Resumo A crescente importância global da Pimenta rosa (Schinus terebinthifolia, Anacardiaceae) como uma cultura de alto valor comercial e seu potencial de expansão na produção demandam um manejo apropriado devido às incertezas quanto ao seu sistema sexual. Este estudo se concentrou na avaliação da morfologia dos verticilos florais estéreis e férteis, bem como no análise do sistema sexual da Pimenta rosa em duas populações no nordeste do Brasil. Os resultados revelaram que não houve diferenças significativas nas características morfológicas das flores entre as áreas estudadas, sugerindo que a espécie possui uma notável adaptabilidade às condições ambientais. No entanto, observou-se uma marcante diferença na proporção de indivíduos estaminados em ambas as áreas, representando mais de 88% e 72%, respectivamente. Observou-se correlação entre o tamanho dos estames e a presença de pistilos aparentemente atrofiados (r=0,275; gl=178; p<0,001), juntamente com a ocorrência de frutos nessas plantas hermafroditas. Neste contexto, deve-se considerar a espécie como ginodióica devido à presença de plantas com flores hermafroditas e plantas com flores pistiladas. No entanto, é fundamental conduzir pesquisas adicionais para elucidar o papel dos polinizadores, especialmente abelhas e vespas, e entender melhor o processo de frutificação em flores hermafroditas. Esses insights têm o potencial de aprimorar significativamente o manejo visando a uma produção eficiente de frutos, promovendo sua relevância econômica e ecológica. Schinus terebinthifolia Anacardiaceae férteis Brasil estudadas ambientais entanto observouse observou 88 72 72% respectivamente Observouse Observou r=0,275 r0275 r 0 275 (r=0,275 gl=178 gl178 gl 178 p<0,001, p0001 p p<0,001 , 001 p<0,001) contexto devese deve pistiladas polinizadores vespas ecológica 8 7 r=0,27 r027 27 (r=0,27 gl=17 gl17 17 p000 p<0,00 00 r=0,2 r02 2 (r=0,2 gl=1 gl1 1 p00 p<0,0 r=0, r0 (r=0, gl= p0 p<0, r=0 (r=0 p<0 r= (r= p< (r

Abstract The increasing global importance of pink peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolia, Anacardiaceae) as a high-value commercial crop and its potential for expansion in production demand appropriate management due to uncertainties regarding its sexual system. This study focused on evaluating the morphology of sterile and fertile floral whorls, as well as analyzing the sexual system of pink pepper in two populations in northeastern Brazil. The results revealed no significant differences in the morphological characteristics of the flowers between the studied areas, suggesting that the species possesses notable adaptability to environmental conditions. However, a significant difference in the proportion of staminate individuals was observed in both areas, representing over 88% and 72%, respectively. A correlation was observed between the size of the stamens and the presence of apparently atrophied pistils (r=0.275; df=178; p<0.001), along with the occurrence of fruits in these hermaphroditic plants. In this context, the species should be considered gynodioecious due to the presence of plants with hermaphroditic flowers and plants with pistillate flowers. However, further research is essential to elucidate the role of pollinators, especially bees and wasps, and to better understand the fruiting process in hermaphroditic flowers. These insights have the potential to significantly enhance management aiming for efficient fruit production, promoting its economic and ecological relevance. Schinus terebinthifolia Anacardiaceae highvalue high value whorls Brazil areas conditions However 88 72 72% respectively r=0.275 r0275 r 0 275 (r=0.275 df=178 df178 df 178 p<0.001, p0001 p p<0.001 , 001 p<0.001) context pollinators wasps relevance 8 7 r=0.27 r027 27 (r=0.27 df=17 df17 17 p000 p<0.00 00 r=0.2 r02 2 (r=0.2 df=1 df1 1 p00 p<0.0 r=0. r0 (r=0. df= p0 p<0. r=0 (r=0 p<0 r= (r= p< (r

