Abstract Aim: This study aims to assess primary care physicians (PCPs) knowledge and skills regarding prostate cancer early detection (PCa-ED). Materials and methods: A survey about knowledge and skills of PCa-ED was delivered to PCP. Logistic regression analysis was conducted for the propensity of PCP to test prostatic specific antigen (PSA) on asymptomatic men. Results: The survey was completed by 170 PCP. Score on risk factors knowledge was 51.5 ± 15.7% a better score was not associated with conducting PCa-ED (p = 0.674). The 40.6% answered having an institutional program on PCa-ED and 86% having access to PSA testing. Testing PSA on asymptomatic men was found in 40%. Moreover, 61.2% do not performed any digital rectal examination for PCa-ED, and this was not associated with preventing factors such as lack of space, time, and assistance (p > 0.05). Fewer years in practice and being a family medicine resident were associated with a less likelihood of testing PSA in asymptomatic men. The only associated factor in the multivariable model was having access to PSA testing (odds ratio: 3.36 confidence interval 95% 1.54-7.30) p = 0.002). Conclusions: A low rate of PCP performs PCa-ED and using concepts outside evidence-based recommendations. A national program on PCa-ED and continuing medical education for PCP are a promising strategy to improve PCa-ED.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar el conocimiento y las habilidades de los médicos de primer contacto en la detección oportuna del cáncer de próstata (DO-CaP). Método: Se aplicó una encuesta a médicos de primer contacto. Se realizó un análisis de regresión logística evaluando la propensión de los médicos a medir el antígeno prostático específico (APE) en sujetos asintomáticos. Resultados: Contestaron 170 médicos y la calificación del conocimiento sobre factores de riesgo fue de 51.5 ± 15.7%, pero una mejor calificación no se asoció con realizar DO-CaP (p = 0.674). El 40.6% respondió contar con un programa institucional en DO-CaP y un 86% con acceso a la prueba de APE. El 40% medían el APE en sujetos asintomáticos. El 61.2% no realizaba ningún examen digital rectal para DO-CaP, y esto no se asoció con factores limitantes como falta de tiempo, espacio o asistencia (p > 0.05). Menos años en práctica y ser residente de medicina familiar disminuyeron la probabilidad de determinar el APE en asintomáticos. El único factor asociado en el análisis multivariado fue el acceso a la prueba de APE (odds ratio: 3.36; intervalo de confianza del 95%: 1.54-7.30; p = 0.002). Conclusión: Una baja proporción de médicos de primer contacto realizan DO-CaP y utilizan conceptos alejados de la evidencia científica. Un programa nacional en DO-CaP y de educación continua para médicos de primer contacto es una estrategia prometedora para mejorar la DO-CaP.

ABSTRACT Background: Regional information regarding the characteristics of patients with coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 is needed for a better understanding of the pandemic. Objective: The objective of the study to describe the clinical features of COVID-19 patients diagnosed in a tertiary-care center in Mexico City and to assess differences according to the treatment setting (ambulatory vs. hospital) and to the need of intensive care (IC). Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort, including consecutive patients with COVID-19 from February 26, 2020 to April 11, 2020. Results: We identified 309 patients (140 inpatients and 169 outpatients). The median age was 43 years (interquartile range, 33-54), 59.2% men, and 18.6% healthcare workers (12.3% from our center). The median body mass index (BMI) was 29.00 kg/m2 and 39.6% had obesity. Compared to outpatients, inpatients were older, had comorbidities, cough, and dyspnea more frequently. Twenty-nine (20.7%) inpatients required treatment in the IC unit (ICU). History of diabetes (type 1 or 2) and abdominal pain were more common in ICU patients compared to non-ICU patients. ICU patients had higher BMIs, higher respiratory rates, and lower room-air capillary oxygen saturations. ICU patients showed a more severe inflammatory response as assessed by white blood cell count, neutrophil and platelet count, C-reactive protein, ferritin, procalcitonin, and albumin levels. By the end of the study period, 65 inpatients had been discharged because of improvement, 70 continued hospitalized, and five had died. Conclusions: Patients with comorbidities, either middle-age obese or elderly complaining of fever, cough, or dyspnea, were more likely to be admitted. At admission, patients with diabetes, high BMI, and clinical or laboratory findings consistent with a severe inflammatory state were more likely to require IC.

