Maritz, Bryan
; McKechnie, Andrew
; Manger, Paul
; Thomson, Robert L.
; Schradin, Carsten
; Fuller, Andrea
; Meyer, Leith
; Hetem, Robyn S.
; Cherry, Michael
; Conradie, Werner
; Bauer, Aaron M.
; Maphisa, David
; O'Riain, Justin
; Parker, Daniel M.
; Mlambo, Musa C.
; Bronner, Gary
; Madikiza, Kim
; Engelbrecht, Adriaan
; Lee, Alan T.K.
; van Vuuren, Bettine Jansen
; Mandiwana-Neudani, Tshifhiwa G.
; Pietersen, Darren
; Venter, Jan A.
; Somers, Michael J.
; Slotow, Rob
; Maartin Strauss, W.
; Humphries, Marc S.
; Ryan, Peter G.
; Kerley, Graham I.H.
.
https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2021/10787
22 downloads
3.
The implications of the reclassification of South African wildlife species as farm animals
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Somers, Michael J.
; Walters, Michele
; Measey, John
; Strauss, W. Maartin
; Turner, Andrew A.
; Venter, Jan A.
; Nel, Lizanne
; Kerley, Graham I.H.
; Taylor, W. Andrew
; Moodley, Yoshan
.
https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2020/7724
327 downloads
4.
The Life and Work of the anti-apartheid movement within the Church of Scotland from 1975 to 1985
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This article analyses the impact of the Church of Scotland (CoS) magazine Life and Work on the Dutch Reformed Church and other individuals and bodies during the period 1975-1985. It does this through investigating the editor's approach to South African affairs and the nature of contributions that he published. Significantly different views were expressed by those who had lengthy exposure to the South African context as missionaries of the CoS and 'tourists' (holiday makers, relatives of residents in South Africa and church visitors). As the period progressed, changing attitudes are discerned that came more and more into line with the anti-apartheid stance of the General Assembly expressed through its boards and committees.
https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v74i1.4864
130 downloads
5.
Task-shifting point-of-care CD4+ testing to lay health workers in HIV care and treatment services in Namibia
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Kaindjee-Tjituka, Francina
; Sawadogo, Souleymane
; Mutandi, Graham
; Maher, Andrew D.
; Salomo, Natanael
; Mbapaha, Claudia
; Neo, Marytha
; Beukes, Anita
; Gweshe, Justice
; Muadinohamba, Alexinah
; Lowrance, David W.
.
INTRODUCTION: Access to CD4+ testing remains a common barrier to early initiation of antiretroviral therapy among persons living with HIV/AIDS in low- and middle-income countries. The feasibility of task-shifting of point-of-care (POC) CD4+ testing to lay health workers in Namibia has not been evaluated METHODS: From July to August 2011, Pima CD4+ analysers were used to improve access to CD4+ testing at 10 selected public health facilities in Namibia. POC Pima CD4+ testing was performed by nurses or lay health workers. Venous blood samples were collected from 10% of patients and sent to centralised laboratories for CD4+ testing with standard methods. Outcomes for POC Pima CD4+ testing and patient receipt of results were compared between nurses and lay health workers and between the POC method and standard laboratory CD4+ testing methods RESULTS: Overall, 1429 patients received a Pima CD4+ test; 500 (35.0%) tests were performed by nurses and 929 (65.0%) were performed by lay health workers. When Pima CD4+ testing was performed by a nurse or a lay health worker, 93.2% and 95.2% of results were valid (p = 0.1); 95.6% and 98.1% of results were received by the patient (p = 0.007); 96.2% and 94.0% of results were received by the patient on the same day (p = 0.08). Overall, 97.2% of Pima CD4+ results were received by patients, compared to 55.4% of standard laboratory CD4+ results (p < 0.001 CONCLUSIONS: POC CD4+ testing was feasible and effective when task-shifted to lay health workers. Rollout of POC CD4+ testing via task-shifting can improve access to CD4+ testing and retention in care between HIV diagnosis and antiretroviral therapy initiation in low- and middle-income countries
https://doi.org/10.4102/ajlm.v6i1.643
160 downloads
6.
Task-shifting point-of-care CD4+ testing to lay health workers in HIV care and treatment services in Namibia
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Kaindjee-Tjituka, Francina
; Sawadogo, Souleymane
; Mutandi, Graham
; Maher, Andrew D.
; Salomo, Natanael
; Mbapaha, Claudia
; Neo, Marytha
; Beukes, Anita
; Gweshe, Justice
; Muadinohamba, Alexinah
; Lowrance, David W.
.
