Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es subrayar las condiciones que impactan directamente a la población migrante en contextos sociohistóricos concretos en las fronteras Colombia-Venezuela y México- Centroamérica, donde se profundiza una situación precaria agravada por la violencia asociada a problemas de orden político. Dichas condiciones de deterioro precipitan la decisión de migrar y han convertido a la movilidad en la única estrategia para preservar la vida. Al examinar las circunstancias particulares, se evidencia que los cambios en las dinámicas transfronterizas están emparentados con una acción estatal que privilegia el control fronterizo y que la persistente precarización de la población en tránsito es acentuada por el accionar criminal. Así mismo, las respuestas sociales oscilan entre la asistencia y la protección de la población migrante, y la hostilidad que acompaña la estigmatización. migración transfronteriza, violencia y derechos humanos, acción estatal, México-Centroamérica, Colombia-Venezuela

Abstract This article aims to highlight the conditions directly impacting the migrant population in specific sociohistorical contexts on the Colombia-Venezuela and Mexico-Central America borders. Here, a precarious situation worsens, aggravated by violence. These are conditions associated with problems of a political order, which highlight the role of persistent violence in the deterioration of a dignified life, precipitating the decision to migrate and turning mobility into the only strategy to preserve life. An examination of the particular circumstances shows that the changes in cross-border dynamics are related to state actions that favor border control, a persistent precariousness of the population in transit deepened by criminal activities and some social responses that oscillate between assistance and protection of the migrant population, alongside the hostility that accompanies stigmatization.

Resumen Introducción : A pesar de las mejoras en los cuidados de la salud, la mortalidad asociada a neumonía continúa siendo alta. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los factores asociados a mortalidad en neumonía bacterié mica por neumococo. Métodos : Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva en pacien tes adultos con diagnóstico de neumonía y neumococo aislado en hemocultivos, entre enero 2012 y mayo 2021. Se analizaron: variables clínicas y de laboratorio, com promiso radiológico, evolución y mortalidad durante la internación. Se comparó el grupo de pacientes fallecidos con el de sobrevivientes. Resultados : Se incluyeron 152 pacientes. La mediana de edad fue de 58 años y el 58.9% fueron hombres. El 33% presentó un CURB-65 mayor a 2 al momento de internación. La mortalidad global fue 34% (n=52). Los pacientes fallecidos se encontraban más frecuente mente taquipneicos al ingreso (frecuencia respiratoria 26 vs. 22; p=0.003), presentaban más frecuentemente alteración del sensorio (58% vs. 14%; p< 0.001), PaO2/ fracción inspirada de oxígeno (PAFI) < 250 (58% vs. 22%; p<0.001), compromiso radiológico bilateral (50% vs. 32%; p=0.03), necesidad de asistencia respiratoria mecánica (ARM) (50% vs. 12%; p< 0.001), mayor valor de creati nina en sangre (1.6 vs. 1.15; p=0.01), menor recuento de glóbulos blancos (10 900 vs. 17 400; p=0.002), menor valor de glucemia (111 vs. 120; p=0.01) y menos días de estancia hospitalaria (6 vs. 9; p=0.015). En el análisis de regresión logística multivariable se mantuvieron diferen cias significativas en los siguientes factores asociados a mortalidad: ventilación mecánica (OR=3.54), confusión (OR=5.95), radiografía con compromiso bilateral (OR= 3.20) y PAFI < 250 (OR=3.62). Conclusión : Los factores relacionados con mortalidad, a pesar de la presencia de bacteriemia, no difieren de los publicados en la literatura y forman parte de los scores pronósticos de práctica habitual.