ABSTRACT Thousands of seahorses are traded every year as marine ornamental species. Although packing methods for live adult seahorses have already been addressed, there is no information on the transportation of juvenile seahorses. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the possibility of packing and transportation for newly-birthed seahorses. Three batches of newborn long-snout seahorses Hippocampus reidi were transported in three independent events from Ubatuba, north coast of São Paulo, to the city of São Paulo, covering 248 km in each trip, with an average duration of 3.5 h. A mean of 350 offspring of one day old was distributed in 1 L containers with round borders at equal densities, provided with constant aeration by portable pumps. Aeration was kept so that large bubbles would create an ascending flow keeping juveniles in suspension throughout transportation. Values of survival achieved in this study, even after 10 days post-transportation, were surprisingly high, reaching over 70%. No significant shift in water temperature, pH, or salinity was observed for any transportation events. For oxygen levels, although portable pumps were used, a drop of around 15% in DO level was recorded. In view of the trending ornamental fish market, considering the limited swimming capacity of newly born seahorses and that a great number of marine fish undergo a planktonic phase, this study provides important directions to a better understanding on seahorse transportation and yet, directions for the design of new transport methodology for an efficient shipping protocol for other species.

Abstract: Internet of Things (IoT) is considered the communication environment of the future, in which technological components of any kind are connected to share data, making possible the process and control of functionalities through an integrated framework available for the user. This context, with many advantages for improving the quality of life of people, with a wide impact on the economy, health and industry, is also available to those who search new ways of chime using the Internet. And it is from this perspective that the IoT environment is approached, to study and propose an action guide that allows an adequate and sufficient forensic analysis when it must search digital evidence in this context. The work includes the review of a set of methodologies for forensic analysis in general, and IoT in particular, from which a Forensic Action Guide for IoT Environments (GAFIoT) derives.

Resumen: Internet de las Cosas (IoT) se considera el entorno de comunicación del futuro, en el que se conectan componentes tecnológicos de cualquier tipo para compartir datos, haciendo posible el procesamiento y control de funcionalidades mediante un marco de trabajo integrado puesto a disposición del usuario. Este contexto, de muchísimas ventajas para la mejora de la calidad de vida de las personas, con amplio impacto en la economía, la salud y la industria, también se encuentra a disposición de quienes buscan en internet nuevos modos de delinquir. Y es desde esta óptica que se aborda el Entorno IoT, para estudiar y proponer una guía de acción que permitan realizar un análisis forense adecuado y suficiente cuando se deba buscar evidencia digital en estos contextos. El trabajo incluye la revisión de un conjunto de metodologías para el análisis forense en general —y de IoT en particular— de la cual se deriva luego una Guía de Actuación Forense para Entornos IoT (GAFIoT).

This study aimed to develop a reliable stability-indicating method (SIM) for amoxicillin 500 mg capsules (DP-drug product). A literature review addressing amoxicillin (AMX; DS-drug substance) forced degradation studies and the existing SIMs was conducted to verify the most significant outcomes. Subsequently, the forced degradation of DP and DS was carried out following the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) guidelines, including thermal degradation (dry and wet heat), acidic and alkaline hydrolyses, hydrogen peroxide oxidation, reaction with copper, and photodegradation. Both DS and DP were more susceptible to 0.015 M NaOH, resulting in approximately 50% degradation. AMX DS and DP were not significantly photodegraded, but some degradation products (PDegs) showed susceptibility to light exposure. Thermodegraded samples showing ≥ 10% degradation exhibited modified profiles in thermogravimetric (TG) and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analyses. The X-ray powder diffraction patterns (XRPD) of DS samples exposed to dry and wet heat displayed complete amorphization of AMX, attesting to the occurrence of physical degradation concomitantly with chemical degradation, which can alter the drug’s bioavailability. In contrast, the thermodegraded DP samples exhibited intact AMX crystals interspersed with the amorphous form, perhaps partly protected by the excipient. The validated SIM was able to detect and quantify about 80 PDegs.

