ABSTRACT Intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) is one of the most common and well-known activation methods used during routine EEG recordings. However, although it is the most straightforwardly standardized activation technique, its methodology still has significant variability, and the interpretation and classification of photoparoxysmal response (PPR) remain largely subjective. Objective: This review aims to provide an updated reference about the standardized methodology to perform the IPS procedure. Additionally, it intends to provide an update on the interpretation and classification of the PPR. A critical analysis about current practical/clinical challenges is formulated, and some potential operational criteria to improve the interrater agreement for the confirmation of PPR are proposed. Conclusions: Proposed operational criteria include, but are not limited to morphology, amplitude, duration, lag, and redundancy. The generalization of using a standardized IPS methodology and defined operational criteria to confirm the presence of PPR can help improve the diagnosis of epilepsy and photosensitivity. Thus, the clinical practice of EEG would maintain its validity, and enhance the care of patients with epilepsy. This review in Spanish can contribute to standardize this clinical practice in Spanish-speaking countries.

RESUMEN La estimulación luminosa intermitente (ELI) es una de las maniobras más comunes y conocidas utilizadas durante los registros de electroencefalograma (EEG). A pesar de ser la de más fácil estandarización, presenta una gran variabilidad metodológica y la interpretación y clasificación de la respuesta fotoparoxística (RFP) sigue siendo, en gran medida, subjetiva. Objetivo: La presente revisión intenta ofrecer un marco de referencia actualizado acerca de la metodología estandarizada para la ejecución de la ELI y para interpretar/clasificar la RFP. Se formula un análisis crítico de los retos prácticos actuales en el ámbito clínico y se proponen algunos criterios operativos que pueden contribuir a mejorar el acuerdo entre evaluadores. Conclusiones: Los criterios operativos propuestos abarcan -pero no se limitan- a la morfología, la amplitud, la duración, el desfase y la redundancia. La generalización del uso de una metodología estandarizada de ELI, aunada a criterios operativos para confirmar la presencia de RFP, puede ayudar a mejorar el diagnóstico de epilepsia y de fotosensibilidad. De esta forma, la práctica clínica del EEG no solo mantendría su vigencia, sino que incluso mejoraría la atención a pacientes con epilepsia. La presente revisión en idioma español puede contribuir a homogeneizar esta práctica clínica en países hispanohablantes.

Developing new non-noble metal electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is an essential challenge in electrochemical device research. Among these, we highlight the metal Schiff-base complexes, which can be used as modified carbon paste electrodes (CPE). Herein, we present a facile one-pot method for preparing a new family of cobalt(II) complexes with Schiffbase ligands obtained from glycine and para-substituted aldehydes. Complexes were characterized by different techniques, and the effects of para-substituents on the electronic properties of the complexes were confirmed by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The CV was also used to evaluate the ORR behavior of metal complex-modified CPE in an alkaline medium. The three complex-modified CPE were found to be highly effective for ORR, and the electron-withdrawing character of para-substituent affects the electrochemical reactivity. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to complement the study and correlate the electrochemical activity, the redox potentials, and the Hammett parameter (σp) with the singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) energy of the complexes. DFT data were also able to shed light on the likely ORR mechanism. In summary, electronic tuning of the ligand affects the electronic properties of the metal center and allows for systematic oxygen reduction-catalytic control. nonnoble non noble (ORR research these Schiff base CPE. . (CPE) Herein onepot one pot cobaltII cobalt II cobalt(II parasubstituted para substituted aldehydes techniques parasubstituents substituents ultravioletvisible ultraviolet visible CV. (CV) complexmodified complex medium electronwithdrawing electron withdrawing parasubstituent substituent reactivity (DFT activity potentials σp (σp SOMO (SOMO mechanism summary reductioncatalytic catalytic control (CPE (CV