Abstract Introduction : Despite improvements in health care, pneumonia-associated mortality remains high. The ob jective of this study was to analyze the factors associated with mortality in bacteremic pneumonia caused by pneumococcus. Methods : Retrospective cohort study in adult pa tients with pneumonia diagnosis and isolation of pneu mococcus in blood cultures, between January 2012 and May 2021, was carried out. Clinical and laboratory vari ables, radiological involvement, evolution and mortal ity during hospitalization were analyzed. The group of deceased patients was compared with that of survivors. Results : 152 patients were included. Median age: 58 years; men: 58.9%; 33% presented a CURB-65 > than 2 at admission. Overall mortality: 34% (n=52). Deceased patients were more tachypneic on admission (respira tory rate 26 vs. 22; p=0.003), presented sensory alteration more frequently (58% vs. 14%; p< 0.001), PaO2/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio < 250 (58% vs. 22%; p<0.001), bilateral radiological compromise (50% vs. 32%; p=0.03), needed mechanical ventilation (50% vs 12%; p< 0.001), higher blood creatinine values (1.6 vs. 1.15; p=0.01), lower white blood cell count (10 900 vs 17 400; p=0.002), a lower glucose dosage (111 vs. 120; p=0.01), and fewer days of hospital stay (6 vs. 9; p=0.015). In logistic regression model, significant differences were maintained in the following factors associated with mortality: mechanical ventilation (OR=3.54), altered mental status (OR=5.95), chest X-ray with bilateral compromise (OR 3.20) and PAFI less than 250 (OR=3.62). Conclusion : In our series, the factors related to mor tality, despite the presence of bacteremia, do not differ from those published in the literature and which are part of the different prognostic scores used in routine practice.

Resumen La contaminación ambiental es uno de los factores que favorece el estrés oxidante, ya que expone al organismo a materiales diversos que generan radicales libres y afectan al sistema respiratorio, cardiovascular, inmunológico y nervioso de las personas más vulnerables como los niños, adultos mayores y personas con enfermedades crónicas. Para prevenir o reducir el estrés oxidante, el cual es un desequilibrio entre la producción de radicales libres y la capacidad del organismo de neutralizarlo, se recomienda consumir una dieta equilibrada y rica en antioxidantes naturales los cuales se encuentran diversos alimentos, especialmente en frutas y verduras con colores intensos, en las semillas y las especias. En las últimas décadas se ha demostrado la eficacia del consumo de antioxidantes naturales como: el resveratrol vino, el café, la curcumina, el ajo, la vitamina C, la vitamina E y el té verde que presentan efectos benéficos como: proteger membranas celulares, regular la expresión de genes relacionados con la inflamación, prevenir o reducir el daño endotelial, disminuir la frecuencia o severidad de enfermedades neurodegenerativas, hepáticas y pulmonares, así como estimular al sistema inmunológico.

Abstract Environmental pollution can promote oxidative stress by exposing the body to various elements and substances that generate free radicals, such as lead and vanadium. These free radicals can negatively impact the respiratory, cardiovascular, immune, and neurological systems of vulnerable populations, including children, the elderly, and those with chronic diseases. To prevent or reduce oxidative stress, it is recommended to consume a balanced diet rich in natural antioxidants. These antioxidants can be found in various foods, especially in fruits and vegetables with intense colors, seeds, and spices. In recent decades, the effectiveness of consuming natural antioxidants such as resveratrol found in wine, coffee, curcumin, garlic, vitamin C, vitamin E, and green tea has been demonstrated. These antioxidants have beneficial effects on the body, including the protection of cell membranes, regulation of gene expression associated with inflammation, prevention or reduction of endothelial damage, and the decrease or diminished severity of neurodegeneration, liver, and pulmonary disorders. Additionally, they stimulate the immune response.

Abstract Jalisco is one of the foremost honey-producing states in Mexico. However, there is no information on viral diseases that affect honey bees (Apis mellifera) in the different beekeeping regions of the state. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and intensity of four viral diseases of Apis mellifera during the spring, in six regions of Jalisco. Bee samples from 79 colonies were analyzed, of which, 66 % and 38 % were positive for black queen cell virus (BQCV) and deformed wing virus (DWV), respectively. Two viral diseases were not detected, those caused by the Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) and the chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV). The infection levels of BQCV were relatively low but elevated for DWV, with infection intensities 8,000 higher than those of BQCV. The prevalence of DWV was significantly higher in the regions of the Highlands, Center, and South, while for BQCV there were no differences between regions. For infection intensity, there were no differences between regions for DWV, but there were for BQCV. The regions with the highest infection levels were the South and Center. Surveys during other seasons of the year are recommended to identify possible seasonal viral effects on the bees and to design control strategies.

