Abstract Pollen morphology serves as a valuable tool for taxonomic characterization and evolutionary studies. In this study, we conducted a detailed morphological analysis of pollen grains from 16 species of Machaerium Pers. (Fabaceae) occurring in São Paulo, Brazil. Pollen samples were obtained from herbarium specimens and subjected to both qualitative and quantitative analyses using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Our results confirm the stenopalynous character of Machaerium pollen, characterized by monads, isopolar pollen grains, 3-colporate with narrow colpi, and microreticulate exine. Quantitative measurements of colpus length and width, and endoaperture width, proved to be relevant for species differentiation. Additionally, qualitative characteristics such as pollen size, amb, shape, aperture position, presence of fastigium, and the thickness of the exine layer were identified as distinguishing factors among species. Despite variations observed, our analysis did not reveal distinct pollen features for taxonomic sections within the genus, indicating a high degree of pollen similarity among species. These findings contribute to our understanding of pollen morphology in Machaerium species and highlight the importance of pollen characteristics in taxonomic studies and evolutionary research. study 1 Pers Fabaceae (Fabaceae Paulo Brazil monads 3colporate colporate 3 colpi width differentiation Additionally size amb shape position fastigium observed genus research

ABSTRACT Solanaceae is represented by herbs, shrubs, trees and climbing plants and has cosmopolitan distribution, with a large number of native species in the Neotropical region. This study aimed to characterize the pollen morphology of ten species of Solanaceae (especially species of Cestrum and Solanum) from Cerrado forest fragments in Brazil, in order to contribute to the palynology, taxonomy and conservation of degraded areas. Pollen grains were acetolysed, measured and photographed using light and scanning electron microscopy. Qualitative data were described, and quantitative data were analyzed statistically according to sample size. Morphologically, the studied pollen grains vary in size (small to medium), amb (subcircular to subtriangular), shape (oblate spheroidal to subprolate), aperture details (very long, long or narrow colpi, rounded or tapered at the polar ends, colpi with margo, sometimes with a fastigium, endoapertures can present costa and median constriction) and ornamentation (psilate, rugulate, striate or microreticulate). We observed rugulate or striate pollen grains without fastigium for Cestrum species, whereas psilate or microreticulate pollen grains with fastigium were observed for Solanum species. Qualitative data on diameters and aperture measurements were also found to be important in characterizing the two genera. The results obtained here confirm Solanaceae as an eurypalynous family.

Resumo No presente trabalho, foi analisada a morfologia polínica de 22 espécies de Anacardiaceae, ocorrentes no estado da Bahia, Brasil. O material polinífero foi obtido a partir de espécimes depositados em herbários. Os grãos de pólen foram acetolisados, mensurados, ilustrados e descritos sob microscopias de luz e eletrônica de varredura. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados estatisticamente de acordo com o tamanho da amostra. As espécies analisadas apresentaram grãos de pólen em mônades, pequenos a médios, isopolares, amb circular a subtriangular, com formas variando de oblata-esferoidal a prolata, 3-colporados, com fastígio e/ou ponte em algumas espécies. A ornamentação da exina caracterizou-se como psilada, estriada, microrreticulada-estriada, estriada-perfurada, supraestriada-infra(micror)reticulada. A variação morfopolínica confirma o caráter euripolínico da família. As características aperturais e da exina são atributos que podem colaborar com a circunscrição taxonômica e entendimento das relações filogenéticas do grupo.

Abstract In the present work, the pollen morphology of 22 species of Anacardiaceae was analysed, occurring in the state of Bahia, Brazil. The palynological material was obtained from specimens deposited in herbaria. The pollen grains were acetolysed, measured, illustrated and described under light and scanning electron microscopies. The quantitative data were statistically analysed according to sample size. The analysed species presented pollen grains in monads, small to medium sized, isopolar, amb circular to subtriangular, with shapes varying from oblate-spheroidal to prolate, 3-colporate, with fastigium in some species. The exine ornamentation was characterized as psilate, striate, microreticulate-striate, striato-perforate, suprastriato-infra(micro)reticulate. The pollen morphology variation confirms the eurypalynous character of the family. The attributes of the apertures and exine may collaborate in the taxonomic circumscription and provide a clarification of the phylogenetic relationships of the group.