INTRODUCTION: Access to CD4+ testing remains a common barrier to early initiation of antiretroviral therapy among persons living with HIV/AIDS in low- and middle-income countries. The feasibility of task-shifting of point-of-care (POC) CD4+ testing to lay health workers in Namibia has not been evaluated METHODS: From July to August 2011, Pima CD4+ analysers were used to improve access to CD4+ testing at 10 selected public health facilities in Namibia. POC Pima CD4+ testing was performed by nurses or lay health workers. Venous blood samples were collected from 10% of patients and sent to centralised laboratories for CD4+ testing with standard methods. Outcomes for POC Pima CD4+ testing and patient receipt of results were compared between nurses and lay health workers and between the POC method and standard laboratory CD4+ testing methods RESULTS: Overall, 1429 patients received a Pima CD4+ test; 500 (35.0%) tests were performed by nurses and 929 (65.0%) were performed by lay health workers. When Pima CD4+ testing was performed by a nurse or a lay health worker, 93.2% and 95.2% of results were valid (p = 0.1); 95.6% and 98.1% of results were received by the patient (p = 0.007); 96.2% and 94.0% of results were received by the patient on the same day (p = 0.08). Overall, 97.2% of Pima CD4+ results were received by patients, compared to 55.4% of standard laboratory CD4+ results (p < 0.001 CONCLUSIONS: POC CD4+ testing was feasible and effective when task-shifted to lay health workers. Rollout of POC CD4+ testing via task-shifting can improve access to CD4+ testing and retention in care between HIV diagnosis and antiretroviral therapy initiation in low- and middle-income countries
https://doi.org/10.4102/ajlm.v6i1.643
311 downloads
7.
Growing knowledge: an overview of Seed Plant diversity in Brazil
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Zappi, Daniela C.
; Filardi, Fabiana L. Ranzato
; Leitman, Paula
; Souza, Vinícius C.
; Walter, Bruno M.T.
; Pirani, José R.
; Morim, Marli P.
; Queiroz, Luciano P.
; Cavalcanti, Taciana B.
; Mansano, Vidal F.
; Forzza, Rafaela C.
; Abreu, Maria C.
; Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro
; Agra, Maria F.
; Almeida Jr., Eduardo B.
; Almeida, Gracineide S.S.
; Almeida, Rafael F.
; Alves, Flávio M.
; Alves, Marccus
; Alves-Araujo, Anderson
; Amaral, Maria C.E.
; Amorim, André M.
; Amorim, Bruno
; Andrade, Ivanilza M.
; Andreata, Regina H.P.
; Andrino, Caroline O.
; Anunciação, Elisete A.
; Aona, Lidyanne Y.S.
; Aranguren, Yani
; Aranha Filho, João L.M.
; Araújo, Andrea O.
; Araújo, Ariclenes A.M.
; Araújo, Diogo
; Arbo, María M.
; Assis, Leandro
; Assis, Marta C.
; Assunção, Vivian A.
; Athiê-Souza, Sarah M.
; Azevedo, Cecilia O.
; Baitello, João B.
; Barberena, Felipe F.V.A.
; Barbosa, Maria R.V.
; Barros, Fábio
; Barros, Lucas A.V.
; Barros, Michel J.F.
; Baumgratz, José F.A.
; Bernacci, Luis C.
; Berry, Paul E.
; Bigio, Narcísio C.
; Biral, Leonardo
; Bittrich, Volker
; Borges, Rafael A.X.
; Bortoluzzi, Roseli L.C.
; Bove, Cláudia P.
; Bovini, Massimo G.
; Braga, João M.A.
; Braz, Denise M.
; Bringel Jr., João B.A.
; Bruniera, Carla P.
; Buturi, Camila V.
; Cabral, Elza
; Cabral, Fernanda N.
; Caddah, Mayara K.
; Caires, Claudenir S.
; Calazans, Luana S.B.
; Calió, Maria F.
; Camargo, Rodrigo A.
; Campbell, Lisa
; Canto-Dorow, Thais S.
; Carauta, Jorge P.P.
; Cardiel, José M.
; Cardoso, Domingos B.O.S.
; Cardoso, Leandro J.T.
; Carneiro, Camila R.
; Carneiro, Cláudia E.
; Carneiro-Torres, Daniela S.
; Carrijo, Tatiana T.
; Caruzo, Maria B.R.
; Carvalho, Maria L.S.
; Carvalho-Silva, Micheline
; Castello, Ana C.D.
; Cavalheiro, Larissa
; Cervi, Armando C.
; Chacon, Roberta G.
; Chautems, Alain
; Chiavegatto, Berenice
; Chukr, Nádia S.
; Coelho, Alexa A.O.P.
; Coelho, Marcus A.N.
; Coelho, Rubens L.G.
; Cordeiro, Inês
; Cordula, Elizabeth
; Cornejo, Xavier
; Côrtes, Ana L.A.
; Costa, Andrea F.
; Costa, Fabiane N.
; Costa, Jorge A.S.
; Costa, Leila C.
; Costa-e-Silva, Maria B.
; Costa-Lima, James L.
; Cota, Maria R.C.
; Couto, Ricardo S.
; Daly, Douglas C.
; De Stefano, Rodrigo D.
; De Toni, Karen
; Dematteis, Massimiliano
; Dettke, Greta A.
; Di Maio, Fernando R.
; Dórea, Marcos C.
; Duarte, Marília C.
; Dutilh, Julie H.A.
; Dutra, Valquíria F.
; Echternacht, Lívia
; Eggers, Lilian
; Esteves, Gerleni
; Ezcurra, Cecilia
; Falcão Junior, Marcus J.A.