Abstract Aim: To compare the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in women with three or more risk factor to developing GDM supplemented with myo-inositol plus probiotics versus women care without supplementation. Methods: Retrospective cohort study, group 1, women with supplementation (myo-inositol 2g plus Bifidobacterium lactis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus 5x108 UFC, twice per day, from 12-14 to 28 weeks of gestation; group 2, women with prenatal care without supplementation, matched by age and body mass index (BMI). The primary outcome was the incidence of GDM using the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria. Results: Group 1 n=48, group 2 n=96. There were no significant baseline differences between groups in age, BMI and number of risk factors. The incidence of GDM in group 1 was n=14 (29.2%), and for group 2 n=46 (47.9%); RR: 0.61 (95% CI: 0.37-0.99; p = 0.03). Conclusions: Supplementation from 12-14 weeks of gestation with myo-inositol plus probiotics decrease the incidence of GDM in Mexican women.

Resumen Objetivo: Comparar la incidencia de diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) en mujeres con tres o más factores de riesgo para desarrollar DMG suplementadas con mioinositol más probióticos versus mujeres sin suplementación. Material y métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, grupo 1, mujeres con suplementación (mioinositol 2 g más Bifidobacterium lactis y Lactobacillus rhamnosus 5x108unidades formadoras de colonias, dos veces al día, de las 12-14 hasta las 28 semanas de gestación); grupo 2, mujeres con control prenatal habitual sin suplementación, pareadas por edad e índice de masa corporal (IMC). El resultado primario fue la incidencia de DMG utilizando los criterios de la Asociación Internacional de Grupos de Estudio de Diabetes y Embarazo. Resultados: Grupo 1, n = 48, y grupo 2 n = 96. No hubo diferencias significativas en características basales como edad, IMC, y numero de factores de riesgo entre los grupos. La incidencia de DMG en el grupo 1 fue n = 14 (29.2%) y en el grupo 2 n = 46 (47.9%); RR: 0.61 (IC 95%: 0.37-0.99; p = 0.03). Conclusiones: La suplementación desde las 12-14 semanas de gestación con mioinositol más probióticos disminuye la incidencia de DMG en mujeres mexicanas.

Abstract To identify this increasingly common pathology, known as Multiple Myeloma, it is necessary to refer to the specific factors that characterize it; to this end, the classic criteria known as CRAB (hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia and lytic lesions) are available, in which renal failure is one of the most frequent complications. Recently, 3 indisputable biomarkers have been described for the diagnostic support for Multiple Myeloma, which are: more than 10% of clonal plasma cells in BM or, a biopsy that corroborates the presence of a plasmacytoma, light chain ratio ≥100 mg/dL and more than one focal lesion on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A differential diagnosis for plasma cell leukemia, solitary bone plasmacytoma, and extramedullary plasmacytoma should always be considered. Being this an incurable disease, a lot of research has been done regarding its therapeutic management, whose main objective is the disappearance of plasma cells and the patient clinical improvement. Melphalan was the first drug that showed a benefit in 1958 and afterwards, with the addition of a steroid as a second drug, it was possible to improve response rates. Subsequently, different molecules were studied, forming multiple combinations, and achieving better rates of Overall Survival and Progression-Free Survival. Years later, with the arrival of proteasome inhibitors such as bortezomib, and immunomodulators such as thalidomide and lenalidomide, an important turnaround in the disease has been seen, as deeper responses, more prolonged remissions, and improvement in the quality of life of patients have been achieved. This consensus has the purpose of integrating a group of Mexican specialists and promoting the updating of this pathology.

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Abstract The recommendations in which the Mexican Society of Cardiology (SMC) in conjunction with the National Association of Cardiologists of Mexico (ANCAM) as well as different Mexican medical associations linked to cardiology are presented, after a comprehensive and consensual review and analysis of the topics related to cardiovascular diseases in the COVID-19 pandemic. Scientific positions are analyzed and responsible recommendations on general measures are given to patients, with personal care, healthy eating, regular physical activity, actions in case of cardio-respiratory arrest, protection of the patient and health personnel as well as precise indications in the use of non-invasive cardiovascular imaging, prescription of medications, care in specific topics such as systemic arterial hypertension, heart failure, arrhythmias and acute coronary syndromes, in addition to emphasizing electrophysiology, interventionism, cardiac surgery and in cardiac rehabilitation. The main interest is to provide the medical community with a general orientation on what to do in daily practice and patients with cardiovascular diseases in the setting of this unprecedented epidemiological crisis of COVID-19.

Resumen Se presentan las recomendaciones en las cuales la Sociedad Mexicana de Cardiología (SMC) en conjunto con la Asociación Nacional de Cardiólogos de México (ANCAM), así como diferentes asociaciones médicas mexicanas vinculadas con la cardiología, después de una revisión y análisis exhaustivo y consensuado sobre los tópicos relacionados con las enfermedades cardiovasculares en la pandemia de COVID-19, se analizan posturas científicas y se dan recomendaciones responsables sobre medidas generales a los pacientes, con cuidados personales, alimentación saludable, actividad física regular, acciones en caso de paro cardiorrespiratorio, la protección del paciente y del personal de salud así como las indicaciones precisas en el uso de la imagen cardiovascular no invasiva, la prescripción de medicamentos, cuidados en tópicos específicos como en la hipertensión arterial sistémica, insuficiencia cardiaca, arritmias y síndromes coronarios agudos, además de hacer énfasis en los procedimientos de electrofisiología, intervencionismo, cirugía cardiaca y en la rehabilitación cardiaca. El interés principal es brindar a la comunidad médica una orientación general sobre el quehacer en la práctica cotidiana y pacientes con enfermedades cardiovasculares en el escenario esta crisis epidemiológica sin precedentes de COVID-19.