ABSTRACT Morphological variations in angiosperm pollen grains may aid in the differentiation of families, genera and species. Sapindaceae pollen morphology holds promise for the recognition of taxa of this cosmopolitan family, which is well distributed in tropical regions and possesses great morphological diversity. This study presents the pollen morphology of 23 native Brazilian species of Sapindaceae from forest fragments in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The aim was to identify pollen types in order to expand the morphological knowledge of the analyzed species and contribute to the taxonomy and conservation of the family. Pollen grains were acetolysed, measured and photographed using light and scanning electron microscopy. Qualitative data were described for three pollen types, while quantitative data were analyzed by descriptive and multivariate statistics. The pollen grains are monads, isopolar or heteropolar, small to medium in size, peroblate to oblate-spheroidal and with a subcircular to quadrangular amb. Variation in the type of the apertures [3-porate, 3-(4)-colporate, 3-syncolporate or 3-parasyncolporate] allowed the analyzed genera to be separated into three pollen types. Furthermore, differences in ornamentation (psilate, rugulate, striate, microreticulate, reticulate) delimit species within the established pollen types.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever a morfologia polínica de três espécies de jambeiro e testar disponibilidade de pólen e receptividade de estigma. Foram analisados os grãos de pólen de Syzygium aqueum, e Syzygium jambosSyzygium malaccense. Realizou-se a leitura do material por microscopia de luz e varredura, a fim de evidenciar a ornamentação detalhada dos grãos de pólen. A viabilidade polínica foi medida de acordo com dois protocolos. A receptividade estigmática foi testada em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento da flor. Existem diferenças entre a morfologia polínica para as espécies estudadas, medindo os diâmetros polares e equatoriais, em vista equatorial, dos grãos de pólen, observa-se que o S. jambos é a espécie de maior tamanho nos dois valores dos diâmetros; S. malaccense é a espécie de menor tamanho; S. aqueum é a espécie de maior tamanho em relação ao diâmetro polar em vista equatorial. Já em diâmetro equatorial em vista equatorial, S. aqueum apresentou os menores diâmetros, e S. malaccense, os maiores diâmetros, porém as duas espécies sobrepõem-se nos valores dos diâmetros medidos. Existem variações na quantidade de aberturas nos grãos de pólen. O teste de alexander é mais sensível para avaliação de grãos de pólen, e as espécies S. aqueum e S. jambos têm os mesmos horários de disponibilidade de pólen e de receptividade estigmática.

Abstract The present study aimed to describe the pollen morphology in three species of Syzygium, to test pollen availability and stigma receptivity. The pollen was analyzed by light and scanning microscopy to show the detailed ornamentation of the pollen grains. Pollen availability was measured according to two protocols. Stigmatic receptivity was tested at different stages of flower development. There are differences among the pollen morphology for the species studied; when the polar and equatorial diameters are measured in the equatorial view of the pollen grains, it is observed that S. jambos is the largest species concerning the two values of the diameters, S. malaccense is the smallest species and S. aqueum, the largest species in relation to the polar diameter in the equatorial view. For the equatorial diameter in equatorial view, S. aqueum showed the smallest diameters and S. malaccense, the major diameters, but the two species overlap in the values of the measured diameters. There are variations in the number of apertures in the pollen grains. Alexander’s stain is more sensitive to estimate pollen availability and the species S. aqueum and S. jambos have the same schedules of pollen availability and stigma receptivity.

ABSTRACT It is well known that phytochromes mediate a wide range of photomorphogenic processes in plants. In addition, many studies have demonstrated the involvement of phytochromes as part of abiotic stress signaling responses. However, little is known about cadmium (Cd) stress regulation by phytochromes. Thus, in this study, we used the phyA (far red-insensitive; fri), phyB1 (temporary redinsensitive; tri) and phyB2 (phyB2) tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) mutants to investigate the roles of these three phytochromes on Cd stress responses. The plants were grown over a 21-d period in the presence of Cd. We evaluated plant growth, Cd and chlorophyll content and anatomical changes in the leaves. The results indicated that all genotypes were affected by Cd and showed reduced growth of the shoots and roots, as well as reduced chlorophyll content. The accumulation of Cd was similar for all genotypes, and a higher Cd content was found in roots. Anatomical analysis of the vascular bundles revealed that fri and tri seem to be more disrupted by Cd. Overall, these results indicate that phytochromes do not determine Cd stress tolerance in tomato plants.