Abstract Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is associated with fractures, despite preserved Bone Mineral Density (BMD). This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between BMD and trabecular bone score (TBS) with the reallocation of fat within muscle in individuals with eutrophy, obesity, and T2D. Methods: The subjects were divided into three groups: eutrophic controls paired by age and sex with the T2D group (n = 23), controls diagnosed with obesity paired by age, sex, and body mass index with the T2D group (n = 27), and the T2D group (n = 29). BMD and body fat percentage were determined using dual-energy X-Ray absorptiometry. TBS was determined using TBS iNsight software. Intra and extramyocellular lipids in the soleus were measured using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results: TBS was lower in the T2D group than in the other two groups. Glycated hemoglobin (A1c) was negatively associated with TBS. Body fat percentage was negatively associated with TBS and Total Hip (TH) BMD. TH BMD was positively associated with intramuscular lipids. A trend of negative association was observed between intramuscular lipids and TBS. Conclusion: This study showed for the first time that the reallocation of lipids within muscle has a negative association with TBS. Moreover, these results are consistent with previous studies showing a negative association between a parameter related to insulin resistance (intramuscular lipids) and TBS. Introduction TD T D (T2D fractures . (BMD) (TBS eutrophy Methods groups n 23, 23 , 23) 27, 27 27) 29. 29 29) dualenergy dual energy XRay X Ray absorptiometry software spectroscopy Results A1c Ac c (A1c (TH Conclusion Moreover (BMD

RESUMEN Fundamento: en 2021 y producto de la pandemia por COVID-19, el curso de Promoción de la Salud, en la carrera de Odontología de la Universidad de Antofagasta, se realizó en modalidad remota de emergencia. El aula invertida se presentó como una estrategia metodológica útil para dar continuidad a los procesos enseñanza aprendizaje en este contexto. Objetivo: analizar la percepción de los estudiantes de Odontología de la Universidad de Antofagasta respecto a la metodología de aula invertida aplicada al curso de Promoción de la Salud durante la pandemia. Métodos: estudio cuantitativo, observacional, descriptivo transversal, en estudiantes de Odontología de la Universidad de Antofagasta que participaron en el curso Promoción de la Salud en 2021 (N=60). Se realizó un muestreo por conveniencia y se invitó a participar a los estudiantes. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos: analítico-sintético e inductivo-deductivo; y empíricos: la medición con un cuestionario estructurado; estadísticos: análisis descriptivo, se analizaron diferencias significativas según sexo con la prueba t de Student, con un p valor <0,05. Resultados: existió un 65 % de participación (n=39), la mayoría manifestó una percepción favorable hacia la metodología. Reportaron mejora en la comprensión de los contenidos, la participación, comunicación e interacción del estudiante con los profesores. Además de un mayor grado de autonomía y autorregulación de los alumnos. Conclusiones: el aula invertida en educación remota de emergencia fue percibida favorablemente, dio respuesta a los desafíos y necesidades didácticas que se enfrentaron durante la pandemia.

ABSTRACT Background: in 2021 and as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Health Promotion course, in the Dentistry program at Antofagasta University, was carried out in distance-learning emergency education mode. The inverted classroom was presented as a useful methodological strategy to provide continuity to the teaching-learning processes in this context. Objective: to analyze the perception of Dentistry students at the University of Antofagasta regarding the inverted classroom methodology applied to the Health Promotion course during the pandemic. Methods: quantitative, observational, descriptive cross-sectional study in Dentistry students at the University of Antofagasta who participated in the Health Promotion course in 2021 (N=60). Purposive sampling was carried out and students were invited to participate. Theoretical methods were used: analytical-synthetic and inductive-deductive; and empirical ones: measurement with a structured questionnaire; Statistics: descriptive analysis, significant differences according to sex were analyzed with the Student's t test, with a p value <0.05. Results: there was 65% participation (n=39), the majority expressed a favorable perception towards the methodology. They reported improvement in the understanding of the content, participation, communication and interaction of the student with the teachers. In addition to a greater degree of autonomy and self-regulation of the students. Conclusions: the inverted classroom in distance-learning emergency education was perceived favorably, it responded to the challenges and didactic needs faced during the pandemic.