Resumen El estado de Jalisco es un importante productor de miel de abejas en México. Sin embargo, no existe información sobre las virosis que afectan a las abejas melíferas (Apis mellifera) en las diferentes regiones apícolas de la entidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia e intensidad de cuatro enfermedades virales de Apis mellifera durante la primavera, en seis regiones de Jalisco. Se analizaron abejas de 79 colonias, de las cuales, el 66 y 38 % fueron positivas al virus de la celda real negra (VCRN) y al virus de las alas deformes (VAD), respectivamente. Dos virosis no fueron detectadas, las causadas por el virus de la parálisis aguda Israelí (VPAI) y la causada por el virus de la parálisis crónica (VPC). Los niveles de infección fueron relativamente bajos para el VCRN, pero elevados para el VAD, cuyas infecciones fueron 8,000 veces más altas que las del VCRN. La prevalencia del VAD fue significativamente más alta en las regiones de los Altos, Centro y Sur, mientras que para el VCRN no hubo diferencias entre regiones. Para la intensidad de infecciones, no hubo diferencias entre regiones para el VAD, pero sí para el VCRN. Las regiones con niveles de infección más altos fueron la Sur y Centro. Se recomienda realizar muestreos en otras épocas del año para detectar posibles efectos estacionales de las virosis de las abejas y diseñar estrategias para su control.

Abstract The objective was to know the population structure of Holstein animals in the family dairy system, to identify possible origins of the genetic material, to know the degree of inbreeding and to identify possible traces of selection in the genome, which allow glimpses of the traits that have been improved over the years. The study included 270 animals genotyped with the GGP-50K® chip. After genotype quality control, 43,548 autosomal SNPs were included. To know the population structure, analyses of mixtures and principal components (PCs) were performed. To know genomic inbreeding and detect traces of selection, information on runs of homozygosity (ROH) was used. Mixture analysis was performed with the Admixture software, and PC, ROH and inbreeding analyses were performed with SVS-v7.6.8. Mixture analysis showed evidence of six components, all linked to Holstein bulls families with different country of origin. The PCs did not show stratification of the population by herd. The mean inbreeding coefficient was 0.59 ± 0.53 %. In the regions of the genome with ROHs most frequent in the population (≥20 animals), numerous associations, QTLs and genes related to milk production and composition, fertility parameters, susceptibility to diseases, body conformation, feed efficiency and some characteristics of carcass composition have been reported. The results reflect the existence of a wide genetic diversity in this population and the possibility of carrying out genetic improvement work through selection without affecting inbreeding levels.

Resumen El objetivo fue conocer la estructura poblacional de los animales Holstein del sistema de lechería familiar, identificar posibles orígenes del material genético, conocer el grado de consanguinidad e identificar posibles huellas de selección en el genoma, que permitan vislumbrar las características que se han mejorado a través de los años. El estudio incluyó 270 animales genotipados con el chip GGP-50K®. Después del control de calidad de genotipos, se incluyeron 43,548 SNP autosómicos. Para conocer la estructura poblacional se realizaron análisis de mezclas y componentes principales (CP). Para conocer la consanguinidad genómica y detectar huellas de selección, se usó información de corridas de homocigosidad (ROH). El análisis de mezclas se realizó con el software Admixture, y los de CP, ROH y consanguinidad se realizaron con SVS-v7.6.8. El análisis de mezclas mostró evidencia de seis componentes, todos ligados a familias de sementales Holstein con diferente país de origen. Los CP no evidenciaron estratificación de la población por hato. El coeficiente de consanguinidad promedio fue de 0.59 ± 0.53 %. En las regiones del genoma con ROH más frecuentes en la población (≥20 animales), se han reportado numerosas asociaciones, QTL y genes relacionados con producción y composición de la leche, parámetros de fertilidad, susceptibilidad a enfermedades, conformación corporal, eficiencia alimenticia y algunas características de composición de la canal. Los resultados reflejan la existencia de una amplia diversidad genética en esta población y la posibilidad de realizar trabajos de mejoramiento genético a través de selección sin afectar los niveles de consanguinidad.