RESUMO Foram investigados os grãos de pólen de duas espécies de Amaranthaceae e três espécies de Araliaceae ocorrentes em fragmentos florestais remanescentes, contribuindo dessa forma com a palinologia, taxonomia e conservação de áreas degradadas. Os grãos de pólen foram acetolisados, medidos, descritos qualitativamente e fotografados sob microscopia de luz e de varredura. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados por estatística descritiva. Os grãos de pólen das espécies de Amaranthaceae são mônades, pequenos, apolares, esféricos, pantoporados com exina metarreticulada. Os das espécies de Araliaceae são mônades, pequenos a médios, isopolares, âmbito subcircular a subtriangular, oblato-esferoidais a subprolatos, 3-colporados, algumas vezes com vestíbulo, endoaberturas lalongadas e exina microrreticulada. Os dados obtidos confirmam o caráter estenopolínico de Amaranthaceae, no entanto as espécies de Araliaceae apresentam características de abertura dos seus grãos de pólen que podem ser usadas para diferenciá-las.

ABSTRACT We investigated the pollen morphology of two native species of Amaranthaceae and three of Araliaceae from forest fragments in order to contribute with the palynology, taxonomy, and conservation of degraded areas. The pollen grains were acetolyzed, measured, qualitatively described and photographed using light and scanning electron microscopy. Quantitative data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. The pollen grains of Amaranthaceae are monads, small, apolar, spherical, pantoporate, and with metareticulate exine. For Araliaceae, the pollen grains are monads, small to medium, isopolar, subcircular to subtriangular, oblato-spheroidal to subprolate, 3-colporate, sometimes with vestibulum, lalongate endoaperture and microreticulate exine. The pollen data confirmed Amaranthaceae as a stenopalynous family. On the other hand, the species of Araliaceae studied characteristically present pollen grains apertures that can be used to differentiate them.

No presente estudo foram investigados os grãos de pólen de quatro espécies pertencentes à família Boraginaceae (Cordia sellowiana Cham., Heliotropium indicum L., Tournefortia breviflora DC., T. villosa Salzm. ex DC.) e de duas espécies de Gesneriaceae [Nematanthus villosus (Hanst.) Wiehler, Sinningia allagophylla (Mart.) Wiehler] ocorrentes na "Reserva do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga". São apresentadas descrições, ilustrações e observações para todas as espécies estudadas.

Pollen grains of four species of Boraginaceae (Cordia sellowiana Cham., Heliotropium indicum L., Tournefortia breviflora DC., T. villosa Salzm. ex DC.) and of two species of Gesneriaceae [Nematanthus villosus (Hanst.) Wiehler, Sinningia allagophylla (Mart.) Wiehler] occurring in the Reserva do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga were examined in the present study. Descriptions, illustrations, and observations of all species studied are presented.

Foram estudados os grãos de pólen de 12 gêneros e 41 espécies de Solanaceae ocorrentes na "Reserva do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga": Acnistus arborescens (L.) Schlecht., Athenaea picta (Mart.) Sendtn., Brunfelsia latifolia Benth., Brunfelsia pauciflora (Cham. & Schlecht.) Benth., Capsicum flexuosum (L.) Sendtn., Capsicum villosum (L.) Sendtn., Cestrum amictum (L.) Schlecht., Cestrum corymbosum (L.) Schlecht., Cestrum lanceolatum (L.) Miers, Cestrum schlechtendalii (L.) G. Don, Cestrum sendtnerianum (L.) Mart. ex Sendtn., Cyphomandra diploconos Sendtn., Cyphomandra velutina Sendtn., Dyssochroma viridiflora (Sims) Ducke, Nicotiana langsdorffii (Weinm.) Roem. & Schult., Physalis peruviana L., Physalis viscosa L., Sessea brasiliensis Tol., Solandra grandiflora Sw, Solanum americanum Mill., Solanum atropurpureum Schrank., Solanum bullatum Vell., Solanum capsicoides Allion., Solanum cernuum Vell., Solanum concinnum Schott ex Sendtn., Solanum didynum Dun., Solanum diflorum Vell., Solanum excelsum St. Hil. ex Dun., Solanum granuloso-leprosum Dun., Solanum hoehnei Morton, Solanum inaequale Vell., Solanum inodornum Vell., Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil. ex Dun., Solanum mauritianum Scop., Solanum paniculatum L., Solanum rufescens Sendtn., Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam., Solanum swartzianum Roem. & Schult., Solanum vaillantii Dun., Solanum variabile Mart., Solanum viarum Dun. São apresentadas descrições para todas as espécies estudadas, ilustrações, observações e seis chaves polínicas.