Abstract Objective: To describe the profile of multidrug-resistance (MDR), extensively resistance (XDR) and pandrug-resistance (PDR) to antibacterial drugs in isolates from patient samples from a third level private hospital in the North of Mexico. Method: A retrospective study was carried out during the period from February 2016 to April 2019. From 156 clinical samples of urine, wounds, blood, expectoration and other fluids, 166 bacteria were isolated; 10 samples included two microorganisms. Isolated microorganisms were classified into MDR, XDR or PDR. Results: 78% of the Gram negative and 69% of the Gram positive isolates showed MDR, XDR or PDR. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most frequently isolated MDR Gram positive bacteria. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp. were among the most frequent MDR Gram negative. In two cases, the clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the neonatal intensive care unit showed PDR. Conclusions: The intensive care, surgery and neonatal intensive care unit services deserve special attention due to the high proportion of MDR isolates and the presence of PDR due to P. aeruginosa.

Resumen Objetivo: Describir el perfil de multirresistencia (MDR), resistencia extendida (XDR) y panresistencia (PDR) a antibacterianos en aislados de muestras de pacientes de un hospital privado de tercer nivel en el norte de México. Método: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo durante el periodo comprendido de febrero de 2016 a abril de 2019. A partir de 156 muestras clínicas de orina, heridas, sangre, expectoración y otros fluidos se aislaron 166 bacterias; 10 de las muestras incluyeron dos microorganismos. Los microrganismos aislados se clasificaron en MDR, XDR o PDR. Resultados: El 78% de los aislados gramnegativos y el 69% de los aislados grampositivos mostraron MDR, XDR o PDR. Staphylococcus epidermidis fue la bacteria grampositiva con multirresistencia más frecuentemente aislada. Escherichia coli y Klebsiella sp. se encontraron entre los gramnegativos MDR más frecuentes. En dos casos, los aislados clínicos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa procedentes de la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales mostraron PDR. Conclusión: Los servicios de terapia intensiva, cirugía y unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales merecen especial atención por la alta proporción de aislados MDR y la presencia de PDR a causa de P. aeruginosa.

Resumen Se han extraído los taninos presentes en la corteza de Pinus patula para desarrollar un adsorbente mediante una reacción de reticulación, que se da entre los grupos fenólicos debido al tratamiento con ácido sulfúrico, que es ampliamente utilizado como agente reticulante de grupos polifenólicos presentes en los taninos. En el presente estudio, el diseño de Box-Behnken se usó para maximizar el rendimiento de la reacción de reticulación y, por lo tanto, obtener las mejores propiedades mecánicas del adsorbente preparado. La variable de respuesta estudiada fue el rendimiento porcentual de la reacción, y las variables independientes evaluadas en el diseño Box-Behnken incluyeron, relación Sólido/Líquido (gramos de tanino/mL de H2 SO4 ) (0,2-0,5 g.mL-1), temperatura (75-95 °C) y tiempo (8-12 h). El modelo estadístico permitió estimar un rendimiento porcentual óptimo del 73,81%, que se obtiene con una relación S/L de 0,499 gmL-1, temperatura de 95 °C y tiempo de reacción de 10,45 h. La modificación de los grupos funcionales superficiales de los taninos fue establecida por medio de los espectros IR. El adsorbente presentó un área superficial BET de 4,17 m2 g-1.

Abstract The tannins present in the bark of Pinus patula have been extracted to develop an adsorbent through a crosslinking reaction, which occurs between the phenolic groups due to treatment with sulfuric acid, which is used as a crosslinking agent for polyphenolic groups present in the tannins. In the present study, the Box-Behnken design is used to maximize the performance of the crosslinking reaction and, therefore, to obtain the best mechanical properties of the prepared adsorbent. The response variable studied was the percentage yield of the reaction, and the independent variables evaluated in the Box-Behnken design included, Solid/Liquid ratio (grams of tannin/mL of H2 SO4 ) (0.2-0.5 gmL-1), temperature (75-95 °C) and time (8-12 h). The verified statistical model estimates an optimal percentage yield of 73.81%, it is obtained with an S/L ratio of 0.499 gmL-1, temperature of 95 °C and reaction time of 10.45 h. The modification of the surface functional groups of the tannins was established by means of the IR spectra. The adsorbent had a BET surface area of 4.17 m2 g-1.