Abstract Purpose This study analyzes the way that firm-generated content (FGC) was adapted in the accommodation sector through hotel chains' Facebook posts at a time of crisis. Specifically, this research aims to: (1) explore hidden topics in hotel chains' FGC; (2) classify topics according to their promotional or non-promotional content; and (3) compare topics during the first months of the COVID-19 crisis and the same months of 2019. Theoretical framework The method/theoretical approach used in this research is social network analysis. Design/methodology/approach We used content analysis to examine 1,317 Facebook posts from the five hotel chains with the greatest presence in Spain. NodeXL software was used to create a semantic network to reveal the relationships between the ideas embedded in the text collection. Findings 14 latent topics were found in each period, including promotional and non-promotional content. Non-promotional topics increased from one third in 2019 to more than half in 2020, and the most relevant topic in 2020 was “Competitions”. Practical & social implications of the research The findings of our study suggest that during the pandemic, unlike other crises, hotel chains used Facebook to accompany users, entertain them, and maintain the emotional connection with the brand, responding to societal demands. Originality/value This study is novel not only because of its focus on FGC in the tourist accommodation sector, but also because it uses semantic network analysis to study the way in which firms make use of social media in crisis situations. firmgenerated firm generated (FGC Specifically 1 (1 2 (2 nonpromotional non 3 (3 COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 methodtheoretical method theoretical Designmethodologyapproach Design methodology 1317 317 1,31 Spain collection period Nonpromotional Non 201 202 Competitions. Competitions . “Competitions” pandemic crises users them brand demands Originalityvalue Originality value situations ( COVID1 COVID- 131 31 1,3 20 “Competitions 13 1,

RESUMO Visando a busca de uma nova alternativa para sustentabilidade das propriedades dos polos irrigados do Nordeste brasileiro, objetivou-se com este estudo identificar o sistema e a lâmina de irrigação ideal para uma melhor produtividade e qualidade dos frutos da pereira, no Submédio São Francisco. O experimento foi conduzido no pomar comercial da fazenda Frutos do Sol, localizado no município de Petrolina - PE, no período de outubro de 2016 a novembro de 2017. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de quatro lâminas de irrigação (60; 80; 100 e 120% da evapotranspiração da cultura - ETc), sob dois sistemas de irrigação (gotejamento e microaspersão), em dois ciclos de cultivos da pereira ‘Triunfo’. Analisou-se a produtividade, peso médio dos frutos, produtividade de água, bem como a firmeza de polpa e a acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis totais e luminosidade dos frutos. As lâminas de irrigação de 96,04% e 94,84% da ETc proporcionam, respectivamente, as maiores produtividades comerciais para o primeiro (43,48 t ha-1) e segundo (26,55 t ha-1) ciclo de cultivo da pereira ‘Triunfo’ no Semiárido brasileiro. O sistema de irrigação por gotejamento no período mais quente proporciona maior produtividade. O cultivo da pereira ‘Triunfo’ irrigada por gotejamento e microaspersão proporcionam frutos com boa qualidade comercial no Semiárido brasileiro. brasileiro objetivouse objetivou se Francisco Sol PE 201 2017 60 (60 80 10 120 ETc, , ETc) microaspersão, microaspersão) ‘Triunfo. Triunfo ‘Triunfo . Analisouse Analisou água titulável 9604 96 04 96,04 9484 94 84 94,84 respectivamente 43,48 4348 43 48 (43,4 ha1 ha 1 ha-1 26,55 2655 26 55 (26,5 20 6 (6 8 12 960 9 0 96,0 948 94,8 43,4 434 4 (43, ha- 26,5 265 2 5 (26, ( 96, 94, 43, (43 26, (26 (4 (2