Pollen grains of 12 genera and 41 species of Solanaceae occurring in the "Reserva do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga" were examined: Acnistus arborescens (L.) Schlecht., Athenaea picta (Mart.) Sendtn., Brunfelsia latifolia Benth., Brunfelsia pauciflora (Cham. & Schlecht.) Benth., Capsicum flexuosum (L.) Sendtn., Capsicum villosum (L.) Sendtn., Cestrum amictum (L.) Schlecht., Cestrum corymbosum (L.) Schlecht., Cestrum lanceolatum (L.) Miers, Cestrum schlechtendalii (L.) G. Don, Cestrum sendtnerianum (L.) Mart. ex Sendtn., Cyphomandra diploconos Sendtn., Cyphomandra velutina Sendtn., Dyssochroma viridiflora (Sims) Ducke, Nicotiana langsdorffii (Weinm.) Roem. & Schult., Physalis peruviana L., Physalis viscosa L., Sessea brasiliensis Tol., Solandra grandiflora Sw, Solanum americanum Mill., Solanum atropurpureum Schrank., Solanum bullatum Vell., Solanum capsicoides Allion., Solanum cernuum Vell., Solanum concinnum Schott ex Sendtn., Solanum didynum Dun., Solanum diflorum Vell., Solanum excelsum St. Hil. ex Dun., Solanum granuloso-leprosum Dun., Solanum hoehnei Morton, Solanum inaequale Vell., Solanum inodornum Vell., Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil. ex Dun., Solanum mauritianum Scop., Solanum paniculatum L., Solanum rufescens Sendtn., Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam., Solanum swartzianum Roem. & Schult., Solanum vaillantii Dun., Solanum variabile Mart., Solanum viarum Dun. Descriptions are presented for all species studied, including illustrations, additional observations and six key for identification.

Foi apresentado o estudo polínico de três espécies de Besleria L. (B. longimucronata Hoehne, B. selloana Klotzsch & Hanst., B. umbrosa Mart.) e uma espécie de Napeanthus (Napeanthus primulifolius (Raddi) Sandw.) ocorrentes no Estado de São Paulo, além de Napeanthus reitzii (L. B. Sm.) B. L. Burtt ex Leeuwenb. que ocorre no Sul do Brasil. Os grãos de pólen foram acetolisados, medidos, descritos e fotomicrografados sob microscopia de luz. Para observar detalhes da ornamentação e estrutura da exina, grãos de pólen não acetolisados foram analisados em microscopia eletrônica de varredura e de transmissão. As medidas receberam tratamento estatístico. Os grãos de pólen foram descritos como pequenos a médios, isopolares, oblato-esferoidais, 3-colporados, endoaberturas lolongadas, psilado-perfurados (B. longimucronata), rugulados (B. umbrosa) ou microrreticulados (B. selloana, N. primulifolius e N. reitzii). Os resultados obtidos demonstram a importância taxonômica da morfologia polínica para corroborar a subdivisão dos táxons nas tribos Beslerieae e Napeantheae.

This paper presents a study of the pollen grains of three species of Besleria L. (B. longimucronata Hoehne, B. selloana Klotzsch & Hanst., B. umbrosa Mart.) and one of Napeanthus (Napeanthus primulifolius (Raddi) Sandw.) from São Paulo state and Napeanthus reitzii (L. B. Sm.) B. L. Burtt ex Leeuwenb. occurring in southern Brazil. The pollen material was acetolysed, measured, described and illustrated using light microscopy. For further details of pollen surface and exine, non-acetolysed pollen grains were analyzed by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The pollen grains of Besleria and Napeanthus are small to medium size, isopolar, oblate spheroidal, 3-colporate, endoaperture lolongate, psilate-perforate (B. longimucronata), rugulate (B. umbrosa) and microreticulate (B. selloana, N. primulifolius e N. reitzii). The results demonstrated the taxonomic importance of pollen morphology studies corroborating with the subdivision of the taxa in these tribes.

É apresentado o estudo polínico das 18 espécies heterostílicas de Cordiaceae, representando dois gêneros, ocorrentes no Estado de São Paulo, visando interpretar a morfologia polínica e fornecer dados para a taxonomia da família. Os grãos de pólen foram acetolisados, medidos, descritos e fotomicrografados em microscopia óptica. Para observar detalhes da ornamentação, grãos de pólen não acetolisados foram analisados em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). A morfologia polínica revelou dois tipos polínicos: Cordia com grãos de pólen 3-colporados, colpos longos e endoaberturas lalongadas, exina espinhosa a espículo-verrugosa e Varronia com grãos de pólen 3-porados, poros com opérculos, exina reticulada, homorreticulada a heterorreticulada. Na maioria das espécies estudadas, os grãos de pólen das flores longistilas apresentaram valores maiores de diâmetros. Os dados obtidos mostram Cordiaceae como euripolínica, enquanto que os gêneros Cordia L. e Varronia P. Br. são estenopolínicos.