Introduction: Burns are the fourth most common trauma. Microsurgery has evolved as a valuable tool in the acute setting allowing early closure of complex wounds in order to avoid infection, maintain function or even for limb salvage in one stage reconstruction. We present our experience at our burn center in Chile. Method: We performed a retrospective analysis of all major burn patients admitted in the National Burn Center in Chile who received a microsurgical flap in the period between April 2019 to December 2020. Results: A total of 21 patients had 25 free flaps. All patients but one were male (96%), mean age 40 years (range 20-69 years). Total body surface area means 16% (range 1-64%). Most of the injuries were caused by high voltage electricity (64%) and fire (32%). 64% were performed in lower limbs and 36% in upper limbs. In 80% of the cases, anterolateral thing flap was chosen. Mean time to reconstruction was 40 days. We didn't experience a total flap lost in this series. Discussion: In the acute phase microsurgery proved to be safe and feasible albeit a small surgical indication. We performed a flap in 5.6% of our admissions, mostly during late primary interval with no flaps lost. Our results acknowledge the consolidation of the technique for its use in the acutely burned setting, allowing complex coverage while maintaining the surgical risk and an internationally acceptable rate of losses and complications.

Resumen Introducción: Las quemaduras son un trauma frecuente de ocurrencia en todo el mundo, que ha experimentado importantes aumentos de sobrevida. Su manejo requiere la reposición de la barrera cutánea, lo que se logra en la mayoría de los casos con el uso de injertos dermo-epidérmicos. Sin embargo, existen algunas veces lesiones complejas que no logran sanar mediante injertos, arriesgando la funcionalidad o vitalidad del área comprometida, que requerirán reparaciones complejas con el uso de colgajos microqui- rúrgicos (CM). Metodología: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo en que incluimos todos los pacientes gran quemados agudos admitidos en Hospital de Urgencia de la Asistencia Pública, Servicio de Quemados y Rehabilitación, desde abril de 2019 hasta diciembre de 2020 los que fueron manejados con colgajo micro- quirúrgico. Revisión de ficha clínica para obtención de variables demográficas y del procedimiento con análisis de frecuencia de ocurrencia. Resultados: En nuestro período de estudio hubo 376 ingresos y 21 pacientes recibieron 25 CM. La mayoría hombres (96%), edad promedio 40 años, superficie comprometida promedio 16%, mecanismo más frecuente electricidad (64%) y fuego (32%). La ubicación más frecuente del colgajo fue en extremidades inferiores (64%) y el colgajo más utilizado fue el anterolateral de muslo (80%). Tiempo medio a reconstrucción fueron 40 días, no hubo pérdida total del colgajo. Discusión: se realizó un CM en 5,6% de nuestros ingresos, la mayoría durante el intervalo primario tardío, sin pérdidas totales. Estos resultados representan la consolidación de la técnica que permite su uso en el paciente gran quemado durante su etapa aguda, permitiendo coberturas complejas y manteniendo riesgo quirúrgico y tasa de complicaciones adecuada con enfoque en rehabilitación precoz.

Resumen El sentido del gusto tiene un papel importante porque ha permitido discriminar entre lo que puede ser alimento y lo que no, e incluso en lo que puede ser tóxico o peligroso al ingerirlo. La búsqueda de nuevos sabores está presente en toda la historia de la humanidad. Desde la antigüedad, las especias aportaron nuevas experiencias gustativas para hacer más palatables los alimentos o incluso para conservarlos durante más tiempo. La búsqueda de especias fue una motivación para realizar viajes que llevaron a descubrimiento de nuevas tierras y continentes. Más recientemente, la pandemia por un virus que altera los sentidos del olfato y del gusto, nos ha hecho recordar la importancia de estos sentidos. El sentido del gusto está determinado por unas pequeñas estructuras que se ubican en las papilas linguales. Hay cuatro tipos que definen cinco sabores y uno que aún está en duda. Las alteraciones de este sentido tienen varios posibles orígenes que se comentan en esta revisión.

