ABSTRACT Objective Vertebral fracture is the most common osteoporotic fracture, affecting quality of life and increasing mortality. Epidemiological data on incidence of vertebral fracture are scarce in Brazil and throughout Latin America. Our aim was to determine vertebral fracture incidence and risk factors in a female Brazilian population. Subjects and methods Postmenopausal women with low bone mass were studied from the Brazilian placebo group of Arzoxifene Generations Trial (n = 974), followed for up to 5 years. The primary endpoint was new vertebral fractures, detected by X-Ray. Experimental design defined two strata: A. Osteoporosis or previous vertebral fracture with osteopenia; B. Osteopenia without previous fracture. Previous fracture, T-score, ionized calcium, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine and glucose were analyzed at baseline. Crude and adjusted incidence rates of vertebral fractures were estimated and Poisson regression model was used. Results Incidence rate was 7.7 (95% CI of 5.4 to 10.9) per 1,000 person-years (PY), increasing as a function of age. Women with new vertebral fractures had higher prevalence of previous nonvertebral fracture after menopause, were older and had lower lumbar spine (LS) T-score. Fracture risk increased by 46% for each unit reduction in LS T-score. Variables correlated with new vertebral fracture were age (p = 0.034), LS T-score, stratum A (p = 0.001 for both) and previous nonvertebral fracture after menopause (p = 0.019). In the final model, LS T-score was the strongest predictor. Conclusions Incidence rate of vertebral fracture of 7.7 per 1,000 PY. Age and previous fractures were associated with new vertebral fracture, but LS T-score was the most important predictor.

OBJETIVO: Como parte de um estudo envolvendo migrantes japoneses (issei) e seus descendentes (nisei), residentes na cidade de Bauru no Estado de São Paulo, descrevem-se e comparam-se os coeficientes de mortalidade (CM) observados para o período de 1993 a 1996 em indivíduos com graus diferentes de tolerância à glicose. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Nesse estudo, em 1993, a coorte era composta por 530 nipo-brasileiros (236 issei e 294 nisei), de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 40 e 79 anos, sendo que 91 indivíduos (17%) foram classificados como diabéticos não dependentes de insulina (DMNDI), 90 (17%) como portadores de tolerância à glicose diminuída (TGD) e 349 (66%) como normais quanto à tolerância à glicose. Em 1996 foram identificados os óbtos ocorridos e obtidas informações dos familiares e dos certificados de óbito para o registro da data e da causa da morte. Calcularam-se, para os três grupos de indivíduos, os CM brutos e ajustados, por todas as causas e por causas específicas (doenças circulatória e renal). O modelo de Cox foi utilizado para a comparação dos CM ajustados segundo idade, sexo, geração, creatinina sérica, presença de hipertensão arterial, de dislipidemia e de obesidade. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: As razões entre os CM brutos de indivíduos diabéticos e normais foram 2,95 (IC 95%: 1,10 -7,62) para os óbitos ocorridos por todas as causas e 4,75 (IC 95%: 1,31 - 16,48) para os óbitos por causas específicas. Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os CM brutos de indivíduos com TGD quando comparados aos indivíduos normais. Após o ajuste simultâneo pelas variáveis de controle, observou-se que, entre os indivíduos diabéticos, a força de mortalidade por causas específicas foi aproximadamente 4 vezes aquela observada entre os indivíduos normais (Razão dos CM: 3,86 e IC 95%: 1,11 -13,38). Os resultados em nipo-brasileiros são consistentes com outros obtidos em populações diabéticas, reforçando a influência desse distúrbio metabólico, particularmente sobre a mortalidade por doenças cardiovascular e renal.

OBJECTIVE: As part of a study involving Japanese migrants, living in a developed city in the state of S. Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, a four-year experience of mortality among diabetic and non-diabetic subjects is described and their respective death rates are compared. In 1993, a cohort of 530 Japanese-Brazilians (236 issei or 1st generation and 294 nisei or 2nd generation) of both sexes, aged 40 from to 79 years old, were identified. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHOD: At that time, 91 (17%) were classified as non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects (NIDDM), 90 (17%) with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 349 (66%) as normal, according to WHO criteria. In 1996, families were questioned with a view detecting the deaths wich had occurred among the subjects previously studied. This information, in addition to that from death certificates was used to record the date and the causes of death. Mortality rates for all causes and for specific causes (circulatory and renal diseases) were obtained for the three groups of subjects, by glucose tolerance status. Proportional hazard regression models were used to compare the mortality rates, adjusted for several covariables (gender, age, generation, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity and serum creatinine). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Crude mortality rate ratios for all causes and specific causes, for NIDDM, and normal subjects were 2.95 (95% CI: 1.10 - 7.62) and 4.57 (95% CI: 1.31- 16.48), respectively. No difference was observed between the crude mortality rate ratio for IGT and normal subjects. After simultaneous adjustments for the covariates, higher mortality rates for specific causes were observed among NIDDM than in the normal subjects (mortality rates ratio: 3.86; 95% CI: 1.11 - 13.38). These results in Japanese-Brazilians are consistent with previous reports of increased mortality in other diabetic subjects, thus confirming the adverse effect of this metabolic disturbance on mortality among diabetic subjects.