The pollen morphology of 18 heterostylic species, representing 2 genera, of Cordiaceae from the state of São Paulo were investigated. The pollen grains were acetolyzed, measured, described and photomicrographed under light microscope, and when necessary, under scanning electron microscope. Cordia has 3-colporate pollen grains with long colpus and lalongate endoaperture, the exine is spiny to spinulate-verrucate. Varronia has 3-porate pollen grains and pores with operculum, the exine is reticulated, homobrochate to heterobrochate. In most of the species the pollen grains of the long-styled (pin) flowers have higher diameter values. Although Cordia and Varronia can be easily distinguished based on pollen morphology, both genera are stenopalynous and it is not possible to distinguish species based on pollen grains morphology, though different group of species have pollen grains with different average size, size measures overlap.

Foram estudados os grãos de pólen de sete gêneros e 45 espécies de Melastomataceae (Huberia semisserrata DC., Leandra amplexicaulis DC., L. aurea Cogn., L. australis Cogn., L. cardiophylla Cogn., L. hirta Raddi, L. hirtella Cogn., L. mosenii Cogn., L. purpurascens Cogn., L. refracta Cogn., L. scabra DC., L. sericea DC., Miconia cabussu Hoehne, M. candolleana Triana, M. castanaeflora Naud., M. conferta Cogn., M. cubatanensis Hoehne, M. depauperata Gardn., M. hyemalis A. St.-Hil. et Naud., M. inaequidens Naud., M. latecrenata Naud., M. oblongifolia Cogn., M. petropolitana Cogn., M. pyrifolia Naud., M. sellowiana Naud., M. theaezans Cogn., M. urophylla DC., M. valtherii Naud., Mouriri chamissoana Cogn., Ossaea brachystachya Triana, Pleiochiton ebracteatum Triana, Tibouchina adenostemon Cogn., T. cerastifolia Cogn., T. chamissoana Cogn., T. clinopodifolia Cogn., T. frigidula Cogn., T. gracilis Cogn., T. granulosa Cogn., T. martialis Cogn., T. mutabilis Cogn., T. pulchra Cogn., T. raddiana Cogn., T. sellowiana Cogn., T. trichopoda Bail., T. velutina Cogn.) ocorrentes na Reserva do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga. São apresentadas descrições e observações para todas as espécies estudadas, bem como chave polínica para a identificação das espécies. Ilustrações são apresentadas somente para alguns táxons.

Pollen grains from seven genera and 45 species of Melastomataceae (Huberia semisserrata DC., Leandra amplexicaulis DC., L. aurea Cogn., L. australis Cogn., L. cardiophylla Cogn., L. hirta Raddi, L. hirtella Cogn., L. mosenii Cogn., L. purpurascens Cogn., L. refracta Cogn., L. scabra DC., L. sericea DC., Miconia cabussu Hoehne, M. candolleana Triana, M. castanaeflora Naud., M. conferta Cogn., M. cubatanensis Hoehne, M. depauperata Gardn., M. hyemalis A. St.-Hil. et Naud., M. inaequidens Naud., M. latecrenata Naud., M. oblongifolia Cogn., M. petropolitana Cogn., M. pyrifolia Naud., M. sellowiana Naud., M. theaezans Cogn., M. urophylla DC., M. valtherii Naud., Mouriri chamissoana Cogn., Ossaea brachystachya Triana, Pleiochiton ebracteatum Triana, Tibouchina adenostemon Cogn., T. cerastifolia Cogn., T. chamissoana Cogn., T. clinopodifolia Cogn., T. frigidula Cogn., T. gracilis Cogn., T. granulosa Cogn., T. martialis Cogn., T. mutabilis Cogn., T. pulchra Cogn., T. raddiana Cogn., T. sellowiana Cogn., T. trichopoda Bail., T. velutina Cogn.) occuring in the "Reserva do Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga" were examined. Description and observations are presented for all studied species, as well as a key of species based on pollen characters, and illustrations only for some taxa.