RESUMEN Objetivo Medir la competencia clínica para el diagnóstico y manejo de hepatitis virales en médicos de primer nivel de atención a la salud. Metodología Se efectuó un estudio transversal en el que usando un instrumento previamente validado se midió la competencia y posteriormente se comparó entre médicos adscritos a diversas unidades médicas de atención primaria a la salud (UMAPS) del Instituto Guatemalteco de Seguridad Social (IGSS). La información fue analizada mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial no paramétrica. Se evaluaron 104 médicos de 5 UMAPS del IGSS. Resultados Se encontró un nivel muy bajo de competencia clínica para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las hepatitis virales, dentro de un intervalo de 9 a 62 puntos obtenidos en el instrumento que tiene un valor máximo teórico de 88, sin encontrar diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre UMAPS. Conclusiones: Se requiere educación continua en los médicos de las UMAPS del IGSS para mejorar sus competencias en hepatitis virales.

ABSTRACT Objective To measure the clinical competence for diagnosis and treatment of human viral hepatitis in primary health care physicians. Methodology Cross-sectional study in which a previously validated instrument to measure competences was used, and subsequent comparison between physicians at various primary health care units (PHCT) from the Guatemalan Institute of Social Security (GISS). This information was analyzed using descriptive and non-parametrical statistics. 104 physicians, from 5 PHCT ascribed to GISS were analyzed. Results A low level of clinical competence for diagnosis and treatment of human viral hepatitis in this physicians group was found, within a range of 9 to 62 points obtained through an instrument with a maximum theoretical value of 88; no significant statistical difference between PHCT was found. Conclusions PHCT physicians from require continuing education to improve their clinical competence on human viral hepatitis.

ABSTRACT Objective To measure the clinical competence for diagnosis and treatment of human viral hepatitis in primary health care physicians. Methodology Cross-sectional study in which a previously validated instrument to measure competences was used, and subsequent comparison between physicians at various primary health care units (PHCT) from the Guatemalan Institute of Social Security (GISS). This information was analyzed using descriptive and non-parametrical statistics. 104 physicians, from 5 PHCT ascribed to GISS were analyzed. Results A low level of clinical competence for diagnosis and treatment of human viral hepatitis in this physicians group was found, within a range of 9 to 62 points obtained through an instrument with a maximum theoretical value of 88; no significant statistical difference between PHCT was found. Conclusions PHCT physicians from require continuing education to improve their clinical competence on human viral hepatitis.

RESUMEN Objetivo Medir la competencia clínica para el diagnóstico y manejo de hepatitis virales en médicos de primer nivel de atención a la salud. Metodología Se efectuó un estudio transversal en el que usando un instrumento previamente validado se midió la competencia y posteriormente se comparó entre médicos adscritos a diversas unidades médicas de atención primaria a la salud (UMAPS) del Instituto Guatemalteco de Seguridad Social (IGSS). La información fue analizada mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial no paramétrica. Se evaluaron 104 médicos de 5 UMAPS del IGSS. Resultados Se encontró un nivel muy bajo de competencia clínica para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las hepatitis virales, dentro de un intervalo de 9 a 62 puntos obtenidos en el instrumento que tiene un valor máximo teórico de 88, sin encontrar diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre UMAPS. Conclusiones: Se requiere educación continua en los médicos de las UMAPS del IGSS para mejorar sus competencias en hepatitis virales.

In Mexico, by the year 2012, 9.34% of the population will be over 60 years old, and in 2030, 17.86% will be. It is calculated that 70% of Mexico's elderly population express a memory deficit. The object of this work is to determine the efficacy of an educational intervention on the Working Memory (WM) in the older adult though popular games, measuring the WM before (Week 0) and after the intervention (Week 5), in 25 subjects assigned to 2 groups. Used as instruments of measurement were the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale- Third Edition (WAIS-III), and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The length of training was five weeks; the WM was evaluated before and after with the student t-test and with intragroup ANOVA. The control group received no training. In the study group there was observed a significant difference between the measurements (MMSE p= 0.012 and WAIS-III p=0.02); in the control group the difference shown was not significant (MMSE p=0.8 and WAIS-III p=0.9), while the ANOVA showed differences only within the study group. Results of the project allow us to conclude that educational intervention usings popular games for the older adult shows favorable results on the WM.