ABSTRACT Aiming at the search for a new alternative for the sustainability of the properties in the irrigated areas of the Brazilian Northeast, the objective of this study was to identify the ideal irrigation system and depth for a better yield and quality of pear fruits in the Sub-middle São Francisco region. The experiment was conducted in the commercial orchard of the Frutos do Sol farm, located in the municipality of Petrolina, PE, Brazil, from October 2016 to November 2017. The treatments consisted of four irrigation depths (60; 80; 100 and 120% of crop evapotranspiration - ETc), under two irrigation systems (drip and micro-sprinkler), in two crop cycles of ‘Triunfo’ pear. Yield, average fruit weight, water productivity, pulp firmness and titratable acidity, total soluble solids and lightness of the fruits were analyzed. Irrigation depths of 96.04% and 94.84% ETc promote, respectively, the highest marketable yields for the first (43.48 t ha-1) and second (26.55 t ha-1) cycle of ‘Triunfo’ pear in the Brazilian semi-arid region. Drip irrigation system in the warmer period promotes higher yield. The cultivation of ‘Triunfo’ pear irrigated by drip and micro-sprinkler promotes fruits with good commercial quality in the Brazilian semi-arid region. Northeast Submiddle Sub middle region farm Petrolina PE Brazil 201 2017 60 (60 80 10 120 ETc, , ETc) microsprinkler, microsprinkler micro sprinkler micro-sprinkler) ‘Triunfo Triunfo Yield weight productivity acidity analyzed 9604 96 04 96.04 9484 94 84 94.84 promote respectively 43.48 4348 43 48 (43.4 ha1 ha 1 ha-1 26.55 2655 26 55 (26.5 semiarid semi arid 20 6 (6 8 12 960 9 0 96.0 948 94.8 43.4 434 4 (43. ha- 26.5 265 2 5 (26. ( 96. 94. 43. (43 26. (26 (4 (2

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de sistemas de irrigação e lâminas de irrigação sobre processos fisiológicos, bioquímicos e produtivos da pereira cultivada no Semiárido brasileiro. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com fatorial 2 x 4, sendo dois sistemas de irrigação (gotejamento e microaspersão) e quatro lâminas de irrigação (60; 80; 100 e 120% da evapotranspiração da cultura - ETc), com quatro repetições. A deficiência e o excesso hídrico aplicados às plantas são prejudiciais às trocas gasosas, bem como à biossíntese e acúmulo de carboidratos, aminoácidos e proteínas nas folhas, comprometendo o ciclo de cultivo de pereiras cultivadas na região do Submédio São Francisco. A lâmina de irrigação de 91,8% ETc promove a maior produção de pereira (18,49 kg planta-1) sob sistemas de irrigação por gotejamento e microaspersão, nas condições edafoclimáticas do Submédio São Francisco. fisiológicos brasileiro casualizados 4 microaspersão 60 (60 80 10 120 ETc, , ETc) repetições gasosas carboidratos folhas Francisco 918 91 8 91,8 18,49 1849 18 49 (18,4 planta1 planta 1 planta-1 6 (6 12 9 91, 18,4 184 (18, planta- ( 18, (18 (1

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of irrigation systems and water depths on physiological, biochemical and production processes of pear trees grown in the Brazilian semi-arid region. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with 2 × 4 factorial scheme, corresponding to two irrigation systems (drip and microsprinkler) and four irrigation depths (60, 80, 100 and 120% of the crop evapotranspiration - ETc), with four replicates. Water deficit and excess applied to plants are harmful to gas exchange as well as to biosynthesis and accumulation of carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins in leaves, compromising the cultivation cycle of pear plants grown in the Sub-Middle São Francisco region. The irrigation depth of 91.8% ETc promotes the highest production of pear (18.49 kg plant-1) under drip and microsprinkler irrigation systems, under the edaphoclimatic conditions of the Sub-Middle São Francisco region. physiological semiarid semi arid region blocks scheme 60, 60 (60 80 10 120 ETc, , ETc) replicates carbohydrates leaves SubMiddle Sub Middle 918 91 8 91.8 18.49 1849 18 49 (18.4 plant1 plant 1 plant-1 6 (6 12 9 91. 18.4 184 (18. plant- ( 18. (18 (1