; Feres, Fabíola
; Fernandes, José M.
; Ferreira, D.M.C.
; Ferreira, Fabrício M.
; Ferreira, Gabriel E.
; Ferreira, Priscila P.A.
; Ferreira, Silvana C.
; Ferrucci, Maria S.
; Fiaschi, Pedro
; Filgueiras, Tarciso S.
; Firens, Marcela
; Flores, Andreia S.
; Forero, Enrique
; Forster, Wellington
; Fortuna-Perez, Ana P.
; Fortunato, Reneé H.
; Fraga, Cléudio N.
; França, Flávio
; Francener, Augusto
; Freitas, Joelcio
; Freitas, Maria F.
; Fritsch, Peter W.
; Furtado, Samyra G.
; Gaglioti, André L.
; Garcia, Flávia C.P.
; Germano Filho, Pedro
; Giacomin, Leandro
; Gil, André S.B.
; Giulietti, Ana M.
; A.P.Godoy, Silvana
; Goldenberg, Renato
; Gomes da Costa, Géssica A.
; Gomes, Mário
; Gomes-Klein, Vera L.
; Gonçalves, Eduardo Gomes
; Graham, Shirley
; Groppo, Milton
; Guedes, Juliana S.
; Guimarães, Leonardo R.S.
; Guimarães, Paulo J.F.
; Guimarães, Elsie F.
; Gutierrez, Raul
; Harley, Raymond
; Hassemer, Gustavo
; Hattori, Eric K.O.
; Hefler, Sonia M.
; Heiden, Gustavo
; Henderson, Andrew
; Hensold, Nancy
; Hiepko, Paul
; Holanda, Ana S.S.
; Iganci, João R.V.
; Imig, Daniela C.
; Indriunas, Alexandre
; Jacques, Eliane L.
; Jardim, Jomar G.
; Kamer, Hiltje M.
; Kameyama, Cíntia
; Kinoshita, Luiza S.
; Kirizawa, Mizué
; Klitgaard, Bente B.
; Koch, Ingrid
; Koschnitzke, Cristiana
; Krauss, Nathália P.
; Kriebel, Ricardo
; Kuntz, Juliana
; Larocca, João
; Leal, Eduardo S.
; Lewis, Gwilym P.
; Lima, Carla T.
; Lima, Haroldo C.
; Lima, Itamar B.
; Lima, Laíce F.G.
; Lima, Laura C.P.
; Lima, Leticia R.
; Lima, Luís F.P.
; Lima, Rita B.
; Lírio, Elton J.
; Liro, Renata M.
; Lleras, Eduardo
; Lobão, Adriana
; Loeuille, Benoit
; Lohmann, Lúcia G.
; Loiola, Maria I.B.
; Lombardi, Julio A.
; Longhi-Wagner, Hilda M.
; Lopes, Rosana C.
; Lorencini, Tiago S.
; Louzada, Rafael B.
; Lovo, Juliana
; Lozano, Eduardo D.
; Lucas, Eve
; Ludtke, Raquel
; Luz, Christian L.
; Maas, Paul
; Machado, Anderson F.P.
; Macias, Leila
; Maciel, Jefferson R.
; Magenta, Mara A.G.
; Mamede, Maria C.H.
; Manoel, Evelin A.
; Marchioretto, Maria S.
; Marques, Juliana S.
; Marquete, Nilda
; Marquete, Ronaldo
; Martinelli, Gustavo
; Martins da Silva, Regina C.V.
; Martins, Ângela B.
; Martins, Erika R.
; Martins, Márcio L.L.
; Martins, Milena V.
; Martins, Renata C.
; Matias, Ligia Q.
; Maya-L., Carlos A.
; Mayo, Simon
; Mazine, Fiorella
; Medeiros, Debora
; Medeiros, Erika S.
; Medeiros, Herison
; Medeiros, João D.
; Meireles, José E.
; Mello-Silva, Renato
; Melo, Aline
; Melo, André L.
; Melo, Efigênia
; Melo, José I.M.
; Menezes, Cristine G.
; Menini Neto, Luiz
; Mentz, Lilian A.
; Mezzonato, A.C.
; Michelangeli, Fabián A.
; Milward-de-Azevedo, Michaele A.
; Miotto, Silvia T.S.
; Miranda, Vitor F.O.
; Mondin, Cláudio A.
; Monge, Marcelo
; Monteiro, Daniele
; Monteiro, Raquel F.
; Moraes, Marta D.
; Moraes, Pedro L.R.
; Mori, Scott A.
; Mota, Aline C.
; Mota, Nara F.O.
; Moura, Tania M.
; Mulgura, Maria
; Nakajima, Jimi N.
; Nardy, Camila
; Nascimento Júnior, José E.
; Noblick, Larry
; Nunes, Teonildes S.
; O'Leary, Nataly
; Oliveira, Arline S.
; Oliveira, Caetano T.
; Oliveira, Juliana A.
; Oliveira, Luciana S.D.
; Oliveira, Maria L.A.A.
; Oliveira, Regina C.