Resumo Os taninos presentes na casca de Pinus patula foram extraídos para desenvolver um adsorvente através de uma reação de reticulação, que ocorre entre os grupos fenólicos devido ao tratamento com ácido sulfúrico, usado como agente de reticulação para grupos polifenólicos presentes nos taninos. No presente estudo, o projeto Box-Behnken é utilizado para maximizar o desempenho da reação de reticulação e, portanto, para obter as melhores propriedades mecânicas do adsorvente preparado. A variável resposta estudada foi a porcentagem de rendimento da reação e as variáveis independentes avaliadas no projeto Box-Behnken incluíram a relação Sólido/Líquido (gramas de tanino/mL de H2 SO4 ) (0,2-0,5 gmL-1), temperatura (75-95 °C) e tempo (8-12 h). O modelo estatístico verificado estima um rendimento percentual ideal de 73,81%, é obtido com uma relação S/L de 0,491 gmL-1, temperatura de 95°C e tempo de reação de 10,45h. A modificação dos grupos funcionais da superfície dos taninos foi estabelecida por meio dos espectros de IR. O adsorvente tinha uma área de superfície BET de 4,17 m2 g-1.

Abstract: Background: Washingtonia robusta fruits are a staple for birds, small and medium-size mammals, and humans. However, quantitative data of their nutritional contribution has remained unknown. This is the first report on the phytochemical components found in fruit pulp and seeds. Questions: Does pulp compounds favor its consumption and contribute with nutrients for wildlife and humans? Do seed contents favor ecological interactions for germination and plantlet development? Species study: Washingtonia robusta H. Wendl. Study site and dates: Sierra El Aguaje, Sonora, Mexico, February - April 2016 Methods: Chemical and secondary metabolite analyses were carried out from extracts via phytochemical coloring tests and ultra-resolution liquid chromatography. Antioxidant activity was analyzed by DPPH. Results: Washingtonia robusta seeds contain 73 % sugars, 7.4 % protein, 8.4 % humidity, 4.3 % ashes, 8.7 % fat and 0.2 % calcium, while cyanogenic glycosides content was 0.8 μg/g. Pulp has 71 % sugars, 10.8 % protein, 1.6 % humidity, 5.5 % ashes, 9.4 % fat and 1.5 % calcium, and cyanogenic glycosides reached 0.2 μg/g. Alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenols, and flavonoids were more abundant in seeds than in pulp. The DPPH assay expressed in Trolox equivalents indicated antioxidant capacity. Conclusions: Washingtonia robusta pulp is an important source of sugars and natural antioxidants for wildlife and human consumption. Occurrence of secondary metabolites prevents pathogens in seeds, also they could be beneficial for germination and initial plantlet development.

Resumen: Antecedentes: Los frutos de Washingtonia robusta son un alimento para aves, pequeños y medianos mamíferos y humanos. Sin embargo, se desconocen los datos cuantificados de su contribución nutricional. Este es el primer informe sobre sus componentes fitoquímicos en la pulpa de su fruta y semillas. Preguntas: ¿Los compuestos de la pulpa favorecen su consumo y contribuyen con nutrientes para la vida silvestre, así como para el consumo humano? ¿El contenido de las semillas favorece las interacciones ecológicas para la germinación y el desarrollo vegetal? Especie en estudio: Washingtonia robusta H. Wendl. Sitio de estudio y fechas: Sierra El Aguaje, Sonora, México, febrero-abril 2016 Métodos: Análisis químico proximal y de metabolitos secundarios a partir de extractos crudos, pruebas fitoquímicas de coloración y cromatografía líquida de ultra resolución; actividad antioxidante por DPPH. Resultados: La semilla contiene 73 % azúcares, 7.4 % proteína, 8.4 % humedad, 4.3 % cenizas, 8.7 % grasa, 0.2 % calcio y glucósidos cianogénicos 0.8 μg/g. Los componentes de la pulpa incluyen: 71 % azúcares, 10.8 % proteína, 1.6 % humedad, 5.5 % cenizas, 9.4 % grasa, 1.5 % calcio y 0.2 μg/g de glucósidos cianogénicos. Los alcaloides, taninos y saponinas son más abundantes en las semillas que en la pulpa, lo mismo ocurre con fenoles y flavonoides. El ensayo DPPH expresado en equivalentes Trolox indicó la capacidad antioxidante. Conclusiones: Los frutos de W. robusta son una fuente de azúcares y antioxidantes naturales para el consumo por la fauna y los humanos. Los metabolitos secundarios presentes en la semilla son disuasorios a patógenos, y pueden ser benéficos para la germinación y el desarrollo de la plántula.