En México, para el año 2012 habrá un 9.34% de mayores de 60 años, y en 2030 hasta un 17.86%. La queja de la falta de memoria del adulto mayor en el país está calculada en un 70%. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar la eficacia de una intervención educativa sobre la Memoria Operativa de Trabajo (MOT) en el adulto mayor a través de juegos populares mediante una intervención educativa con medición de MOT antes (semana cero) y después (semana cinco), en 25 sujetos asignados a 2 grupos. Como instrumento de medición se utilizó la Escala Wechsler de Inteligencia para Adultos III (WAIS III) y el Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). La intervención duró cinco semanas; se evalúo la MOT antes y después con t de Student y con ANOVA para intragrupo. El grupo control no recibió intervención. En el grupo de intervención se observó una diferencia significativa entre las mediciones (MMSE p=0.012 y WAIS III p=0.02); en el grupo de control la diferencia mostrada no fue significativa (MMSE p=0.8 y WAIS III p=0.9), mientras que el ANOVA sólo mostró diferencias dentro del grupo de intervención. El resultado del proyecto permite concluir que la intervención educativa con juegos populares para el adulto mayor muestra resultados favorables sobre la Memoria Operativa de Trabajo.

Modern life imposes several different labor demands on human beings; thus, bringing about stressing situations. All those events perceived as threatening bringing about tension are called stressors. A stressing situation comes about when there exists a discrepancy between environment demands and adequate resources to cope with them. All these factors lead to physiological, cognitive and motor responses which enhance perception and create the need of better solutions to allow appropriate adaptation behaviors. When stress is present at the workplace in a recurrent fashion, it is known as Labor Stress (LS), an alarming circumstance affecting individuals and organizations. Main causes of LS are: physical conditions, schedule, work position, interpersonal relations and other organizational variables. Labor Stress is a public health and a labor health problem, for it is related to an increase in labor accident, morbidity and absenteeism rates; thus, generating negative attitudes that yield economic loss to institutions. The Burnout Syndrome (BS) is a response to chronically labor stress manifested through emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, as well as hostile and aggressive attitudes toward workmates and service users, resulting in a feeling of poor personal development. Objective Assess the effect of a psycho-educative intervention to decrease BS in managing or directive employees from one sector of CFE Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Materials and methodology A quasi-experimental study was carried out; this included measurements prior and after educative intervention carried out on confidence employees from CFE Guadalajara from February through September 2005. The study sample was made up of 29 managing or directive employees, conforming four groups; one random-selected group received educative intervention; the other three were control groups; different questionnaires were applied: personal data, psycho-social factors and BS through the Maslach Burnout Inventory Scale (MBI). From a participative-educational view point, encouraged by the Pan-American Health Organization (PHO), the educative intervention sought health promotion through the betterment and consistency of mental and physical wellbeing. All BS concepts as well as psychological factors were analyzed. Other workshop included the development of preventing, coping and treatment strategies at individual and social levels. Finally, a corrective program directed to decreasing psychological risk factors in the organization was encouraged. Also, a post-intervention assessment was applied. Results Subjects had an average age of 31.5 ± 6.8 years; 52% were females; group 1 decreased for all indicators; emotional exhaustion from 71% to 29%; depersonalization from 43% to 14%; lack of personal development from 57% to 14%. However, no significant difference was found in both groups by sex. Discussion In personnel with specific responsibilities, obligations, opportunities, challenges and rewards based on their performance work environment often drives them to frustration and despair. When the employee believes that gives more than he receives, he becomes emotionally exhausted and more even if he do not have the resources to cope with the prospect of work. Also, it is documented that at younger age there is an increased risk of presenting the Burnout. This is because interpersonal relationships are more contentious because of the lack of experience in management. In the series reported, on both groups we were not able to document this relationship, but still, there is a lack of an international consensus to recognize this as a risk factor. Mingote describes that when the employee has less than five years working, they are often idealistic, utopian dreamers, unlike those with more than ten years in the job and are in risk of experiencing monotony at work, loss of interest and the downgrade. Also, this type of workers is subject to overtime. This excess produces physical and mental stress and leads to lower feelings of personal accomplishment. Even though there could be resources for coping with the monotony at work and that provides resources for better interpersonal communication and support networks at work. If the worker feels happy with the work carried out, and feels as an autonomous decision maker able to practice his skills, then he will have the protective factors to cope with the Syndrome of Burnout at work and it is unlikely that he will found in his work a monotonous and a routine activity with little opportunity to practice their skills. The emotional exhaustion related to fatigue and tiredness are caused by excessive wear at work and very demanding work environments with little autonomy and control of work situations. Depletion causes difficulties with daily responsibilities, these factors are related to the work system and the social interactions in the workplace, which after the educative intervention modifies the emotional exhaustion level in the experimental group (29% of group). The depersonalization causes people to be treated as objects (coldness and insensitivity) causing the worker indifference and little empathy with the task of work. Although the level of depersonalization was low in the groups, it decreased in the experimental group, which may be caused by the coping mechanisms embedded in the educational intervention. The lack of personal accomplishment includes the limitations to understand the feelings and emotions of fellow workers and also have a positive influence for them to create pleasant environments (these completion rates increased in the intervention group). In developing countries, there is now general agreement on the importance of the behaviors and lifestyles in the generation of health problems as well as the importance of early healthy lifestyles. All countries have agreed to launch health and educational programs to prevent the modification of human behavior. This study provides a useful educational methodology that responds to how to bring workers to participate in their care, as well as a significant contribution to addressing a problem of this magnitude and importance to public health and health services in Latin America. Conclusion The psycho-educative program sensitized employees when developing strategies to decrease and control labor stressors that affects them, the same stressors that bring about BS.