OBJETIVO: Como parte de um estudo envolvendo migrantes japoneses (issei) e seus descendentes (nisei), residentes na cidade de Bauru no Estado de São Paulo, descrevem-se e comparam-se os coeficientes de mortalidade (CM) observados para o período de 1993 a 1996 em indivíduos com graus diferentes de tolerância à glicose. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Nesse estudo, em 1993, a coorte era composta por 530 nipo-brasileiros (236 issei e 294 nisei), de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 40 e 79 anos, sendo que 91 indivíduos (17%) foram classificados como diabéticos não dependentes de insulina (DMNDI), 90 (17%) como portadores de tolerância à glicose diminuída (TGD) e 349 (66%) como normais quanto à tolerância à glicose. Em 1996 foram identificados os óbtos ocorridos e obtidas informações dos familiares e dos certificados de óbito para o registro da data e da causa da morte. Calcularam-se, para os três grupos de indivíduos, os CM brutos e ajustados, por todas as causas e por causas específicas (doenças circulatória e renal). O modelo de Cox foi utilizado para a comparação dos CM ajustados segundo idade, sexo, geração, creatinina sérica, presença de hipertensão arterial, de dislipidemia e de obesidade. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: As razões entre os CM brutos de indivíduos diabéticos e normais foram 2,95 (IC 95%: 1,10 -7,62) para os óbitos ocorridos por todas as causas e 4,75 (IC 95%: 1,31 - 16,48) para os óbitos por causas específicas. Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os CM brutos de indivíduos com TGD quando comparados aos indivíduos normais. Após o ajuste simultâneo pelas variáveis de controle, observou-se que, entre os indivíduos diabéticos, a força de mortalidade por causas específicas foi aproximadamente 4 vezes aquela observada entre os indivíduos normais (Razão dos CM: 3,86 e IC 95%: 1,11 -13,38). Os resultados em nipo-brasileiros são consistentes com outros obtidos em populações diabéticas, reforçando a influência desse distúrbio metabólico, particularmente sobre a mortalidade por doenças cardiovascular e renal.

OBJECTIVE: As part of a study involving Japanese migrants, living in a developed city in the state of S. Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, a four-year experience of mortality among diabetic and non-diabetic subjects is described and their respective death rates are compared. In 1993, a cohort of 530 Japanese-Brazilians (236 issei or 1st generation and 294 nisei or 2nd generation) of both sexes, aged 40 from to 79 years old, were identified. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHOD: At that time, 91 (17%) were classified as non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects (NIDDM), 90 (17%) with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 349 (66%) as normal, according to WHO criteria. In 1996, families were questioned with a view detecting the deaths wich had occurred among the subjects previously studied. This information, in addition to that from death certificates was used to record the date and the causes of death. Mortality rates for all causes and for specific causes (circulatory and renal diseases) were obtained for the three groups of subjects, by glucose tolerance status. Proportional hazard regression models were used to compare the mortality rates, adjusted for several covariables (gender, age, generation, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity and serum creatinine). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Crude mortality rate ratios for all causes and specific causes, for NIDDM, and normal subjects were 2.95 (95% CI: 1.10 - 7.62) and 4.57 (95% CI: 1.31- 16.48), respectively. No difference was observed between the crude mortality rate ratio for IGT and normal subjects. After simultaneous adjustments for the covariates, higher mortality rates for specific causes were observed among NIDDM than in the normal subjects (mortality rates ratio: 3.86; 95% CI: 1.11 - 13.38). These results in Japanese-Brazilians are consistent with previous reports of increased mortality in other diabetic subjects, thus confirming the adverse effect of this metabolic disturbance on mortality among diabetic subjects.