En la actualidad es común compartir gran cantidad de información entre los sistemas y los mecanismos de control de congestión son indispensables para evitar la saturación en las redes de datos. Aunque se han propuesto diferentes mecanismos, las investigaciones actuales siguen siendo de interés en este campo de la ciencia. En este artículo, se propone un mecanismo de control de congestión basado en ventana (window-based) para transferencias de datos en escenarios de multicast múltiple. El algoritmo propuesto tiene como objetivo principal evitar la pérdida de paquetes manteniendo un equilibrio en la tasa de envío de los emisores. Además, el algoritmo constantemente analiza el estado de saturación del conmutador y de los nodos receptores considerando la tecnología de almacenamiento utilizada. Experimentos y análisis muestran que se consigue un ancho de banda agregado de red considerablemente alto, se evita en medida de lo posible la retransmisión de paquetes perdidos, aun cuando en el sistema de pruebas existe tráfico de red adicional.

Currently, it is common to share a lot of information between systems and congestion control mechanisms are essential to avoid saturation in data networks. Although different mechanisms have been proposed, current research follows a focus on this area of science. In this paper, we propose a window-based congestion control mechanism for data transfers in multiple multicast scenarios. The main purpose of the proposed algorithm is to avoid packet loss maintaining a balance in the sending rate of senders. In addition, the algorithm continually analyzes the state of the saturation of the switch and of the receiver nodes considering the storage technology used. Analysis and experiments show that a considerably high network bandwidth is achieved, retransmission of lost packets is avoided as much as possible, even though there is additional network traffic in the test system.

Resumen La fibrosis angiocéntrica eosinofílica es una lesión tumoral infrecuente de la órbita ocular y del tracto respiratorio superior. Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 44 arios, con antecedentes de severa congestión y obstrucción nasal, y síntomas de sinusitis. Una TAC de senos paranasales mostró una masa focal de tejidos blandos de alta densidad que crecía desde la cara anterior del septum nasal. Se resecó parte del tabique. Los cortes histológicos mostraron una fibrosis concéntrica densa con patrón angiocéntrico y células inflamatorias mixtas. Se demuestra la presencia de fibrosis angiocéntrica eosinofílica. El dosaje sérico de IgG: 1.421 mg/dl (valor normal: 540-1.822) y el de IgG4: 168,70 mg/dl (valor normal: 6,1-121). Los preparados histológicos fueron inmunomarcados para IgG4 mostrando 50 plasmocitos IgG4(+)/HPF.

Abstract Eosinophilic angiocentric fibrosis is an uncommon tumefactive lesion of the ocular orbit and upper respiratory tract. We present a 44-year old man with a history of severe nasal congestion and nasal obstruction. The patient also reported symptoms of sinusitis. Submucous thickening tissue had been locally resected and the involved anterior nasal septum cartilage partially removed. Histopathological examination of the biopsy indicated eosinophilic angiocentric fibrosis. A CT scan of the sinuses showed a high-density focal mass of soft tissue arising from the anterior aspect of the nasal septum. Examination under low power view showed dense concentric fibrosis and mixed inflammatory cells. The fibrosis was in an angiocentric pattern, resembling an onionskin. High power view showed a mixture of lymphocytes, plasma cells, numerous eosinophils, and proliferating fibroblasts. A test for serum IgG performed ten years after the patient's initial presentation was 1421 mg/dl (normal range 540-1822 mg/dl), and the serum concentration of IgG4 was 168.70 mg/dl (normal range 6.1121 mg/dl). A review of the original haematoxylin and eosin-stained slides revealed that this case was stained immunohistochemically with an IgG4 stain showing 50 IgG4-positive plasma cells/HPF.

