Foram utilizados oito ensaios de adubação NPK, em cana-soca do cultivar CB41-76, conduzidos em diversos solos do Estado de São Paulo, sendo quatro em Latossolo Roxo, um em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo textura argilosa, um em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo textura média, um em solos Podzolizados de Lins e Marília variação Manilha e outro em variação Lins. Aos quatro meses de idade da cana-soca, amostras de folhas + 3 foram coletadas para fins de análise de macronutrientes. As variações dos teores de macronutrientes foram mais acentuadas entre localidades do que entre doses dos respectivos adubos. Correlações positivas e significativas foram obtidas somente entre os teores de potássio nas folhas e as produções de cana. Devido às variações acentuadas dos teores de macronutrientes nas folhas de cana-soca em relação a diferentes localidades, as seguintes faixas de teores de nutrientes poderão ser, provisoriamente, consideradas como adequadas: N - 1,53 a 2,22%; P-0,14 a 0,20%; K - 1,24 a 1,59%; Ca-0,38 a 0,71%; Mg - 0,11 a 0,20% e S-0,11 a 0,31%.

Eight fertilizer experiments with sugarcane ratoon crops (CB41-76 variety) were carried out at several soils in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Four of them were established on the Dusky Red Latosol, one in the clayey textured Red Yellow Latosol, one in a medium textured Dark Red Latosol and two in the Podzolized soils from calcareous sandstones sediments. Four month old leaves of position +3 were collected and analyzed for macronutrients. Considering the wide variation among localities, the following ranges of leaf nutrient contents were tentatively taken as adequate for sugarcane ratoon crops: N - 1.53 to 2.22%; P - 0.14 to 0.20%; K - 1.24 to 1.59%; Ca - 0.38 to 0.71%; Mg - 0.11 to 0.20% and S - 0.11 to 0.31%.

Com a finalidade de determinar a acumulação de matéria seca, extração e exportação de macronutrientes por dois cultivares de mandioca, foi conduzido um experimento de campo no Centro Experimental de Campinas, Instituto Agronômico, em solo do grande grupo Latossolo Roxo (Typic Euthrorthox). As amostragens foram feitas em seis épocas do desenvolvimento das plantas, a intervalos regulares de 60 dias. As plantas amostradas foram divididas em raízes tuberosas, hastes e folhas e analisadas para N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S. Os resultados mostraram que: a) O período de maior acumulação de matéria seca ocorreu dos 120 aos 180 dias após a brotação, com a taxa média de 105,0kg/ha/dia; b) Os cultivares extraíram quantidades diferentes de fósforo e exportaram quantidades diferentes de potássio e enxofre; c) A extração dos elementos, em quilogramas/hectare e quilo-gramas necessários para produção de uma tonelada de raízes foi de 113,3 e 6,21, 11,0 e 0,62, 78,6 e 4,24, 62,0 e 3,37, 18,5 e 1,00, 8,3 e 0,46 de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S respectivamente; d) A exportação de nutrientes, em quilogramas/hectare e quilogramas/tonelada de raízes foi de 39,1 e 2,12, 3,9 e 0,22, 32,5 e 1,71, 12,1 e 0,66, 6,7 e 0,36, 1,7 e 0,09 de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S respectivamente.

Material collected in a field trial conducted in Dark Red Latosol (Typic Euthror-thox) was used to study dry matter and macronutrients accumulation in two cassava cultivars (Branca-de-santa-catarina and IAC-Mantiqueira). Plants received a uniform fertilization of N, P(2)0(5) and K2O of 40, 80 and 60 kg/ha, respectively as ammonium sulfate, simples superphosphate, and muriate of potash; N was top dressed 60 days after the sprouting. Samples were taken at six occasions during the growing season, with an interval of sixty days between each sampling. The plants were divided into roots, leaves and stems and each part was analysed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S. The results showed that: a) The period of greatest dry matter accumulation was between 120 and 180 days after the sprouting of the plants, with the average of 105.0 kg.ha-¹.day-¹; b) Extraction of macronutrients was the same in the two cultivars, with the exception of P; export was different only in the case of K and S; c) The extraction, in kg/ha and kilograms needed for the production of one metric ton of roots were respectively 113.3 and 6.21 for N, 11.0 and 0.62 for P, 78.6 and 4.24 for K, 62.0 and 3.37 for Ca, 18.5 and 1.00 for Mg and 8.3 and 0.46 for S; d) The export, in kg/ha and kg/ton of roots were respectively 39.1 and 2.12 for N, 3.9 and 0.22 for P, 32.5 and 1.71 for K, 12.1 and 0.66 for Ca. 6.7 and 0.36 for Mg and 1.7 and 0.09 for S.