; Oliveira, Renata S.
; Oliveira, Reyjane P.
; Paixão-Souza, Bruno
; Parra, Lara R.
; Pasini, Eduardo
; Pastore, José F.B.
; Pastore, Mayara
; Paula-Souza, Juliana
; Pederneiras, Leandro C.
; Peixoto, Ariane L.
; Pelissari, Gisela
; Pellegrini, Marco O.O.
; Pennington, Toby
; Perdiz, Ricardo O.
; Pereira, Anna C.M.
; Pereira, Maria S.
; Pereira, Rodrigo A.S.
; Pessoa, Clenia
; Pessoa, Edlley M.
; Pessoa, Maria C.R.
; Pinto, Luiz J.S.
; Pinto, Rafael B.
; Pontes, Tiago A.
; Prance, Ghillean T.
; Proença, Carolyn
; Profice, Sheila R.
; Pscheidt, Allan C.
; Queiroz, George A.
; Queiroz, Rubens T.
; Quinet, Alexandre
; Rainer, Heimo
; Ramos, Eliana
; Rando, Juliana G.
; Rapini, Alessandro
; Reginato, Marcelo
; Reis, Ilka P.
; Reis, Priscila A.
; Ribeiro, André R.O.
; Ribeiro, José E.L.S.
; Riina, Ricarda
; Ritter, Mara R.
; Rivadavia, Fernando
; Rocha, Antônio E.S.
; Rocha, Maria J.R.
; Rodrigues, Izabella M.C.
; Rodrigues, Karina F.
; Rodrigues, Rodrigo S.
; Rodrigues, Rodrigo S.
; Rodrigues, Vinícius T.
; Rodrigues, William
; Romaniuc Neto, Sérgio
; Romão, Gerson O.
; Romero, Rosana
; Roque, Nádia
; Rosa, Patrícia
; Rossi, Lúcia
; Sá, Cyl F.C.
; Saavedra, Mariana M.
; Saka, Mariana
; Sakuragui, Cássia M.
; Salas, Roberto M.
; Sales, Margareth F.
; Salimena, Fatima R.G.
; Sampaio, Daniela
; Sancho, Gisela
; Sano, Paulo T.
; Santos, Alessandra
; Santos, Élide P.
; Santos, Juliana S.
; Santos, Marianna R.
; Santos-Gonçalves, Ana P.
; Santos-Silva, Fernanda
; São-Mateus, Wallace
; Saraiva, Deisy P.
; Saridakis, Dennis P.
; Sartori, Ângela L.B.
; Scalon, Viviane R.
; Schneider, Ângelo
; Sebastiani, Renata
; Secco, Ricardo S.
; Senna, Luisa
; Senna-Valle, Luci
; Shirasuna, Regina T.
; Silva Filho, Pedro J.S.
; Silva, Anádria S.
; Silva, Christian
; Silva, Genilson A.R.
; Silva, Gisele O.
; Silva, Márcia C.R.
; Silva, Marcos J.
; Silva, Marcos J.
; Silva, Otávio L.M.
; Silva, Rafaela A.P.
; Silva, Saura R.
; Silva, Tania R.S.
; Silva-Gonçalves, Kelly C.
; Silva-Luz, Cíntia L.
; Simão-Bianchini, Rosângela
; Simões, André O.
; Simpson, Beryl
; Siniscalchi, Carolina M.
; Siqueira Filho, José A.
; Siqueira, Carlos E.
; Siqueira, Josafá C.
; Smith, Nathan P.
; Snak, Cristiane
; Soares Neto, Raimundo L.
; Soares, Kelen P.
; Soares, Marcos V.B.
; Soares, Maria L.
; Soares, Polyana N.
; Sobral, Marcos
; Sodré, Rodolfo C.
; Somner, Genise V.
; Sothers, Cynthia A.
; Sousa, Danilo J.L.
; Souza, Elnatan B.
; Souza, Élvia R.
; Souza, Marcelo
; Souza, Maria L.D.R.
; Souza-Buturi, Fátima O.
; Spina, Andréa P.
; Stapf, María N.S.
; Stefano, Marina V.
; Stehmann, João R.
; Steinmann, Victor
; Takeuchi, Cátia
; Taylor, Charlotte M.
; Taylor, Nigel P.
; Teles, Aristônio M.
; Temponi, Lívia G.
; Terra-Araujo, Mário H.
; Thode, Veronica
; Thomas, W.Wayt
; Tissot-Squalli, Mara L.
; Torke, Benjamin M.
; Torres, Roseli B.
; Tozzi, Ana M.G.A.
; Trad, Rafaela J.
; Trevisan, Rafael
; Trovó, Marcelo
; Valls, José F.M.
; Vaz, Angela M.S.F.
; Versieux, Leonardo
; Viana, Pedro L.
; Vianna Filho, Marcelo D.M.
; Vieira, Ana O.S.
; Vieira, Diego D.
; Vignoli-Silva, Márcia
; Vilar, Thaisa
; Vinhos, Franklin
; Wallnöfer, Bruno
; Wanderley, Maria G.L.