RESUMO A madeira Hymenaea courbaril var. stilbocarpa apresenta alta densidade sendo empregada em construção civil, marcenaria e laminados. O caule exsuda uma resina, rica em terpenos que pode ser utilizada na fabricação de vernizes. O endocarpo do fruto é comestível, podendo ser consumido in natura. A duplicação cromossômica de espécies florestais busca maximizar características de interesse econômico, como características relacionadas ao desenvolvimento e ganho florestal. O estudo teve como objetivo induzir e verificar a poliploidia em células de meristemas radiculares de Hymenaea courbaril por meio de características morfológicas e citológicas. Para induzir a poliploidia, os meristemas radiculares foram submetidos à exposição ao herbicida trifluralin na concentração de 3 µM a 4ºC por 14 (controle), 24, 48, 72 e 96 h (tratamentos). Em seguida, as radículas foram armazenadas por 24 h em um frasco fechado sob refrigeração em solução de metanol: ácido acético PA na proporção 3:1 a -4ºC. Os meristemas radiculares foram digeridos em enzima pectinase Sigma (r) . As células mitóticas foram obtidas por dissociação celular, secagem ao ar e em placa aquecedora. As células foram coradas com Giemsa 5% sendo analisadas 30 células em estágio de metáfase. Os estômatos foram obtidos de plântulas jovens de cada tratamento sob mesmas condições físicas e químicas. Para a análise dos estômatos foi utilizada a técnica de impressão epidérmica da folha adaxial, com adesivo instantâneo universal (Super Bonder (r) ). Analisaram-se 200 estômatos de cada tratamento. Dentre os quatro tratamentos avaliados, a exposição dos meristemas radiculares por 96 h no herbicida trifluralin 3 µM a 4ºC, resultou na duplicação do genoma de Hymenaea courbaril L. var. stilbocarpacom 2n = 4x = 48 cromossomos e o tamanho médio dos estômatos foi de 0,215 mm estatisticamente superior aos demais tratamentos.

ABSTRACT The Hymenaea courbaril var. stilbocarpa wood has a high density being employed in construction, carpentry and laminate. The stem exudes a rich terpene resin which can be used in the varnish industry. The endocarp of the fruit is edible and can be eaten raw. The chromosomal duplication of forest species aims to maximize economic interest features, such as those related to the development and forest gain. This study aimed to induce and verify polyploidy in root meristem cells of Hymenaea courbaril through morphological and cytological features. To induce polyploidy, the root meristems were exposed to the trifluralin herbicide at a concentration of 3 µM at 4 ºC for 14 (control), 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Then, the rootlets were stored for 24 h in a closed flask and refrigerated in methanol: acetic acid solution (high purity) in the ratio 3:1, at -4 ºC. Root meristems were digested in pectinase enzyme (SigmaTM). Mitotic cells were obtained by cell dissociation, air drying and hotplate. 30 cells in metaphase were colored with Giemsa 5% and analyzed. The stomata were obtained from young plantlets of each treatment under the same physical and chemical conditions. For stomata analysis, was used epidermal print of adaxial leaf, with universal instant adhesive (Super BonderTM). 200 stomata were analyzed of each treatment. Among the four treatments evaluated, the exposure of root meristem for 96 h in 3 µM trifluralin, at 4 ºC, induced genome duplication in Hymenaea courbaril L. var. stilbocarpa with 2n = 4x = 48 chromosomes and stomata average size of 0.215 mm, being superior to the other treatments.

ABSTRACT This study presents registers of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) occurrence to assess its spatial and temporal distribution in Brazil. We used data from collections, especially from the Southern Region, systematic collections in Rio Grande do Sul, occasional collections of caterpillars and adults in different regions of Brazil, as well as literature registers. We conclude that the introduction of H. armigera in Brazil probably occurred before October 2008. We also register that in August 2012 H. armigera was already present from the extreme southern part (Rio Grande do Sul) to the extreme northern part (Amapá) of Brazil.