La vida actual impone diversas demandas a los seres humanos provocando en ellos situaciones de estrés. Estos sucesos son percibidos como amenazantes, llegan a ocasionar tensión y se denominan estresores. La situación de estrés se presenta al existir una discrepancia entre las demandas del medio y los recursos para enfrentarlo; esto ocasiona en el organismo respuestas fisiológicas, cognitivas y motoras que agudizan la percepción y, de esta manera, originan una mayor búsqueda de soluciones; entre ellas las conductas de adaptación. Cuando el estrés está presente en el área de trabajo de forma recurrente se le conoce como Estrés Laboral (EL), circunstancia alarmante que afecta al individuo y a la organización. Las principales fuentes de EL son: condiciones físicas, horario y puesto de trabajo, además de las relaciones interpersonales y otras variables organizacionales. Ese síndrome representa un problema de salud pública y de salud laboral, ya que se relaciona con un aumento en la tasa de accidentes laborales. Además genera ausentismo laboral que se traduce en pérdidas económicas para las instituciones. El Síndrome de Burnout (SB), es una respuesta al estrés laboral crónico que se manifiesta a través del agotamiento emocional, despersonalización, actitudes hostiles y agresivas con sus compañeros y usuarios del servicio, que finaliza en un sentimiento de pobre realización personal. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de una intervención psicoeducativa para disminuir el Burnout en el personal directivo de un Sector de la Comisión Federal de Electricidad en Guadalajara, Jalisco. Se realizó un estudio cuasi experimental con una medición pre y post a la intervención educativa. Ésta se efectuó en el personal de confianza de la Comisión Federal de Electricidad de Guadalajara, Jalisco; durante los meses de febrero a septiembre del 2005. La muestra de trabajadores se integró por 29 sujetos que ejercen un puesto directivo, conformando cuatro grupos; un grupo elegido al azar recibió la intervención educativa y los otros fueron de control. A los grupos se les aplicaron diferentes cuestionarios: 1. Datos personales, 2. Factores psicosociales, 3. Escala de Maslach Burnout Inventory para medir el síndrome de Burnout (MBI). Desde la perspectiva de la educación participativa que impulsa la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), la intervención educativa buscó la promoción de la salud por medio de diversos talleres con el fin de mejorar y mantener su bienestar físico y mental. En uno de los talleres se analizaron los conceptos del Síndrome de Burnout y sus factores psicosociales. Posteriormente se analizaron los factores que modulan y desencadenan el síndrome. Otro taller consintió en desarrollar estrategias de prevención, afrontamiento y manejo del Burnout a nivel individual y social. Fina l mente se impulsó un programa correctivo orientado a disminuir los factores de riesgo psicosocial de la organización y se aplicó la evaluación postintervención. Se muestra una edad promedio de 31.5±6.8 años, el 52% fueron del sexo femenino. El grupo uno disminuyó en todos los indicadores: agotamiento emocional de 71 % a 29%, la despersonalización de 43% a 14%, la falta de realización personal de 57% a 14%. Sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en ambos sexos. El programa psicoeducativo sensibilizó al personal para fomentar el desarrollo de estrategias para disminuir y controlar los estresores laborales que les afectan, mismos que originan el Síndrome de Burnout.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of tobacco use, exposure to secondhand smoke, and smoking restrictions in the home and workplace among residents of Tijuana, one of Mexico's largest cities. METHODS: This cross-sectional household survey was conducted in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico, during 2003 and 2004. A population-based sample of 400 Tijuana adult residents responded to a tobacco survey, and 397 of the surveys were analyzed. RESULTS: About 22.9% (95% confidence interval (CI): 18.7%-27.1%) of Tijuana adults reported current smoking, and 53.9% (95% CI: 48.8%-58.9%) reported chronic exposure to secondhand smoke. Approximately 44.4% (95% CI: 37.9%-50.9%) of Tijuana adults had a nonsmoking policy in their workplace, while 65.8% (95% CI: 61.0%-70.6%) of Tijuana households were smoke-free. CONCLUSIONS: The results underline the need for increased tobacco control efforts, particularly stricter enforcement of existing passive smoking regulations, in order to expand protection from secondhand smoke from private settings to public ones and to curb the tobacco epidemic in Tijuana and elsewhere in Mexico.