; Wasshausen, Dieter
; Watanabe, Maurício T.C.
; Weigend, Maximilian
; Welker, Cassiano A.D.
; Woodgyer, Elizabeth
; Xifreda, Cecilia C.
; Yamamoto, Kikyo
; Zanin, Ana
; Zenni, Rafael D.
; Zickel, Carmem S
.
Resumo Um levantamento atualizado das plantas com sementes e análises relevantes acerca desta biodiversidade são apresentados. Este trabalho se iniciou em 2010 com a publicação do Catálogo de Plantas e Fungos e, desde então vem sendo atualizado por mais de 430 especialistas trabalhando online. O Brasil abriga atualmente 32.086 espécies nativas de Angiospermas e 23 espécies nativas de Gimnospermas e estes novos dados mostram um aumento de 3% da riqueza em relação a 2010. A Amazônia é o Domínio Fitogeográfico com o maior número de espécies de Gimnospermas, enquanto que a Floresta Atlântica possui a maior riqueza de Angiospermas. Houve um crescimento considerável no número de espécies e nas taxas de endemismo para a maioria dos Domínios (Caatinga, Cerrado, Floresta Atlântica, Pampa e Pantanal), com exceção da Amazônia que apresentou uma diminuição de 2,5% de endemicidade. Entretanto, a maior parte das plantas com sementes que ocorrem no Brasil (57,4%) é endêmica deste território. A proporção de formas de vida varia de acordo com os diferentes Domínios: árvores são mais expressivas na Amazônia e Floresta Atlântica do que nos outros biomas, ervas são dominantes no Pampa e as lianas apresentam riqueza expressiva na Amazônia, Floresta Atlântica e Pantanal. Este trabalho não só quantifica a biodiversidade brasileira, mas também indica as lacunas de conhecimento e o desafio a ser enfrentado para a conservação desta flora.
Abstract An updated inventory of Brazilian seed plants is presented and offers important insights into the country's biodiversity. This work started in 2010, with the publication of the Plants and Fungi Catalogue, and has been updated since by more than 430 specialists working online. Brazil is home to 32,086 native Angiosperms and 23 native Gymnosperms, showing an increase of 3% in its species richness in relation to 2010. The Amazon Rainforest is the richest Brazilian biome for Gymnosperms, while the Atlantic Rainforest is the richest one for Angiosperms. There was a considerable increment in the number of species and endemism rates for biomes, except for the Amazon that showed a decrease of 2.5% of recorded endemics. However, well over half of Brazillian seed plant species (57.4%) is endemic to this territory. The proportion of life-forms varies among different biomes: trees are more expressive in the Amazon and Atlantic Rainforest biomes while herbs predominate in the Pampa, and lianas are more expressive in the Amazon, Atlantic Rainforest, and Pantanal. This compilation serves not only to quantify Brazilian biodiversity, but also to highlight areas where there information is lacking and to provide a framework for the challenge faced in conserving Brazil's unique and diverse flora.
https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201566411
33340 downloads
8.
Leaf area estimation of medium size plants using optical metrology
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Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental
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A estimativa da área foliar total (AFT) é uma importante característica das culturas cuja avaliação é um desafio visto que métodos diretos de obtê-la são destrutivos e consome tempo. Métodos não destrutivos têm sido explorados com vista a se obter a AFT por meio de abordagens indiretas e, por sua vez, a criação de outros recursos, como o índice de área foliar. O desenvolvimento de tecnologia não destrutiva para acessar a AFT de uma planta tem sido objeto de muitas pesquisas e a metrologia óptica é uma abordagem promissora. Neste trabalho alguns métodos indiretos associados com as abordagens ópticas foram avaliados como alternativa para obtenção da AFT do cafeeiro. Equipamentos comerciais foram usados, como uma câmera com lente olho de peixe e medidas de lux, associadas às dimensões das copas, testados e comparados com outros métodos não destrutivos e com métodos propostos na literatura. A associação entre produção e a AFT estimada também foi avaliada. Os resultados mostraram que os equipamentos comerciais, geralmente utilizados em silvicultura, não se coadunam como as melhores aproximações para cafeeiros enquanto métodos relacionados às dimensões e valores de lux das plantas foram as melhores alternativas para estimar a AFT do cafeeiro.
The total leaf area (TLA) estimation is an important feature of the crops and their assessment a challenge, since the direct methods of obtaining it are destructive and time consuming. Non-destructive methods have been explored to obtain the TLA by indirect approaches, in turn creating other features, as the leaf area index. The development of non-destructive technology to access the TLA of a plant has been the subject of much research, and the optical metrology is an promising approach. In this work, some indirect methods associated with optical approaches were evaluated as an alternative to obtain the TLA of the coffee plant. Commercial equipment were used, such as a camera with a fish eye lens and lux meters, associated to the sizes of the canopies were tested and compared to another non-destructive method and with methods proposed in the literature. The association between production and the TLA estimated was also evaluated. The results showed that the commercial equipment, generally used in forestry, was not the best approach in coffee plants, and that the methods related to the size and lux values of the plants were the best alternatives to estimate the TLA of the coffee plant.