Foi determinada a concentração de alumínio e de manganês em folhas de cafeeiros cultivados em vasos com três solos diferentes e com aplicação de três fertilizantes nitrogenados acidificantes (nitrato de amônio, uréia e sulfato de amônio) e um não acidificante (salitre-do-chile), além de dois tratamentos extras com corretivos de acidez e um com enxofre. Nas raízes estes elementos foram também determinados para os tratamentos que receberam uréia, uréia mais enxofre e o controle sem nitrogênio. Nos três solos determinou-se o efeito dos tratamentos sobre o pH e a concentração de A1(3+) e Mn3+. A análise foliar revelou diferenças significativas entre tratamentos na concentração de alumínio e manganês das folhas e em todos os três solos estudados. Alguns sintomas específicos observados nas folhas e raízes estiveram associados à presença de níveis elevados de manganês nessas partes vegetais.

There were determined concentrations of aluminum and manganese in leaves of coffee trees cultivated in pots with 3 different soils fertilized with acidifying nitrogen fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate) and non acidifying nitrogen fertilizer (chilean nitrate) and 3 other treatments (urea plus calcium carbonate, urea plus lime and urea plus sulfur). Aluminum and manganese were determined in coffee roots of pots fertilized with urea, urea plus sulfur and a control without nitrogen. The relation of pH and concentration of Al3+ and Mn2+ are discussed for the soils utilized. Leaves analysis showed significant differences in aluminum and manganese concentration in the leaves among treatments and among the 3 soils types. Symptoms correlated with high levels of manganese in the leaves and roots of the coffee trees were observed.

São relatadas as variações anuais de produção de frutos e composição de folhas com 6-7 meses de idade, num ensaio fatorial NPK 3³ de longa duração com laranjeiras-baianinha, clone velho, sobre o porta-enxerto laranjeira-caipira. Para definir o fator hídrico foram empregados balanços hídricos para períodos bimestrais, sendo os resultados de cada ano correlacionados com os respectivos dados de análise foliar e de produção de laranja. Foram avaliados os efeitos da adubação na produção e determinadas várias correlações entre a concentração de nutrientes nas folhas e entre estes e a produção. A ausência de correlação entre os dados dos balanços hídricos meteorológicos (excedentes-deficiências) e a produção, e a fraca correlação entre os balanços hídricos e os teores de nutrientes nas folhas no conjunto dos anos do período estudado, indicaram que, nas condições do experimento, a irrigação suplementar não teria efeito sensível no aumento de produção da laranjeira. As respostas as adubações sobre a produção podem ser explicadas pelos aumentos dos teores de N, K e Ca das folhas e as correlações positivas verificadas entre esses elementos e a produção.

These are the results of annual variation of production and composition of 6-7 months-old leaves from a fertilizer experiment of a scion-rootstock combination of Navel orange on sweet orange. The experiment was planted in 1947 on Ortho Dark Red Latosol transition to Textural B Terra Roxa Soil in Cordeiropolis, State of São Paulo. During the 19 years the levels of NPK utilized per plant in a factorial experiment were 0, 250, and 500 g of N; 0, 200, and 400 g of P2O5 and 0, 150, and 300 g of K2O as sodium nitrate, superphosphate and potassium chloride respectively. Starting 1970 nitrogen was furnished as ammonium sulphate instead of sodium nitrate. Water balance was calculated by the method of Thornthwaite & Mather every two months and these data were correlated with the fruit production and leaf analysis. The effects of fertilization on yield were evaluated. Various correlations among nutrient levels in the leaves and between nutrient concentrations and fruit production were established. The results showed that there was no correlation between water balance (excess or deficiency) and production and slight correlation between water balance and percentage of nutrients in leaves. This indicates that under the conditions of the experiment supplementary water supplied by irrigation would not affect the production. Both nitrogen and potassium fertilization increased the production, while phosphorus had small and less frequent effect. A positive N x P interaction on production was observed in several years. Leaf analysis showed positive correlation between N and Mg, P and K, P and Ca, P and Mg. Negative correlation was observed between N and P, N and K, N and Ca, K and Ca, K and Mg. The average annual leaf percentage variation was from 2.20% to 2.81% for N, 0.086% to 0.158% for P; 0.82% to 1.74% for K; 2.37% to 4.76% for Ca and 0.19% to 0.37% for Mg. The responses to fertilization can be explained by the increase in the percentage of N, K and Ca (from superphosphate) in leaves and positive correlation between these elements and production. It was accepted that contents of 2.61% of N, 0.122% of P, 1.56% of K, and 4.20% of Ca in the leaves, corresponding to the higher fertilization level, represent adequate nutritional status.