Abstract Taste is relevant because it has allowed us to discriminate between what is food and what is not, and even what can be toxic or dangerous when ingested. The search for new flavors is present in history of mankind. Since ancient times, the spices provided new taste experiences to make meals more palatable or as a means of preserving food; the search for spices was a motivation to make voyages that led to the discovery of new lands and continents. More recently, a viral pandemic that damages the olfaction and taste senses made us to remember the relevance of the senses. Small structures, called taste buds, located in the papillae of the tongue are responsible of the sense of taste. There are four types of taste buds that identify five tastes and one whose existence has not yet been fully proven. Taste alterations have different etiologies which will be commented on this review.

Abstract Jalisco is one of the main honey bee producing states in Mexico. However, information on the parasitoses that affect the productivity of honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies in the state is limited and addresses only a few regions. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and intensity of two parasitic diseases of Apis mellifera -varroosis (Varroa destructor) and nosemosis (Vairimorpha spp.)- in six regions of Jalisco. Bees from 365 colonies collected during the spring were analyzed. Varroosis was the most frequent parasitosis (90 %), and nosemosis was the least frequent (15 %). The infestation or infection levels of these parasitoses were generally low: <5 % (mites per 100 bees) for varroosis, and <310,000 spores/bee for nosemosis. The regions with the highest prevalence and intensity of V. destructor were the Highlands, the Center, and the South, while infections by Vairimorpha ceranae -the only species of the fungus found- were significantly higher in the Southeastern and Southern regions. It is advisable to carry out epidemiological studies at other times of the year in order to detect possible seasonal effects of parasitoses for the purpose of designing strategies for their control.

Resumen Jalisco es uno de los principales estados productores de miel de abejas en México. Sin embargo, la información sobre parasitosis que afectan la productividad de las colonias de abejas melíferas (Apis mellifera) en el estado es limitada y de pocas regiones. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia e intensidad de dos enfermedades parasitarias de Apis mellifera, varroosis (Varroa destructor) y nosemosis (Vairimorpha spp.), en seis regiones de Jalisco. Se analizaron abejas de 365 colonias colectadas durante la primavera. La varroosis fue la parasitosis más frecuente (90 %) y la nosemosis la menos frecuente (15 %). Los niveles de infestación o infección de las parasitosis fueron en general bajos. Para varroosis, <5 % (ácaros en 100 abejas) y para nosemosis, <310,000 esporas/abeja. Las regiones con mayor prevalencia e intensidad de V. destructor fueron Altos, Centro y Sur, mientras que las infecciones por Vairimorpha ceranae, la única especie del hongo encontrada, fueron significativamente más altas en las regiones Sureste y Sur. Se recomienda realizar estudios epidemiologicos en otras épocas del año para detectar posibles efectos estacionales de las parasitosis para diseñar estrategias para su control.