OBJETIVO: Calcular la prevalencia del consumo de tabaco, de la exposición a humo ajeno o ambiental y de la existencia de medidas restrictivas contra el tabaquismo en el hogar y en el lugar de trabajo entre residentes de Tijuana, una de las ciudades más grandes de México. MÉTODOS: Esta encuesta domiciliaria transversal se llevó a cabo en Tijuana, Baja California, México, durante 2003 y 2004. Una muestra poblacional de 400 adultos residentes de Tijuana respondió a una encuesta sobre el tabaquismo y 397 de las encuestas se sometieron a análisis. RESULTADOS: Cerca de 22,9% (intervalo de confianza de 95% [IC95%]: 18,7% a 27,1%) de los adultos residentes de Tijuana declararon que fumaban en el momento de la encuesta y 53,9% (IC95%: 48,8% a 58,9%) declararon estar expuestos crónicamente a humo ajeno o ambiental. Alrededor de 44,4% (IC95%: 37,9% a 50,9%) de los adultos en Tijuana dijeron que había reglamentos contra el tabaquismo en su lugar de trabajo, mientras que en 65,8% (IC95%: 61,0% a 70,6%) de los hogares de Tijuana no se fumaba dentro del hogar. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados subrayan la necesidad de incrementar las medidas para el control del tabaquismo, especialmente las orientadas a hacer cumplir los reglamentos existentes contra la contaminación ambiental por humo de tabaco, todo a fin de extender la protección contra dicha contaminación más allá de los entornos privados a los públicos y frenar la epidemia de tabaquismo en Tijuana y en otras partes de México.

The present study describes regional variations in homicide rates in Jalisco State, Mexico, in 1989-1991, 1994-1996, and 1999-2000, analyzing the trends by gender and socioeconomic stratum. Using mortality data generated by the National Institute for Statistics, Geography, and Information Technology, homicide rates adjusted by age and gender were calculated, along with rate/female rate ratios; rate ratios by socioeconomic stratum and 95% confidence intervals were also calculated. According to the results, the homicide rate showed: a downward trend in the 1990s; a regional homicide mortality pattern, with the highest rates in peripheral regions, considered among the poorest areas in the State; municipalities with the lowest socioeconomic conditions also presenting a statistically significant excess homicide mortality; and an evident over-mortality from homicide among males. The results point to tasks and challenges for public health and law enforcement institutions, including the need to implement different inter-institutional policies that take into consideration the characteristics of homicide and violent crime in Jalisco.

El presente estudio busca describir las variaciones regionales de la mortalidad por homicidios en el estado de Jalisco, México, en 1989-1991, 1994-1996 y 1999-2000, analizando a su vez el comportamiento de la tasa de homicidios según género y estratos de bienestar socioeconómico. A partir de la información sobre mortalidad generada por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía y Informática, se calcularon tasas ajustadas por edad y género e índices de sobremortalidad masculina. Además, se calcularon razones de tasa y su intervalo de confianza (95%). Los resultados reflejan que la tasa de homicidios presenta una tendencia decreciente en los años 90; que existe un patrón regional de la mortalidad por homicidios, observándose las tasas más altas en regiones periféricas del estado consideradas entre las más pobres; que los municipios ubicados en el estrato de bienestar más bajo presentan un exceso de mortalidad por homicidios estadísticamente significativo, y que hay una evidente sobremortalidad masculina por esta causa. Aspectos como los antes descritos implican tareas y desafíos para la salud pública y para los organismos encargados de preservar la ley y el orden, entre ellos la necesidad de implementar políticas intersectoriales diferenciadas, que tomen en consideración las particularidades que rodean al homicidio y al crimen violento en Jalisco.

The present study describes regional variations in homicide rates in Jalisco State, Mexico, in 1989-1991, 1994-1996, and 1999-2000, analyzing the trends by gender and socioeconomic stratum. Using mortality data generated by the National Institute for Statistics, Geography, and Information Technology, homicide rates adjusted by age and gender were calculated, along with rate/female rate ratios; rate ratios by socioeconomic stratum and 95% confidence intervals were also calculated. According to the results, the homicide rate showed: a downward trend in the 1990s; a regional homicide mortality pattern, with the highest rates in peripheral regions, considered among the poorest areas in the State; municipalities with the lowest socioeconomic conditions also presenting a statistically significant excess homicide mortality; and an evident over-mortality from homicide among males. The results point to tasks and challenges for public health and law enforcement institutions, including the need to implement different inter-institutional policies that take into consideration the characteristics of homicide and violent crime in Jalisco.