Amostras de diversas partes de frutos tropicais foram colhidas para estudo de sua composição mineral. Os materiais estudados foram representados por amostras de abacate "collinson", abacaxi "cayenne", banana "nanicão", castanha-do-pará, goiaba "IAC-4", jaca-dura, mamão-de-polpa-amarela, mangas "haden", "extrema" e "carlota", e maracujá flavicarpa. Para as análises químicas, os frutos foram divididos em casca, polpa e sementes (abacate e jaca); em casca + polpa e sementes (mamão e manga); em casca e polpa (abacaxi); em casca do fruto, casca de amêndoa e amêndoa (castanha-do-pará); banana, goiaba e maracujá não foram divididos. Foram calculadas as porcentagens de água nessas partes e as proporções dessas partes em relação ao fruto inteiro. Nas amostras secas dos frutos ou de suas partes foram dosados todos os nutrientes minerais das plantas, além de cobalto, alumínio e sódio. As quantidades dos elementos extraídos foram calculadas por tonelada de frutos nas condições normais de colheita. De um modo geral, nitrogênio e potássio foram os nutrientes extraídos em quantidades mais elevadas e o molibdênio, nas mais baixas. A castanha-do-pará foi o fruto que extraiu os nutrientes em quantidades mais elevadas.

Samples from different parts of a fruit, and from several tropical fruits were collected, in order to study their mineral composition. The fruits studied were: Avocado (Persea americana 'Collinson'), pineapple (Ananas comosus 'Cayenne'), banana (Musa acuminata 'Nanicão'), Brazilian nut (Bertholettia excelsa HBK), guava (Psidium guajava 'IAC-4'), jack fruit with hard pulp (Artocarpus integrifolia L.), papaya. with yellow pulp (Carica papaya L.), mango (Mangifera indica 'Haden', 'Extrema' and 'Carlota'), "maracujá" (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa). For chemical analysis, these fruits were divided into the skin and nut, pulp and seeds when this differentiation was possible. The water percentage of these parts and their relative proportion to the entire fruit were calculated. All essential elements were determined in dry samples of the fruit parts, as well as cobalt, aluminium, and sodium. The mineral uptake was calculated per metric ton of fruit under normal conditions of harvest. In general, the nitrogen and potassium uptake were the greatest, whereas the molibdenum was the least one. The fruit that showed the greatest nutrient uptake was the Brazilian nut.

Foram amostrados à época de colheita, na Estação Experimental de Limeira, do Instituto Agronômico, frutos cítricos de nove cultivares comerciais pertencentes a diferentes espécies: Citrus sinensis - "baianinha", "hamlin", "pêra", "natal" e "valência"; Citrus reticulata -"cravo"; Citrus paradisi - "marsh-seedless"; Citrus aurantifolia - "taiti"; híbrido Citrus sinensis X Citrus reticnlata -"murcote". Os frutos foram fracionados em casca, polpa mais suco, e sementes. No material seco e moído, procederam-se às determinações dos treze elementos essenciais às plantas e mais sódio, alumínio e cobalto. As quantidades de nutrientes extraídas por tonelada de fruto fresco foram calculadas com base nas proporções e teores de umidade das partes dos frutos. Os nove cultivares estudados extraíram as seguintes quantidades médias de elementos em gramas por tonelada de fruto fresco: N-1.906; P-173; K-1.513; Ca-526; Mg-127; S-137; B-2,2; Cl-24,7; Cu-1,2; Fé-6,6; Mn-2,8; Mo-0,008; Zn-0,9; Co-0,003; Na-43,5; Al-7,6. Os dados obtidos são semelhantes aos encontrados na literatura de outros países para os citros em geral. Há, no entanto, quase sempre, uma inversão na relação nitrogênio-potássio. Os cultivares com maior capacidade de extração de macro e micronutrientes foram as laranjas natal e valência, e o de menor capacidade, o limoeiro taiti. As sementes em geral contiveram os maiores teores de nutrientes, porém a sua ocorrência nos frutos é em pequena proporção, atingindo o máximo de 3% na tangerina-cravo.