ABSTRACT Livestock systems at Region Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo depend on forage conservation during the spring-summer season, generally with low nutritional quality to animal requirements. To reduce nutrient loss, additives are commonly used, being spent brewery yeast a potential additive. Therefore, a study was carried out with the inclusion of two spent brewer’s yeast (Lager and Ale) as an additive in pasture mini silos compared to two commercial additives (SiloSolve MC™ and Josilac grass™) and mini silo without additive. It was observed that spent brewer’s yeast has a negative effect on crude protein and metabolizable energy, contents that decreased to 9.8% and 2.5%, respectively, compared to control. However, Ale yeast declined faster and maintained lower pH levels below 4.1. Spent brewer’s yeast do not improve nutritional quality, however decreased pH levels of pasture silage. Therefore, it should be noted that the effect of spent brewer’s yeasts has been insufficiently evaluated. Thus, is still a lack of trials within large scale of silage conservation and its effects on animal feed performance.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar la influencia del consumo de hidratos de carbono (HCO) sobre el estado oxidante en mujeres con y sin diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG). Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal, observacional y comparativo a dos grupos de 21 mujeres con y sin DMG, respectivamente, en la ciudad de Toluca, México, de enero a diciembre del 2022. Para evaluar parámetros sociodemográficos, se les aplicó un cuestionario de historia clínica; en cuanto a los parámetros antropométricos, se les midió peso corporal y estatura; y respecto a los parámetros bioquímicos, colesterol total (CT) y triglicéridos (TG). Para evaluar el estado oxidante/antioxidante se cuantificaron, como marcador oxidante, el malondihaldeído (MDA), y como antioxidantes, catalasa (cat), superóxido dismutasa (SOD) y capacidad antioxidante total (CAT). Los hábitos dietéticos se evaluaron a través de un recordatorio de 24 horas, en ambos grupos de mujeres, para obtener los macronutrientes: proteínas, lípidos e HCO. A partir de los hidratos de carbono totales (HCOT), se calcularon los hidratos de carbono complejos (HCOC) e hidratos de carbono simples (HCOS) como la sacarosa. Para el cálculo de HCOS por día, se usó la lista de alimentos con contenido de sacarosa por cada 100 gramos de consumo que emplea el Sistema Mexicano de Equivalentes; para el análisis de dieta, se utilizó el programa Nutrikcal VO. Se usaron las pruebas estadísticas t de Student para muestras independientes, U de Mann-Whitney para las variables no homogéneas y se realizó la correlación de Spearman (p < 0,05) en el programa SPSS, versión 19. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que la diferencia entre los valores de CT (p < 0,029), TG (p < 0,029), las enzimas: cat (p < 0,011), SOD (p < 0,013), así como el MDA (p < 0,039), fueron significativamente mayores en las pacientes del grupo con DMG en comparación con el grupo sin DMG. Además, el grupo con DMG consumió mayor proporción de sacarosa. Conclusiones: Las mujeres con DMG tienen un desequilibrio en el estado oxidante/antioxidante influenciado por el tipo de HCO que consumen, en particular los HCOS como la sacarosa.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the influence of carbohydrate (CHO) intake on oxidative status among women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Materials and methods: A cross-sectional, observational and comparative study was carried out with two groups of 21 women each with and without GDM in the city of Toluca, Mexico, from January to December 2022. The sociodemographic parameters were determined by administering the patients a medical history questionnaire; anthropometric parameters such as body weight and height were measured; and biochemical parameters including total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) were calculated. The oxidant/antioxidant status was assessed as follows: malondialdehyde (MDA) as oxidative stress marker; and catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) as antioxidants. Dietary habits were evaluated through a 24-hour reminder in both groups of women to obtain the macronutrient classes, i.e., proteins, fats and CHOs. Based on the total carbohydrates (TCHOs), complex carbohydrates (CCHOs) and simple carbohydrates (SCHOs) such as sucrose were calculated. SCHOs per day were measured using the list of foods with sucrose content per 100 grams according to the Mexican Food Equivalence System (SMAE). The NutriKcal VO program was used for the dietary analysis. Statistical tests such as Student’s t test and Mann-Whitney U test were performed for the independent samples and non-homogeneous variables, respectively, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (p < 0.05) was determined using the IBM SPSS Statistics V19. Results: The results showed that the difference between the levels of TC (p < 0.029), TG (p < 0.029), enzymes CAT (p < 0.011) and SOD (p < 0.013), as well as MDA (p < 0.039), was significantly higher among patients in the group with GDM compared to that in the group without GDM. In addition, the group with GDM consumed a higher proportion of sucrose. Conclusions: Women with GDM have an imbalance in the oxidant/antioxidant status, influenced by the type of CHO they consume, particularly SCHOs such as sucrose.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the oxidative stability of flaxseed cake and its inclusion in the diet of lactating cows, on milk production and composition and blood parameters (total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein -HDL and low density lipoprotein - LDL). Oxidative stability was evaluated by acidity index (AI) and peroxides (PI), determined from day zero to the ninth day of storage. Eighteen crossbreed Holstein x Jersey cows were used, nine animals per treatment (without and with the inclusion of cake). The experimental design was completely randomized, with two treatments and nine replications. There was an increase in PI during the first six days of storage, followed by a decrease on the ninth day. Supplying 4.5% flaxseed cake to lactating cows for 90 days did not promote changes in production, chemical composition and fatty acid profile of milk, somatic cell counts and blood parameters. Thus, flaxseed cake can be used to feed lactating cows. total cholesterol triglycerides HDL LDL. LDL . LDL) AI (AI PI, , (PI) storage without cake. cake) randomized replications 45 4 5 4.5 9 Thus (PI 4.