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9.
Estimation of total leaf area in perennial plants using image analysis
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Marcon, Marlon
; Mariano, Kleber
; Braga, Roberto A.
; Paglis, Carlos M.
; Scalco, Myriane S.
; Horgan, Graham W.
.
Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental
- Journal Metrics
A área foliar é um atributo biológico relevante para a produtividade de culturas comerciais. Os métodos diretos de estimação da área foliar causam dano às plantas, enquanto os indiretos, como aqueles baseados na medição da quantidade de luz no interior da planta, exigem ajustes e protocolos de medição específicos para cada tipo de cultura. O cafeeiro é uma das mais importantes plantas perenes relacionadas ao comércio de produtos agrícolas em escala mundial, o que demanda habilidade de estimar sua produtividade, tal como ocorre para as outras culturas perenes. Este trabalho visa construir um modelo que contenha um método indireto de estimativa de área foliar em cafeeiros por meio da análise de imagens. Dois modelos foram analisados, sendo que em um foram usadas a altura e a largura dos dosséis e, no outro, se baseou na área projetada do dossel. Os resultados foram comparados com o método direto, através do qual se retiraram todas as folhas dos cafeeiros o que permitiu observar valores de R2 ajustado de 0,82 para o modelo em que se usaram a altura e a largura dos dosséis, e de 0,91 para o modelo da área projetada. A robustez do método da altura e largura foi testada usando-se dados de literatura relativos a outra cultivar oferecendo valores de R2 de 0,54, considerando-se um ponto fora da curva, e de 0,91 sem se considerar este ponto.
One feature of most horticultural crop plants that is biologically relevant to their yield and productivity is total leaf area. However, direct methods of estimation of the leaf area cause damage to the plants, whereas indirect methods such as based on light measurement, demand accuracy in the setup of the measurement procedure, which is specific to each crop. Coffee is one of the most important perennial plants related to worldwide trade, and this demands some ability to estimate the productivity of the crop, as well as all the perennial plants involved in production of agricultural products. This study aims to build a model based on indirect measures to estimate the leaf area in coffee plants using image analysis. Two models were evaluated, one based on the height and width of the canopies, and other based on the area of the digital image of a tree. The results of the models have been compared with the real area of the leaves using the destructive approach with measurement of area of all the leaves using a digital scanner. Comparisons between the models and the real values indicated values of adjusted R2 of about 0.82 with a model using the height and the width values, and about 0.91 in the second model which used the area projection. The robustness of the model using the height and the width values were tested using data presented in the literature to other cultivars and achieved R2 = 0.54 with an outlier point and 0.91 without it.
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10.
Questões atuais relativas à dosagem e à descrição da excreção urinária de albumina
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Miller, W. Greg
; Bruns, David E.
; Hortin, Glen L.
; Sandberg, Sverre
; Aakre, Kristin M.
; McQueen, Matthew J.
; Itoh, Yoshihisa
; Lieske, John C.
; Seccombe, David W.
; Jones, Graham
; Bunk, David M.
; Curhan, Gary C.
; Narva, Andrew S.
.
Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial
- Journal Metrics
ANTECEDENTES: A excreção urinária de albumina indica lesão nos rins e é reconhecida como fator de risco para a progressão das doenças renal e cardiovascular. A dosagem da albumina urinária chama a atenção sobre a necessidade clínica de relatos de resultados precisos e claramente descritos. O National Kidney Disease Education Program e a Federação Internacional de Química Clínica e Medicina Laboratorial (IFCC) reuniram-se para avaliar o estado atual das questões pré-analíticas, analíticas e pós-analíticas que afetam as dosagens da albumina na urina e para identificar as áreas que necessitam de melhorias. CONTEÚDO: A química da albumina na urina não é completamente compreendida. Diretrizes atuais recomendam a utilização da relação albumina/creatinina (RAC) como substituta para a coleta de amostras cronometradas de urina, frequentemente inadequadas. Os resultados da RAC são afetados pela preparação do paciente, pela hora do dia da coleta das amostras e não é padronizada. Foram relatadas consideráveis diferenças intermétodos para a dosagem tanto de albumina quanto de creatinina, mas a verdade é desconhecida, porque não existem procedimentos de referência para a dosagem de albumina e não há materiais de referência para qualquer um desses analitos na urina. Os intervalos de referência recomendados para a RAC não consideram as grandes diferenças intergrupos na excreção da creatinina (por exemplo, relacionadas com diferenças em idade, sexo e etnia), nem o aumento contínuo no risco relacionado com a excreção de albumina. DISCUSSÃO: Necessidades clínicas foram identificadas para a padronização de (a) métodos de coleta da urina, (b) dosagens de albumina e de creatinina na urina com base em um sistema de referência completo, (c) relatórios dos resultados dos testes e (d) intervalos de referência para a RAC.