Fruit samples of nine cultivars of citrus were collected at the Limeira Experiment Station, State of São Paulo. The fruits belong to several species: Citrus sinensis -"Baianinha", "Hamlin", "Pêra", "Natal", and "Valencia" sweet oranges; Citrus reticulata - "Cravo"-tangerine; Citrus paradisi -"Marsh-seedless" grapefruit; Citrus aurantifolia - Tahiti lime; hybrid Citrus sinensis X Citrus reticulata -"Murcott" tangor. The fruits were sectioned in skin, pulp with juice, and seeds. It was determined the proportion among these parte and their water content. The concentration of all plant nutriente plus sodium, aluminum and cobalt was determined on the dried material. These data allowed the estimation of nutrient removal per metric ton of fresh fruit. The average of removed elements expressed in gramms per ton of fresh fruit of the nine cultivars follows this order: N-1,906; P-173; K-1,513; Ca-526; Mg-127; S-137; B-2.2; Cl-24.7; Cu-1.2; Fe-6.6; Mn-2.8; Mo-0.008; Zn-0.9; Co-0.003; Na-43.5; Al-7.6. The seeds showed to be organs where there is larger percentual quantity of the majority of macronutrients, except for K which is more abundant in the pulp plus juice. The cultivars Natal and Valencia showed the greatest nutrient removal, and Tahiti lime the lowest.

Dados do ano agrícola 1972-73 de dois ensaios permanentes de adubação em milho foram utilizados para determinar os efeitos da aplicação anual continuada de sulfato de amônio, superfosfato simples e cloreto de potássio na produção e composição química dos grãos. A análise química foliar foi utilizada para determinar os efeitos dessas variações nutricionais. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a adubação e as condições ambientes (localidade) afetaram significativamente a produção e a composição das folhas e dos grãos.

Data of a continuous fertilization yield trial were analysed in two locations in 1972-73, to study the effect of continuous annual application of ammonium sul-phate, simple superphosphate and potassium chloride on yield and composition of kernels. The foliar chemical analysis was utilized to determine the plant response to the fertilizer application. Data showed a significant effect of local conditions on the yield and composition of plant material. Ammonium sulphate and superphosphate increased yield in both locations whereas potassium chloride was a factor only in Mococa. Phosphate application was the main factor to explain yield in any condition. In Mococa the nitrogen dosage, the contents of N, S, P, Mn, Cu, Zn in the leaf +4 and yield were positively correlated with protein and negatively associated with starch percentage of the seed. All the above cited nutrients increased with ammonium sulphate application. Both phosphate fertilizer and P in leaves correlated positively with seed oil content. Potassium fertilizer and K in leaves were positively correlated with percent oil and negatively associated with linoleic acid. Total oil content and linoleic acid showed negative correlation. There was a tendency for potassium fertilizer decrease starch in the grain. This was evidenced by negative correlation between K and CI in the leaves and kernel starch. Both locations showed significant correlation between same leaf and grain elements. Sulphur and N, Mo-Fe were positive whereas Pe-P and Al-P showed negative values. The amino acids glycine, lysine, and tryptophan in the protein fraction of the seed were negatively associated with crude protein content in Mococa, while there was an increase of proline followed by reduction of phenylalanine and arginine in Campinas. Yield and P in the leaf correlated positively with oil content in both places. Both oil content and fatty acid composition were affected by location. High oil content seeds revealed higher levels of oleic, palmitic, stearic, and lower linoleic acid content.