Abstract This study quantified the production of the pro-resolving agent Resolvin E1 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 20 systemically healthy volunteers with and without periodontitis after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg). Ten periodontitis patients and 10 healthy volunteers (30-50 years old), matched by age and sex, were recruited. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and stimulated in culture plates for 24 hours with Pg LPS. Resolvin E1 levels were measured in the supernatants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Significantly higher production of Resolvin E1 was observed in both groups when stimulated with LPS compared to baseline levels (p<0.001). A significant increase in Resolvin E1 was observed in the presence of Lipopolysaccharide in the patients with periodontitis compared to the healthy group (p=0.0019). Resolvin E1 levels may reflect a measure of resolution of inflammation that warrants further clinical investigation. proresolving pro resolving E PBMC (PBMC 2 (LPS Pg. . (Pg) 1 3050 30 50 (30-5 old, old , old) sex recruited enzymelinked enzyme linked assay p<0.001. p0001 p p<0.001 0 001 (p<0.001) p=0.0019. p00019 p=0.0019 0019 (p=0.0019) investigation (Pg 305 3 5 (30- p000 p<0.00 00 (p<0.001 p=0.001 (p=0.0019 (30 p00 p<0.0 (p<0.00 p=0.00 (p=0.001 (3 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 p=0.0 (p=0.00 ( p<0 (p<0. p=0. (p=0.0 p< (p<0 p=0 (p=0. (p< p= (p=0 (p (p=

Resumo Este estudo quantificou a produção do agente pró-resolução Resolvin E1 por células mononucleares de sangue periférica (PBMC) de 20 voluntários sistemicamente saudáveis com e sem periodontite após a estimulação com lipopolissacárido (LPS) de Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg). Se reclutaram dez pacientes com periodontite e 10 voluntários saudáveis (30-50 anos), emparejados por pai e sexo. Células mononucleares de sangue são isoladas e estimuladas em placas de cultivo durante 24 horas com Pg LPS. Os níveis de Resolvin E1 são mediados nos sobrenadantes por meio de um ensaio imunoabsorvente ligado a enzimas. Foi observada uma produção significativamente maior de Resolvin E1 em ambos os grupos quando houve estímulo com LPS em comparação com os níveis iniciais (p=0,001). Foi observado um aumento significativo de Resolvina E1 na presença de lipopolissacárido em pacientes com periodontite em comparação com o grupo saudável (p=0,0019). Os níveis de Resolvin E1 podem refletir uma medida de resolução da inflamação que justifica uma investigação clínica aprofundada próresolução pró E PBMC (PBMC 2 (LPS Pg. . (Pg) 1 3050 30 50 (30-5 anos, anos , anos) sexo enzimas p=0,001. p0001 p p=0,001 0 001 (p=0,001) p=0,0019. p00019 p=0,0019 0019 (p=0,0019) (Pg 305 3 5 (30- p000 p=0,00 00 (p=0,001 (p=0,0019 (30 p00 p=0,0 (p=0,00 (3 p0 p=0, (p=0,0 ( p=0 (p=0, p= (p=0 (p= (p

ABSTRACT Ralstonia solanacearum race 2 (Rs) is the causal agent of Moko, one of the most limiting diseases of plantain. This study aimed to determine if the preventive application of salicylic acid (SA), silicon dioxide (Si), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Ba), and Bacillus subtilis (Bs) reduce the disease development and mitigate the plant physiological damage caused by Rs. For this, plantain plants cv. Hartón (Musa AAB) at nursery stage were established in a split-plot design and treated with biostimulants before the inoculation with Rs. Disease development and plant physiological variables were evaluated post-inoculation. Application of SA and Si on inoculated plants improved the relative water content, quantic yield of the photosystem II, electrons transport rate, gas exchange, and promoted dry biomass partition to the roots and a higher roots elongation. Plants treated with these biostimulants showed the lowest disease degree in comparison to inoculated control plants. Moreover, non-inoculated plants treated with Si and Bs significantly improved their photosynthetic capacity, biomass accumulation, and root elongation compared to non-inoculated control plants. Results suggest that preventive application of SA and Si reduces the Moko disease development whereas Si and Bs improve the physiological features of the plants. Rs (Rs SA, , (SA) Si, (Si) Ba, Ba (Ba) (Bs this cv Musa AAB splitplot split plot postinoculation. postinoculation post inoculation. post-inoculation content II rate exchange Moreover noninoculated non capacity accumulation (SA (Si (Ba