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate, at short term, the physico-chemical and biological quality of residually contaminated soils after the Aznalcóllar mine spill and treated with “tailor-made Technosols”. Two Technosols with different properties (T4 and T6) were used as treatments. Both are composed of ex-situ contaminated soil and two wastes from mining (sludge rich in iron oxyhydroxides and marble sludge); and T4 by a waste from agro-industry (solid olive-mill by-product) and T6 by one from urban activity (vermicompost from gardening). After 6 months of application, samples of Technosols and treated contaminated soils were characterised (soil properties, total, soluble and available concentrations of potentially harmful elements (PHEs), and toxicity bioassay with Lactuca sativa L.) and compared with baseline conditions. Some soils in the Guadiamar Green Corridor presented a significant environmental and human health risk due to their extreme characteristics (pH<4, low fertility and multielemental contamination). After only six months, the application of Technosols on these soils has led to a significant improvement in their physico-chemical and biological properties (pH neutralisation, reduction of mobility PHEs and enrichment in organic carbon). So, in the long term, soil remediation through the Technosols is expected to be effective and proven in future studies.

Resumen Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar, a corto plazo, la calidad fisicoquímica y biológica de suelos contaminados tras el accidente de Aznalcóllar y ser tratados con "Tecnosoles a la carta". Se aplicaron dos Tecnosoles (T4 y T6); ambos compuestos por suelos contaminados ex-situ y dos residuos procedentes de la minería (lodos ricos en oxihidróxidos de hierro y lodos de mármol); y T4 también por uno agrícola (subproductos sólidos de almazara) y T6 por uno urbano (vermicompost de jardinería). Tras 6 meses, se caracterizaron los Tecnosoles y los suelos contaminados tratados (propiedades del suelo, concentraciones totales, solubles y disponibles de elementos potencialmente contaminantes (EPCs), y bioensayo de toxicidad con Lactuca sativa L.) y compararon con las condiciones de partida. Algunos suelos del Corredor Verde del Guadiamar presentaban un importante riesgo ambiental y para la salud humana debido a sus características extremas (pH<4, baja fertilidad y contaminación multielemental). La aplicación de los Tecnosoles ha mejorado significativamente sus propiedades fisicoquímicas y biológicas (neutralización del pH, reducción de la movilidad de los PHE y enriquecimiento en carbono orgánico) en tan solo 6 meses. Así pues, a largo plazo, se espera que la remediación de los suelos mediante los Tecnosoles sea eficaz y demostrada en futuros estudios.

Resumen En las áreas tropicales de Chiapas, México, la producción de frijol es afectada por el mosaico amarillo dorado, la sequía y la acidez de los suelos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar genotipos de frijol resistentes al mosaico amarillo dorado, con mayor productividad que la variedad Negro Jamapa, comúnmente sembrada en Chiapas. En otoño-invierno de 2019-2020 se estableció un experimento en tres localidades del centro de Chiapas, se evaluaron 11 líneas y tres variedades de frijol negro, incluida Negro Jamapa. El diseño experimental fue bloques al azar con tres repeticiones. Se cuantificó la incidencia de mosaico amarillo dorado y el rendimiento de grano. Los datos de las tres localidades se analizaron de manera individual y combinada. También se realizaron análisis de correlación entre la incidencia de mosaico amarillo dorado y el rendimiento de los genotipos. El mosaico amarillo dorado redujo el rendimiento en los tres sitios de evaluación (Villa Corzo, r= -0.562*; CECECH, r= -0.757** y El Gavilán, r= -0.552*). La línea Jamapa Plus/XRAV-187-3-4-1 mostró los mayores daños por esta enfermedad con una calificación promedio de incidencia de 6, significativamente superior al resto de los genotipos; en tanto que, las líneas: Negro Citlali/XRAV-187-3-1-6, Papaloapan/SEN 46-7-7 y Jamapa Plus/XRAV-187-3-4-4 y la variedad Verdín mostraron la mayor resistencia al mosaico amarillo dorado, con calificaciones de incidencia de entre 1.67 y 3.22, estadísticamente inferiores a la del testigo Negro Jamapa. Estos cuatro genotipos también obtuvieron rendimientos promedio significativamente sobresalientes (mayores a 934 kg ha-1) y superiores al de Negro Jamapa.