BACKGROUND: Urinary excretion of albumin indicates kidney damage and is recognized as a risk factor for progression of kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. The role of urinary albumin measurements has focused attention on the clinical need for accurate and clearly reported results. The National Kidney Disease Education Program and the IFCC convened a conference to assess the current state of preanalytical, analytical, and postanalytical issues affecting urine albumin measurements and to identify areas needing improvement. CONTENT: The chemistry of albumin in urine is incompletely understood. Current guidelines recommend the use of the albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) as a surrogate for the error-prone collection of timed urine samples. Although ACR results are affected by patient preparation and time of day of sample collection, neither is standardized. Considerable intermethod differences have been reported for both albumin and creatinine measurement, but trueness is unknown because there are no reference measurement procedures for albumin and no reference materials for either analyte in urine. The recommended reference intervals for the ACR do not take into account the large intergroup differences in creatinine excretion (e.g., related to differences in age, sex, and ethnicity) nor the continuous increase in risk related to albumin excretion. DISCUSSION: Clinical needs have been identified for standardization of (a) urine collection methods, (b) urine albumin and creatinine measurements based on a complete reference system, (c) reporting of test results, and (d) reference intervals for the ACR.
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11.
Criteria for clinical audit of the quality of hospital-based obstetric care in developing countries
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Improving the quality of obstetric care is an urgent priority in developing countries, where maternal mortality remains high. The feasibility of criterion-based clinical audit of the assessment and management of five major obstetric complications is being studied in Ghana and Jamaica. In order to establish case definitions and clinical audit criteria, a systematic review of the literature was followed by three expert panel meetings. A modified nominal group technique was used to develop consensus among experts on a final set of case definitions and criteria. Five main obstetric complications were selected and definitions were agreed. The literature review led to the identification of 67 criteria, and the panel meetings resulted in the modification and approval of 37 of these for the next stage of audit. Criterion-based audit, which has been devised and tested primarily in industrialized countries, can be adapted and applied where resources are poorer. The selection of audit criteria for such settings requires local expert opinion to be considered in addition to research evidence, so as to ensure that the criteria are realistic in relation to conditions in the field. Practical methods for achieving this are described in the present paper.
La obstetricia fue una de las primeras especialidades en adoptar la práctica de las auditorías clínicas. El resultado es que se ha acumulado ya una considerable experiencia en todos los aspectos del proceso, incluidas las evaluaciones de la propia eficacia. Aunque las referencias a la práctica basada en la evidencia, la eficacia clínica y la calidad de la atención son ya frecuentes en los países en desarrollo, la contribución de las auditorías clínicas al debate es aún mínima. Definida como «el análisis sistemático y crítico de la calidad de la asistencia», una auditoría bien realizada tiene una doble función: no sólo permite controlar los cambios en apoyo de una práctica clínicamente eficaz, sino que, como instrumento didáctico, el proceso de auditoría puede servir por sí mismo como mecanismo de mejora. La mejora de la calidad de la atención obstétrica es un requisito clave para reducir la mortalidad materna allí donde ésta sigue siendo inaceptablemente alta. En la auditoría clínica basada en criterios, los clínicos acuerdan previamente una lista de criterios concisos para definir la asistencia de buena calidad, teniendo en cuenta los recursos disponibles. Ayudantes de auditoría sin título médico pueden entonces revisar las fichas de pacientes pertinentes y registrar si la atención recibida se ajustó a los criterios acordados. Los cinco pasos clásicos de un ciclo de auditoría son los siguientes: establecimiento de criterios, medición de las prácticas seguidas, retroinformación de los resultados y establecimiento de metas, aplicación de los cambios y reevaluación de las prácticas. La eficacia del ciclo puede evaluarse fundamentalmente atendiendo a la variación del porcentaje de complicaciones en que el manejo de los casos satisfizo los criterios definitorios de las prácticas óptimas. Los interrogantes que plantea la utilización de las auditorías basadas en criterios en los hospitales de distrito en los países en desarrollo estriban en si es factible realizar una selección de casos a partir de las definiciones internacionales, si es posible acordar unos criterios realistas para definir la atención de calidad, si se dispone de la documentación suficiente para evaluar si se han cumplido o no los criterios, si la retroinformación y el establecimiento de normas serán de utilidad, y si la calidad de la asistencia mejorará efectivamente. El proyecto descrito en este artículo aspira a responder a esas preguntas evaluando la viabilidad y eficacia de un ciclo de auditoría en cuatro hospitales de distrito, dos en Ghana y dos en Jamaica, usando el diseño de «antes y después» propio de las auditorías. El tipo de asistencia sometido a auditoría es la evaluación y el manejo en hospitales de distrito de las cinco complicaciones que más contribuyen a una alta mortalidad materna: hemorragias, infecciones genitales, eclampsia, ruptura uterina y parto obstruido. El objetivo de este artículo es documentar la feliz conclusión del paso 1, esto es, el establecimiento de criterios definitorios de las prácticas óptimas. Este primer y crucial paso fue llevado a cabo por el equipo del proyecto a lo largo de un periodo de seis meses. Consistió en una revisión estructurada de la literatura, a la que siguieron tres reuniones de expertos dedicadas a evaluar los criterios esbozados. Dichas reuniones se celebraron en Escocia, Ghana y Jamaica. Finalmente se acordó un conjunto de 37 criterios de definición de las prácticas óptimas para las cinco complicaciones potencialmente mortales, junto con definiciones de trabajo de los casos. Los criterios consisten en declaraciones sucintas de las prácticas óptimas, que han de reunir las siguientes condiciones: (1) ser pertinentes para el manejo agudo de una complicación una vez que haya surgido, (2) ser medibles a partir de las fichas de los casos, (3) consistir en prácticas básicas más que optativas, y (4) entrañar pruebas o tratamientos disponibles en los hospitales de distrito. Criterios válidos para los casos de hemorragia obstétrica potencialmente mortal, por ejemplo, son las afirmaciones «debe determinarse el hematócrito o el nivel de hemoglobina de la paciente», y «en el tratamiento de la hemorragia posparto se deben emplear oxitócicos». En este artículo se ha descrito el primer y crucial paso de un ciclo de auditoría basado en criterios. La feliz conclusión de esta fase sienta las bases para dar los siguientes pasos y para que la auditoría basada en criterios pueda un día facilitar la práctica obstétrica basada en la evidencia en los hospitales de distrito en el mundo en desarrollo.