Abstract The infection process of the hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum has been independently studied at the microscopic and genomic levels. However, the relationship between the morphological changes and the pathogenicity mechanisms of the fungus at the early stages of the infection remains uncharacterized. Therefore, this study attempts to bridge this gap by integrating microscopic and transcriptional approaches to understand the infection process of C. lindemuthianum. Fungal structures were followed by fluorescence microscopy for 120 hours. Simultaneously, the transcriptomic profile was made using RNAseq. Morphological characterization shows that appressoria, infective vesicles, and secondary hypha formation occur before 72 hours. Additionally, we assembled 38,206 transcripts with lengths between 201 and 3,548 bp. The secretome annotation revealed the expression of 1,204 CAZymes, of which 17 exhibited secretion domains and were identified as chitinases and β-1,3-glucanases, 27 were effector candidates, and 30 were transport proteins mostly associated with ABC-type. Finally, we confirmed the presence and expression of CAC1 role during the appressoria formation of Clr7. This result represents the first report of adenylate cyclase expression evaluated under three different approaches. In conclusion, C. lindemuthianum colonizes the host through different infection structures complemented with the expression of multiple enzymes, where CAC1 favors disease development. levels However uncharacterized Therefore C 12 hours Simultaneously RNAseq vesicles 7 Additionally 38206 38 206 38,20 20 3548 3 548 3,54 bp 1204 1 204 1,20 CAZymes β1,3glucanases, β13glucanases βglucanases β 1,3 glucanases, glucanases β-1,3-glucanases 2 candidates ABCtype. ABCtype ABC type. type ABC-type Finally CAC Clr7 Clr conclusion enzymes development 3820 38,2 354 54 3,5 1,2 β1 3glucanases β1,3glucanases 13 1, 382 38, 35 5 3,

RESUMEN La contaminación atmosférica es uno de los grandes problemas a nivel global. Dentro de los contaminantes ambientales más importantes están las partículas suspendidas, las cuales han sido clasificadas dentro del Grupo 1 como carcinógenas para humanos por la Agencia Internacional sobre la Investigación en Cáncer. A las partículas suspendidas se adosan componentes con relevancia toxicológica como los metales a los que se les atribuyen, al menos en parte, los efectos adversos que las partículas generan en los organismos. Uno de los metales presentes en las partículas es el vanadio, metal que se encuentra como elemento traza abundante en el petróleo mexicano y que se emite a la atmósfera principalmente por la quema de sus derivados, como la gasolina. Sin embargo, aunque el vanadio está presente en la atmósfera, sus concentraciones no se monitorean, ya que ni éste ni algún otro metal están considerados como contaminantes criterio. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo es darle visibilidad a este elemento como contaminante ubicuo adosado a las partículas suspendidas, ya que representa un potencial peligro para la salud de los habitantes de las ciudades contaminadas como la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México y, por otro lado, enfatizar la casi nula de normatividad en México sobre la contaminación por metales, ya que el vanadio es solo un ejemplo de ésta.

ABSTRACT Air pollution is a major global problem. Among the most important environmental pollutants is particulate matter, which has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a human carcinogen within Group 1. Toxicologically relevant components such as metals are added to suspended particulate matter, which is at least partly responsible for the adverse effects of particulate matter on organisms. One of the metals present in particulate matter is vanadium, which is found as an abundant trace element in Mexican petroleum and is emitted into the atmosphere mainly by burning its derivatives, such as gasoline. However, although vanadium is present in the atmosphere, its concentrations are not monitored since neither vanadium nor any other metal are considered criteria pollutants. Therefore, the objective of this work is to give visibility to this element as a ubiquitous pollutant attached to suspended particles, which represents a potential danger to the health of the inhabitants of polluted cities such as the Metropolitan Zone of the Valley of Mexico; and, on the other hand, to emphasize the near absence of regulations in Mexico on metal pollution, since vanadium is only one example.