Abstract In the tropical areas of Chiapas, Mexico, bean production is affected by golden yellow mosaic, drought and soil acidity. The objective of this research was to identify bean genotypes resistant to the golden yellow mosaic, with higher productivity than the Negro Jamapa variety, commonly sown in Chiapas. In the autumn-winter of 2019-20 20, an experiment was established in three localities in central Chiapas, 11 lines and three varieties of black bean, including Negro Jamapa, were evaluated. The experimental design was randomized blocks with three repetitions. The incidence of golden yellow mosaic and grain yield were quantified. Data from the three localities were analyzed individually and in combination. Correlation analyses between the incidence of golden yellow mosaic and genotype yield were also performed. The golden yellow mosaic significantly reduced yield at the three sites of evaluation (Villa Corzo, r= -0.562*; CECECH, r= -0.757** and El Gavilán, r= -0.552*). The Jamapa Plus/XRAV-187-3-4-1 line showed the greatest damage from this disease with an average incidence score of 6, significantly higher than those of the rest of the genotypes, while the lines: Negro Citlali/XRAV-187-3-1-6, Papaloapan/SEN 46-7-7 and Jamapa Plus/XRAV-187-3-4-4 and the Verdín variety showed the highest resistance to the golden yellow mosaic, with incidence scores between 1.67 and 3.22, statistically lower than that of the control Negro Jamapa. These four genotypes also obtained average yields that were significantly outstanding (greater than 934 kg ha-1) and higher than that of Negro Jamapa.

Abstract In 1895, Nicolás Sáenz proposed to the Chilean government to purchase a collection of “Inca” objects brought from Lima. This acquisition was approved in 1897. Despite the difficulties caused by the War of the Pacific, the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural (Chile) continued to acquire Peruvian antiquities, following a tradition of comparative studies of material culture. Within the framework of social evolutionism, these antiquities were a measure of civilization, a reference from which to evaluate the material culture of the pre-Hispanic peoples of Chile. This article analyzes the acquisition of the Sáenz collection as the culmination of a process of transition towards an archeology that focused on the new post-war territorial acquisitions in the Pacific.

Resumen En 1895, Nicolás Sáenz propuso al gobierno chileno la venta de una colección de objetos “incaicos” traídos desde Lima; adquisición aprobada en 1897. Pese a las dificultades ocasionadas por la Guerra del Pacífico, el Museo Nacional (Chile) continuó adquiriendo antigüedades peruanas, siguiendo una tradición de estudios comparados de cultura material. Dentro del marco del evolucionismo social, estas antigüedades servían como medida de civilización, con la cual contrastar la cultura material de los pueblos prehispánicos de Chile. Este artículo analiza la adquisición de la colección Sáenz, como un punto cúlmine de un proceso de tránsito hacia a una arqueología enfocada en las nuevas adquisiciones territoriales post guerra del Pacífico.

The accelerated scientific, technological, and social advances in recent years have posed new challenges for professional training institutions, where universities play a leading role. Medical schools have not been oblivious to this process. This is how Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile implemented in 2015 a curricular reform derived from the joint work of academics, students and graduates. For this purpose, a model consisting of stages was followed, including the identification of the problem, general assessment of needs, definition of purpose and learning objectives. We worked with surveys, focus groups and committees of academics and students to identify and map content within the mesh, review terminal learning objectives while creating and reviewing courses for the vertically and horizontally integrated delivery of content and competencies. The first cohort of the new curriculum entered in 2015, consisting of 126 students. The implementation required constant follow-up and monitoring, establishing changes and adjustments according to educational needs and unforeseen conditions such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The implementation process of the new curriculum has been positive, adjusting to the defined strategic planning and responding to unexpected events.