El presente estudio busca describir las variaciones regionales de la mortalidad por homicidios en el estado de Jalisco, México, en 1989-1991, 1994-1996 y 1999-2000, analizando a su vez el comportamiento de la tasa de homicidios según género y estratos de bienestar socioeconómico. A partir de la información sobre mortalidad generada por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía y Informática, se calcularon tasas ajustadas por edad y género e índices de sobremortalidad masculina. Además, se calcularon razones de tasa y su intervalo de confianza (95%). Los resultados reflejan que la tasa de homicidios presenta una tendencia decreciente en los años 90; que existe un patrón regional de la mortalidad por homicidios, observándose las tasas más altas en regiones periféricas del estado consideradas entre las más pobres; que los municipios ubicados en el estrato de bienestar más bajo presentan un exceso de mortalidad por homicidios estadísticamente significativo, y que hay una evidente sobremortalidad masculina por esta causa. Aspectos como los antes descritos implican tareas y desafíos para la salud pública y para los organismos encargados de preservar la ley y el orden, entre ellos la necesidad de implementar políticas intersectoriales diferenciadas, que tomen en consideración las particularidades que rodean al homicidio y al crimen violento en Jalisco.

This study seeks to identify the incidence of unfavorable birth weight (UBW) -< 3000 grams, the factors associated with this condition, and the probability that a child has an UBW in the presence or absence of identified risk factors, in Tlaquepaque and Tonalá, outlying areas of Greater Metropolitan Guadalajara, Mexico. A sample of live-born infants in 1991, children of mothers covered by the Mexican Institute of Social Security were selected from the study area; through multistage probabilistic sampling, random selection was mude of Family Medical Units within the study areas, and of physicians' offices within those selected units; finally, all the liveborn infants in 1991 from these selected physicians' offices were studied: a total of 141 newborns were studied Mothers of the newborns chosen were interviewed; a questionnaire with different biomedical, socioeconomic, and demographic items was applied by social workers specially trained for the purpose. Logistic regression models were used lo estimate odds ratios (OR), with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The probability that a child would have UBW in the presence or absence of identified risk factors were also calculated. The results show that 22% of the infants studied were born weighing less than 3000 grams; four risk factors were statistically associated with UBW: mother's age of 35 or older (OR=18.47, CL 1.86-83.54); mother worked outside the home (OR= 3.14, C1:1.15-8.59); mother's pre-pregnancy low weight (OR= 5.04, CL1.04-24.47); and late detection of pregnancy (OR=2.64, CI: 1.02-6.84). In the presence of all the risk factors identified, there is a very high probability (0.97) that a child be born with birthweight less than 3000 g, and in the absence of these factors the probability is reduced substantially (0.04). The findings indicate the magnitude of the problem studied, but also the possibility of health services acting in a timely fashion, since the identified risk factors make it possible lo predict, with relative certainty, the birth of a child weighing less than 3000 g.

Este estudio busca identificar la incidencia del peso al nacer desfavorable (PND) - < 3000 gramos -,los factores asociados a esta condición, y la probabilidad que tiene un niño de nacer con un peso inferior a 3000 gramos en presencia o ausencia de los factores de riesgo identificados, en áreas periféricas de la Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara (ZMG), México. Para ello, se seleccionó una muestra de nacidos vivos en 1991, hijos de madres derechohabientes del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) residentes en Tlaquepaque y Tonalá (municipios conurbados a la ZMG); el diseño de la muestra fue probabilístico y polietápico, siendo representativo de la población estudiada. Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente, en primer lugar, Unidades de Medicina Familiar de las zonas estudiadas, y posteriormente, consultorios en cada una de las Unidades elegidas. De estos consultorios fueron estudiados todos los nacidos vivos: el total de recién nacidos en la muestra fue 141. A las madres de los infantes seleccionados se les aplicó un cuestionario con diferentes módulos, por parte de trabajadoras sociales especialmente capacitadas para ello. A través del empleo de la regresión logística, se estimaron "odds ratios" (OR), con intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95%, para establecer la posible asociación entre los factores analizados y el peso al nacer inferior a 3000 gramos. También se calculó la probabilidad de que un niño tuviera PND en presencia o ausencia de los factores de riesgo identificados. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que el 22% de los infantes estudiados nacieran con un peso inferior a 3000 gramos; como factores de riesgo del PND fueron identificados la edad de la madre igual o superior a 35 años (OR 18.47, IC 1.8683.54), el trabajo materno fuera del hogar (OR 3.14, IC 1.15-8.59), el bajo peso materno (OR 5.04, IC 1.04-24.47), y la captación tardía del embarazo (OR 2.64, IC 1.02-6.84). En presencia de todos los factores de riesgo identificados, la probabilidad de que un niño nazca con menos de 3000 gramos es sumamente elevada -0.97-, y en ausencia de estos dicha probabilidad se reduce sustancialmente -0.04-. Los resultados evidencian la magnitud del problema estudiado, pero también, la posibilidad de implementar acciones oportunas por parte de los servicios de salud, en tanto los factores de riesgo identificados permiten predecir, con relativa certeza, el nacimiento de un niño con menos de 3000 gramos de peso.