La sal sódica del ácido láctico es un ácido natural producido por las bacterias en los alimentos fermentados, los cuales son ricos en este componente. Es producido mediante la fermentación de azúcares procedentes de algunos productos como el maíz o la remolacha. Tanto el ácido láctico como los lactatos son usados como conservantes, principalmente contra las levaduras y los hongos. Es usado también para incrementar la estabilidad de los antioxidantes, y para prevenir la pérdida de agua de diversos productos. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la efectividad del lactato de sodio sobre la inhibición del Clostridium sporogenes en salchichas de pescado, extendiendo su vida útil y reduciendo el crecimiento microbiano. Se realizaron dos formulaciones diferentes; F(A) conservadas con nitritos, F(B) conservadas con lactato de sodio y una muestra control sin conservantes. También se realizó un control positivo con agar SPS inoculándose el Clostridium sporogenes en las diferentes diluciones, por último se llevaron a incubación en la jarra de anaerobiosis a 37°C por 48 h. Se pudo comprobar que la utilización de lactato de sodio al 2% controló el crecimiento de esporas de Clostridium sulfito reductor a las 48 h en las disoluciones preparadas al igual que la utilización de nitritos, siendo estos una alternativa prometedora para reemplazar el uso de nitritos en productos cárnicos tipo salchicha.

The sodium salt of lactic acid is a natural acid produced by bacteria in the fermented foods which are rich in this component. It is produced by fermentation of sugars from some products such as corn or beets. Both lactic acid and lactates are used as preservatives, mainly against yeasts and fungi. It is also used to increase the stability of antioxidants, and to prevent loss of water from various products. The objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of sodium lactate on the inhibition of Clostridium sporogenes in fish sausages, extending their life and reducing microbial growth. Two different formulations were made; F(A) preserved with nitrites, F(B), preserved with sodium lactate and a control sample without preservative. A positive control SPS agar inoculated with Clostridium sporogenes at different dilutions were also carried out, finally they took incubation in candle jar at 37°C for 48 h. It was found that the use of sodium lactate 2% controlled growth of spores of Clostridium reducing sulfite in 48 hours in the solutions prepared as is the use of nitrites, these being a promising alternative to replace the use of nitrite in products type sausage meat.

O gênero Heliconia é pouco estudado e o número de espécies existentes é incerto, compreendendo entre 150 e 250 espécies. No Brasil, cerca de 40 espécies ocorrem naturalmente e são conhecidas por vários nomes. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo a caracterização morfométrica e a identificação da NOR (regiões organizadoras de nucléolos ativos), pelo bandeamento Ag-NOR dos cromossomos de Heliconia bihai (L.) L. Foram utilizados meristemas radiculares, submetidos ao tratamento de bloqueio em solução de amiprofos-metil (APM), fixados em solução de (metanol-ácido acético), por, no mínimo, 24 horas. Os meristemas foram lavados em água destilada e submetidos à digestão enzimática, com a enzima pectinase. As lâminas foram confeccionadas por dissociação do meristema radicular, secadas ao ar e, em seguida, em placa aquecedora, a 50 ºC. Subsequentemente, algumas lâminas foram submetidas ao corante Giemsa 5%, para confecção do cariótipo, e à solução de nitrato de prata (AgNO3) 50%, para o bandeamento Ag-NOR. A espécie H. bihai apresenta 2n = 22 cromossomos, quatro pares de cromossomos submetacêntricos e sete pares de cromossomos metacêntricos, classificados de médio a curtos (3.96 à 0.67 μm), com presença de NOR ativa nos pares (1 e 2) e células interfásicas com dois nucléolos. Estas características são de espécie diploide.

The genus Heliconia is not much studied and the number of existing species in this genus is still uncertain. It is known that this number relies between 150 to 250 species. In Brazil, about 40 species are native and known by many different names. The objective of this paper was to characterize morphometrically and to identify the NOR (active nucleolus organizer regions) by Ag-NOR banding of chromosomes of Heliconia bihai (L) L. Root meristems were submitted to blocking treatment in an amiprofos-methyl (APM) solution, fixed in methanol-acetic acid solution for 24 hours, at least. The meristems were washed in distilled water and submitted to enzymatic digestion with pectinase enzyme. The slides were prepared by dissociation of the root meristem, dried in the air and also on hot plate at 50°C. Subsequently, some slides were submitted to 5% Giemsa stain for karyotype construction and to a solution of silver nitrate (AgNO3) 50% for Ag-NOR banding. The species H. bihai has 2n = 22 chromosomes, 4 pairs of submetacentric chromosomes and 7 pairs of metacentric chromosomes, and graded medium to short (3.96 to 0.67 μM), with the presence of active NOR in pairs 1 and 2 and interphase cells with 2 nucleoli. These are the features of a diploid species.