Los nuevos desarrollos metodológicos y tecnológicos de la última década permiten resolver, o al menos atenuar, los problemas psicométricos de los test de elección forzosa (EF) para la medición de la personalidad. En estas pruebas, a la persona evaluada se le muestran bloques de dos o más frases de parecida deseabilidad social, entre las que debe elegir aquella que le represente mejor. De esta manera, los test de EF buscan reducir los sesgos de respuesta en pruebas de autoinforme. No obstante, su uso no está exento de riesgos y complicaciones si no se elaboran adecuadamente. Afortunadamente, los nuevos modelos psicométricos permiten modelar las respuestas en este tipo de test, así como optimizar su construcción. Más aún, permiten la construcción de Test Adaptativos Informatizados de EF (TAI-EF) “on-the-fiy”, en los que cada bloque se construye en el mismo momento de aplicación, emparejando óptimamente las frases de un banco previamente calibrado.

The new methodological and technological developments of the last decade make it possible to resolve or, at least, attenuate the psychometric problems of forced-choice (FC) tests for the measurement of personality. In these tests, the person being tested is shown blocks of two or more sentences of similar social desirability, from which he or she must choose which one best represents him or her. Thus, FC tests aim to reduce response bias in self-report questionnaires. However, their use is not without risks and complications if they are not created properly. Fortunately, new psychometric models make it possible to model responses in this type of test and to optimize their construction. Moreover, they allow the construction of “on the fly” computerized adaptive FC tests (CAT-FC), in which each item is constructed on the spot, optimally matching sentences from a previously calibrated bank.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Pseudomyxoma peritonei is very rare; it is characterized by mucinous ascites and peritoneal implants related to rupture and dissemination of the contents of a mucinous tumor. In 80 to 90% of cases the primary tumor is appendicular and the ovary is a truly exceptional location. CLINICALCASE: A 49 year old female patient presented for consultation due to abdominal pain. Imaging tests showed a left adnexal tumor and findings suggestive of pseudomyxoma peritonei. At surgery, the ovarian mass was partially fragmented, with an enlarged appendix and extensive peritoneal implants; in addition to a large amount of free mucin in the peritoneal cavity. The anatomopathological analysis determined the existence of a mucinous adenocarcinoma in the affected ovary, with positive immunohistochemistry for CK7+ and CK20+, multiple mucin implants and an undamaged appendix. Therefore, a diagnosis was made: pseudomyxoma peritoneum of ovarian origin. After two surgical interventions she did not achieve complete cytoreduction. The patient remained stable for seven years, at which time the symptoms of the disease became evident and led to her death. CONCLUSION: Determining the origin of a pseudomyxoma peritonei remains a challenge as often both the appendix and ovaries are affected simultaneously. Therefore, appendectomy and bilateral ovarian exploration should be routine practice. Extensive specimen analysis and immunohistochemistry can facilitate cataloging of these infrequent tumors.