This study seeks to identify the incidence of unfavorable birth weight (UBW) -< 3000 grams, the factors associated with this condition, and the probability that a child has an UBW in the presence or absence of identified risk factors, in Tlaquepaque and Tonalá, outlying areas of Greater Metropolitan Guadalajara, Mexico. A sample of live-born infants in 1991, children of mothers covered by the Mexican Institute of Social Security were selected from the study area; through multistage probabilistic sampling, random selection was mude of Family Medical Units within the study areas, and of physicians' offices within those selected units; finally, all the liveborn infants in 1991 from these selected physicians' offices were studied: a total of 141 newborns were studied Mothers of the newborns chosen were interviewed; a questionnaire with different biomedical, socioeconomic, and demographic items was applied by social workers specially trained for the purpose. Logistic regression models were used lo estimate odds ratios (OR), with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The probability that a child would have UBW in the presence or absence of identified risk factors were also calculated. The results show that 22% of the infants studied were born weighing less than 3000 grams; four risk factors were statistically associated with UBW: mother's age of 35 or older (OR=18.47, CL 1.86-83.54); mother worked outside the home (OR= 3.14, C1:1.15-8.59); mother's pre-pregnancy low weight (OR= 5.04, CL1.04-24.47); and late detection of pregnancy (OR=2.64, CI: 1.02-6.84). In the presence of all the risk factors identified, there is a very high probability (0.97) that a child be born with birthweight less than 3000 g, and in the absence of these factors the probability is reduced substantially (0.04). The findings indicate the magnitude of the problem studied, but also the possibility of health services acting in a timely fashion, since the identified risk factors make it possible lo predict, with relative certainty, the birth of a child weighing less than 3000 g.

Este estudio busca identificar la incidencia del peso al nacer desfavorable (PND) - < 3000 gramos -,los factores asociados a esta condición, y la probabilidad que tiene un niño de nacer con un peso inferior a 3000 gramos en presencia o ausencia de los factores de riesgo identificados, en áreas periféricas de la Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara (ZMG), México. Para ello, se seleccionó una muestra de nacidos vivos en 1991, hijos de madres derechohabientes del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) residentes en Tlaquepaque y Tonalá (municipios conurbados a la ZMG); el diseño de la muestra fue probabilístico y polietápico, siendo representativo de la población estudiada. Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente, en primer lugar, Unidades de Medicina Familiar de las zonas estudiadas, y posteriormente, consultorios en cada una de las Unidades elegidas. De estos consultorios fueron estudiados todos los nacidos vivos: el total de recién nacidos en la muestra fue 141. A las madres de los infantes seleccionados se les aplicó un cuestionario con diferentes módulos, por parte de trabajadoras sociales especialmente capacitadas para ello. A través del empleo de la regresión logística, se estimaron "odds ratios" (OR), con intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95%, para establecer la posible asociación entre los factores analizados y el peso al nacer inferior a 3000 gramos. También se calculó la probabilidad de que un niño tuviera PND en presencia o ausencia de los factores de riesgo identificados. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que el 22% de los infantes estudiados nacieran con un peso inferior a 3000 gramos; como factores de riesgo del PND fueron identificados la edad de la madre igual o superior a 35 años (OR 18.47, IC 1.8683.54), el trabajo materno fuera del hogar (OR 3.14, IC 1.15-8.59), el bajo peso materno (OR 5.04, IC 1.04-24.47), y la captación tardía del embarazo (OR 2.64, IC 1.02-6.84). En presencia de todos los factores de riesgo identificados, la probabilidad de que un niño nazca con menos de 3000 gramos es sumamente elevada -0.97-, y en ausencia de estos dicha probabilidad se reduce sustancialmente -0.04-. Los resultados evidencian la magnitud del problema estudiado, pero también, la posibilidad de implementar acciones oportunas por parte de los servicios de salud, en tanto los factores de riesgo identificados permiten predecir, con relativa certeza, el nacimiento de un niño con menos de 3000 gramos de peso.