Com o intuito de investigar se estudos parasitológicos podem ser utilizados como ferramenta para a conservação de espécies, principalmente migratórias, este trabalho analisa a helmintofauna de Spheniscus magellanicus por meio de parâmetros ecológicos populacionais e da comunidade parasitária, relacionando-os com diversos aspectos de vida da espécie hospedeira. O estudo foi realizado com 237 espécimes de S. magellanicus procedentes das praias do litoral norte de São Paulo (23° 46' S, 45° 57' W) ao sul do Rio de Janeiro (23° 02' S, 44° 13' W). A helmintofauna desta ave incluiu: o nematoide Contracaecum pelagicum (espécie-núcleo), encontrado no estômago; o digenético Cardiocephaloides physalis e o cestoide Tetrabothrius lutzi (espécies satélites), ambos coletados na porção inicial do intestino delgado. Comparações utilizando o índice de diversidade de Shannon mostraram que a comunidade de parasitas em filhotes durante o período migratório é menos diversa do que na estação reprodutiva. Os resultados obtidos permitem inferir que estudos parasitológicos em pinguins, assim como em outros animais migratórios, podem fornecer informações importantes a respeito da espécie durante a época em que permanece pelágica, tornando-se uma ferramenta útil na aquisição de informações dificilmente obtidas por outros meios e favorecendo, dessa forma, a conservação da espécie.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the helminth fauna found in the Magellanic penguin, Spheniscus magellanicus, relating parasite population and community ecological parameters to life aspects of the host species. The study involved 237 specimens of S. magellanicus taken from the northern shore of the state of São Paulo (23° 46' S, 45° 57' W) and southern shore of the state of Rio de Janeiro (23° 02' S, 44° 13' W), Brazil. The following helminth fauna were found: the nematode Contracaecum pelagicum (core species), found in the stomach; the digenetic Cardiocephaloides physalis and the cestode Tetrabothrius lutzi (satellite species), both collected from the initial portion of the small intestine. Comparisons using the Shannon Diversity Index revealed that the parasite community in juvenile penguins is less diverse in the migratory season than the breeding season. Parasitological studies on penguins and other migratory animals provide important information on species during the time in which they remain pelagic and constitute a useful tool for the acquisition of data that is difficult to obtain through other means, thereby favoring the conservation of the species.

A tendência por unidades de produção mais sustentáveis vem obrigando a indústria de alumínio a adotar estratégias para reduzir o consumo de energia e minimizar a geração de resíduos. Procedimentos nesta direção têm sido implementados em fornos de cozimento de anodo, onde alguns aprimoramentos têm permitido a redução no consumo de energia. Entretanto, sabe-se que durante a etapa de queima do anodo, elevada quantidade de calor é ainda dissipada para o ambiente, aumentando os custos com energia. Desta forma, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar alternativas de redução do consumo de combustível do forno de cozimento de anodo considerando, para isto, o transporte de calor das câmaras de combustão desde as paredes refratárias até o bloco de carbono, passando pelo coque fluido. Os resultados aqui obtidos indicam que uma possível mudança da distribuição do tamanho de partículas do coque, bem como, a adição de uma manta isolante no topo do forno pode aperfeiçoar o desempenho do sistema quando o foco é sustentabilidade e otimização do processo.

The trend for sustainable production units induced the aluminum industry to adopt strategies of reducing the energy consumption and waste generation. In this sense, several procedures have been carried out in the anode baking furnace, reducing its energy consumption. However, during the carbon block thermal treatment, a great amount of heat is still released to the environment, increasing the energy cost. Therefore, the present work aims to show alternatives of reducing the anode furnace energy consumption considering the heat flow from the combustion chamber, via the flue wall and the fluid coke, till the anode. The results point out that a change in the fluid coke particle size distribution as well as placing an insulating blanket on the top of the furnace can optimize the anode furnace performance when the focus is sustainability and the process optimization.