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: El pseudomixoma peritoneal es muy raro; se caracterizada por ascitis mucinosa e implantes peritoneales relacionados con la rotura y diseminación del contenido de un tumor mucinoso. En 80 al 90% de los casos el tumor primario es apendicular y el ovario es una localización realmente excepcional. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 49 años que acudió a consulta debido a un dolor abdominal. En las pruebas de imagen se visualizó una tumoración anexial izquierda y se advirtieron hallazgos sugerentes de pseudomixoma peritoneal. En la cirugía, la masa ovárica se objetivó parcialmente fragmentada, con el apéndice aumentado de tamaño y extensos implantes peritoneales; además de gran cantidad de mucina libre en la cavidad peritoneal. El análisis anatomopatológico determinó la existencia de un adenocarcinoma mucinoso en el ovario afectado, con inmunohistoquímica positiva para CK7+ y CK20+, múltiples implantes de mucina y el apéndice sin daño. Por lo anterior se diagnosticó: pseudomixoma peritoneal de origen ovárico. Luego de dos intervenciones quirúrgicas no se consiguió la citorreducción completa. La paciente permaneció estable durante siete años, momento en el que fue evidente el avance de los síntomas de la enfermedad, circunstancia que la condujo a la muerte. CONCLUSIÓN: Determinar el origen de un pseudomixoma peritoneal sigue siendo un reto pues, con frecuencia, tanto el apéndice como los ovarios se afectan simultáneamente. Por ello, la apendicectomía y la exploración bilateral de los ovarios deben ser prácticas de rutina. El análisis extenso de las muestras y la inmunohistoquímica pueden facilitar la catalogación de estos infrecuentes tumores.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To expose the surgical outcomes of patients operated on for endometrial cancer, to analyze if there are points of improvement in our clinical practice and to contribute more data to the published evidence, to help advance the surgical treatment of patients with this disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational, descriptive, and retrospective study carried out in the Gynecologic Oncology Unit of the Virgen Macarena Regional Hospital of Seville, Spain, between June 2013 and February 2020. Surgical reports of patients operated on for any premalignant or malignant endometrial condition were collected. Study variables: age, BMI, previous surgeries, histopathological diagnosis and stage, surgical access route and adjuvant therapy. Outcomes related to surgical complications and cure rate are presented, as well as operation time, surgical access route and hospital stay. RESULTS: 250 patients were studied, the majority (76%) with a diagnosis of endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma. The most used surgical access route was laparoscopy (51.6%), with a percentage of intraoperative complications of 10% and postoperative complications of 9.2%. 88.4% of patients remain alive free of disease after treatment, with relapses in only 11.6% and 8% deaths. CONCLUSIONS: The initial treatment of choice in patients with hyperplasia with atypia or early-stage endometrial cancer is surgery, by hysterectomy, double adnexectomy and in some cases associated lymphadenectomy. The choice of surgical approach must be individualized to the conditions of each patient. Laparoscopy offers multiple advantages; it is a technique that is on the rise and is being used more and more frequently.

Resumen OBJETIVO: Exponer los desenlaces quirúrgicos de las pacientes intervenidas por cáncer de endometrio, analizar si existen puntos de mejora en nuestra práctica clínica y aportar más datos a la evidencia publicada, para ayudar al avance en el tratamiento quirúrgico de las pacientes con esta enfermedad MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo llevado a cabo en la Unidad de Oncología Ginecológica del Hospital Regional Virgen Macarena de Sevilla, España, entre junio de 2013 y febrero de 2020. Se reunieron los reportes quirúrgicos de pacientes intervenidas por alguna afección endometrial premaligna o maligna. Variables de estudio: edad, IMC, cirugías previas, diagnóstico histopatológico y estadio, vía de acceso quirúrgico y terapia coadyuvante. Se exponen los desenlaces relacionados con complicaciones quirúrgicas y tasa de curación, así como el tiempo de intervención, vía de acceso quirúrgico y estancia hospitalaria. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 250 pacientes, la mayoría (76%) con diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma endometrioide de endometrio. La vía de acceso quirúrgico más utilizada fue la laparoscopia (51.6%), con un porcentaje de complicaciones intraoperatorias del 10% y posoperatorias del 9.2%. El 88.4% de las pacientes permanece viva y libre de enfermedad después del tratamiento, con recaídas solo en el 11.6% y 8% de fallecimientos. CONCLUSIONES: El tratamiento inicial de elección, en pacientes con hiperplasia con atipias o cáncer de endometrio en estadios tempranos, es la cirugía, mediante histerectomía, doble anexectomía y en algunos casos linfadenectomía asociada. La elección de la vía quirúrgica de acceso debe individualizarse a las condiciones particulares de cada paciente. La laparoscopia ofrece múltiples ventajas, es una técnica en auge y cada día más practicada.