L’obstétrique est l’une des premières spécialités à avoir adopté l’audit clinique. Une somme d’expérience considérable a été accumulée sur tous les aspects de cet exercice, y compris des évaluations de sa propre efficacité. Si l’on s’exprime désormais couramment en termes de pratique factuelle, d’efficacité clinique et de soins de qualité dans les pays en développement, l’audit clinique n’a guère fait avancer le débat. Défini comme « l’analyse systématique et critique de la qualité des soins », un audit bien mené a deux fonctions. Non seulement l’audit peut servir au suivi des changements à l’appui d’une pratique clinique efficace mais, en tant qu’instrument éducatif, il constitue aussi un mécanisme d’amélioration. La réduction de la mortalité maternelle là où elle continue d’atteindre des niveaux inacceptables passe par l’amélioration de la qualité des soins obstétricaux. Un audit clinique fondé sur un ensemble de critères suppose l’acceptation préalable par les cliniciens d’une liste de critères concis auxquels correspondent des soins de qualité, compte tenu des ressources disponibles. Des vérificateurs non médicaux peuvent ensuite examiner les dossiers des patientes concernées et noter si les soins dispensés correspondent aux critères convenus. Un audit se déroule habituellement en cinq étapes : établissement des critères, mesure de la pratique actuelle, communication des résultats et fixation des cibles, mise en œuvre des changements et, enfin, réévaluation de la pratique. L’efficacité du cycle se mesure principalement d’après l’évolution de la proportion des complications dont la prise en charge correspond aux critères de la meilleure pratique. L’hésitation à utiliser les audits fondés sur un ensemble de critères dans les hôpitaux de district des pays en développement vient de ce qu’on ignore si les cas peuvent être choisis sur la base de définitions internationales, s’il est possible de convenir de critères réalistes pour la qualité des soins, s’il existe une documentation adéquate permettant de déterminer si les soins correspondent aux critères, si les informations en retour et l’activité normative seront utiles et si la qualité des soins sera effectivement améliorée. Le projet décrit dans cet article tente de répondre à ces questions en évaluant la faisabilité et l’efficacité d’un audit effectué dans quatre hôpitaux de district - deux au Ghana et deux à la Jamaïque, par l’analyse « avant et après » propre aux audits. Les soins examinés sont l’évaluation et la prise en charge dans les hôpitaux de district des cinq complications principales responsables des taux élevés de mortalité maternelle : hémorragie, infection des voies génitales, éclampsie, rupture de l’utérus et dystocie. Cet article a pour but de fournir des informations sur l’achèvement de la première étape : l’établissement des critères auxquels correspondent la meilleure pratique. La réalisation de cette première étape essentielle a demandé six mois à l’équipe du projet. Après un examen systématique de la documentation pertinente, trois réunions d’experts, en Ecosse, au Ghana et à la Jamaïque, ont été organisées pour évaluer les critères qui en émergeaient. Un jeu de 37 critères pour la meilleure pratique a finalement été adopté pour les cinq complications potentiellement mortelles, en même temps que des définitions de travail des cas. Les critères sont des énoncés succincts des meilleures pratiques 1) qui conviennent pour la prise en charge d’urgence d’une complication une fois survenue, 2) qui peuvent se mesurer d’après les dossiers individuels, 3) qui sont des pratiques essentielles, et non facultatives, et 4) qui sont telles que l’examen et le traitement sont disponibles au niveau de l’hôpital de district. Exemples de critères pour les cas d’hémorragie obstétricale potentiellement mortelle : « établir l’hématocrite ou le taux d’hémoglobine de la patiente » ou « administrer des ocytociques en cas d’hémorragie du post-partum ». Cet article décrit la première étape déterminante d’un audit fondé sur un ensemble de critères. C’est sur la réussite de cette étape que s’appuieront les étapes suivantes, et c’est de cette réussite que dépendra la capacité des audits fondés sur un ensemble de critères à faciliter une pratique obstétricale factuelle dans les hôpitaux de district des pays en développement.
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