Em três experimentos conduzidos em latossolo roxo distrófico recém-desmatado, foram aplicados 2.500 kg de calcário dolomítico por hectare, cerca de cinco meses de antecedência ao plantio, num estudo de adubação com cinco níveis de fósforo e potássio, visando avaliar a produção de soja nesse solo. Os dados de análise química da terra coletada antes da aplicação do corretivo e antes da aplicação de fertilizante na época de plantio da soja, mostraram que houve modificações nas características químicas do solo. Verificaram-se aumentos da disponibilidade de fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio e uma diminuição do teor de alumínio livre no solo. Não houve diferença nos níveis dePeK determinados nas folhas, entre os tratamentos com calagem e os que receberam calagem e adubação. Também não houve aumento significativo na produção de soja.

Three experiments were conducted to study five levels of phosphorus and potassium on the yield of soybeans in recently cleared land, where dolomitic lime was applied at the rate of 2,500 kg/ha. Soil samples were taken before the application of lime and before the application of the fertilizer at the time of planting soybeans. The soil analysis data showed that with the application of lime there was an increase in soil phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium, and a decrease in aluminum. The application of levels of fertilizer phosphorus and potassium increased the percentage of leaf phosphorus and potassium, but did not surpass the level of adequacy. There was no significant increase in the yield of soybeans by the application of levels of phosphorus and potassium.

Procedeu-se à análise de folhas coletadas no verão, outono e inverno, num ensaio de adubação qualitativa instalado na Estação Experimental de Pariquera Açu, do Instituto Agronômico, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da aplicação de fertilizantes na absorção de nutrientes pela pimenteira-do-reino. A amostragem de verão revelou efeito dos tratamentos sobre os teores de fósforo, potássio e cobre, sendo por isso recomendada para fins de diagnose foliar. Apenas para potássio houve aumento de concentração nas folhas quando se compararam as médias dos tratamentos com e sem cada um dos nutrientes.

A field trial was conducted since 1965 at the Pariquera Açu Experiment Station, State of São Paulo, to study the effects of the presence and absence of fertilizer on black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). In 1973, recently mature leaves were collected in summer, fall and winter in order to verify the effects of the treatments on the foliar concentration of macro and micronutrients. Summer sampling showed effect of fertilizer treatments on the concentration of phosphorus, potassium, and copper. Fall sampling showed effect only for potassium and no effect was observed in the winter. When the average contents of nutrients from fertilized and not fertilized treatments were compared, only potassium revealed differences by the Scheffé test.

As concentrações de cálcio e magnésio em extratos de plantas podem ser determinadas por fotometria de chama de absorção com a precisão e exatidão requeridas, mediante a adição de lantânio na concentração de 0,1 %,como agente protetor. Para obtenção dos dados utilizou-se um espectrofotômetro Perkin-Elmer, modelo 303, equipado com sistema digital de leitura.

A method for determination of calcium and magnesium by absorption flame photometry was studied using a Perkin-Elmer model 303 spectrophotometer equiped with digital concentration readout model DCR1. The study of interferents was carried out with concentration usually present in plant material or even in higher concentrations to get information about the possibility of applying this method to other materials. Within the limits of concentration studied, it was observed that calcium determination was affected by the ions Fe 3+, Al3+ , Mn 2+, Si 4+, PO3-4 and SO2-4 . The ions Mg2+ , K+ , Na+ , Cu2+ , Zn2+ , CI- , NO-3 and ClO-4 had no interference. Magnesium determination was affected only by the presence of the ions Al3+ and Si4+. The use of 0.1% lanthanum solution suppressed the interference of 10 ppm of Al3+, Fe3+ or Mn2+, 50 ppm of Si4+ and 100 ppm of PO3-4 or SO2-4 on a 5 ppm calcium solution. It suppressed also the effect of 10 ppm of Al or 50 ppm of Si in the absorbance of 1 ppm magnesium solution. In the application of the method for calcium and magnesium in plant analysis, 0.200 g of dried plant material was digested with 1 ml of nitric acid and 0.5 ml percloric acid. The volume was completed to 50 ml with distilled water. A portion (2 to 10 ml) was transfered to a 50 ml volumetric flask, lanthanum was added to a final concentration of 0.1% and the volume was taken to 50 ml. Calcium and magnesium in plant material were determined using calibration curves, obtained with calcium solutions varying from 0 to 10 ppm and magnesium solutions varying from 0 to 2 ppm (both had 0.1% lanthanum). The method here described yields good accuracy and precision, and seems to be suitable for routine analysis of plant material.