RESUMEN Los conocimientos ecológicos tradicionales de grupos indígenas del sureste de la Amazonia colombiana coinciden en identificar dos principales periodos de transición hidrológica (seco-húmedo: agosto-noviembre; húmedo-seco: marzo-abril) como los de mayor susceptibilidad a enfermedades en humanos. Aquí analizamos la asociación entre el conocimiento indígena sobre estos dos periodos y la incidencia de dos enfermedades transmitidas por vectores: malaria y dengue. Investigamos siete calendarios ecológicos de tres regiones en la Amazonia colombiana, casos de dengue y malaria reportados de 2007 hasta 2019 por el Instituto Nacional de Salud de Colombia y datos diarios de temperatura y precipitación de ocho estaciones meteorológicas en la región, de 1990 a 2019 (una normal climatológica). Malaria y dengue siguen un patrón estacional, la malaria tiene un pico de agosto a noviembre, correspondiendo con la transición húmedo-seco (el “tiempo de gusano” según los calendarios indígenas), mientras que dengue tiene un pico de marzo a abril, coincidiendo con la transición seco-húmedo. Estudios previos mostraron una correlación positiva entre precipitación y dengue, y una correlación negativa entre precipitación y malaria. Sin embargo, como lo sugiere el conocimiento ecológico codificado en los calendarios indígenas, la predicción de enfermedades no puede reducirse a una correlación lineal con una sola variable medioambiental. Nuestros datos muestran que dos aspectos principales de los calendarios indígenas (el tiempo de friaje como un marcador crítico anual y los periodos de transición hidrológica como épocas de mayor susceptibilidad a enfermedades) están soportados por datos meteorológicos e información disponible acerca de la incidencia de malaria y dengue. secohúmedo seco húmedo (seco-húmedo agostonoviembre noviembre agosto-noviembre húmedoseco marzoabril abril marzo-abril humanos vectores 200 201 región 199 climatológica. climatológica . climatológica) estacional gusano , indígenas) secohúmedo. húmedo. seco-húmedo embargo medioambiental 20 19 2 1

ABSTRACT Traditional ecological knowledge of indigenous groups in the southeastern Colombian Amazon coincides in identifying the two main hydrological transition periods (wet-dry: August-November; dry-wet: March-April) as those with greater susceptibility to disease in humans. Here we analyze the association between indigenous knowledge about these two periods and the incidence of two vector-borne diseases: malaria and dengue. We researched seven “ecological calendars” from three regions in the Colombian Amazon, malaria and dengue cases reported from 2007 to 2019 by the Colombian National Institute of Health, and daily temperature and precipitation data from eight meteorological stations in the region from 1990-2019 (a climatological normal). Malaria and dengue follow a seasonal pattern: malaria has a peak from August to November, corresponding with the wet-dry transition (the “season of the worms” in the indigenous calendars), and dengue has a peak in March and April, coinciding with the dry-wet transition. Previous studies have shown a positive correlation between rainfall and dengue and a negative correlation between rainfall and malaria. However, as the indigenous ecological knowledge codified in the calendars suggests, disease prediction cannot be reduced to a linear correlation with a single environmental variable. Our data show that two major aspects of the indigenous calendars (the time of friaje as a critical marker of the year and the hydrological transition periods as periods of greater susceptibility to diseases) are supported by meteorological data and by the available information about the incidence of malaria and dengue. wetdry wet dry (wet-dry AugustNovember November August-November drywet MarchApril April March-April humans vectorborne vector borne diseases 200 201 Health 19902019 1990 1990-201 normal. normal . normal) pattern season worms calendars, , calendars) However suggests variable 20 1990201 199 1990-20 2 199020 19 1990-2 19902 1 1990-

RESUMO A salinidade do solo é um factor que afeta a produção e o rendimento das culturas. Estima-se que 74% dos solos agrícolas são salinos, um problema que pode ser agravado devido às alterações climáticas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a dose letal 50 (LD50) de NaCl e metanossulfonato de etila (EMS) em pimenta jalapeño (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Jalapeño M.) para a seleção de mutantes putativos tolerantes ao sal. Foi utilizado o comprimento da raiz como indicador do LD50 de NaCl em plântulas cultivadas durante 35 dias em meio MS contendo 0 (sem NaCl), 50, 100, 150, 200, ou 250 mM de NaCl e a taxa de germinação como indicador do LD50 de EMS em sementes expostas a 0% (sem EMS), 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.25%, ou 0.5% EMS durante 3 e 6 h. Plântulas tolerantes ao sal após 35 dias em meio com o LD50 para NaCl foram selecionadas. Foram usadas análises canônicas e probit nos resultados de LD50 de NaCl e de EMS e regressão linear multinomial para germinação e sobrevivência. Foram determinados o LD50 de NaCl (150 mM) e EMS (0.3%). A exposição de sementes a 0.5% EMS por 6 h reduziu a germinação (67%) e sobrevivência das plântulas (18%). Quatro mutantes putativos tolerantes ao sal através de cultivos em meio contendo o LD50 de NaCl, dois de sementes expostas durante 6 h a 0.01 EMS, e um de cada uma das sementes tratadas com 0.1% ou 0.5% de EMS foram obtidos. Os resultados mostram que é possível selecionar mutantes putativos tolerantes de pimenta jalapeño ao sal por meio de mutagênese com EMS e cultura in vitro em meios contendo o LD50 de NaCl. culturas Estimase Estima se 74 salinos climáticas 5 LD (LD50 (EMS Capsicum L cv M. M LD5 sem , NaCl) 100 150 200 25 EMS) 001 01 0.01% 1 025 0.25% 05 0.5 selecionadas (15 0.3%. 03 0.3% . (0.3%) 67% 67 (67% 18%. 18 18% (18%) 0.0 0.1 obtidos 7 (LD5 10 15 20 2 00 02 0.25 0. (1 0.3 (0.3% (67 (18% (LD 0.2 ( (0.3 (6 (18 (0. (0

ABSTRACT Soil salinity is a factor affecting crop production and yield. An estimated 74% of agricultural soils are saline, a problem that could be aggravated due to climate change. Our goal was to determine the lethal dose 50 (LD50) of NaCl and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) in jalapeño pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Jalapeño M.) for selecting putative salt-tolerant mutants. Root length was used as an indicator of the LD50 of NaCl in seedlings cultured for 35 days in MS medium containing 0 (without NaCl), 50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 mM NaCl and germination rate as an indicator of the LD50 of EMS in seeds exposed to 0% (without EMS), 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.25%, or 0.5% EMS for 3 and 6 h. We selected salt-tolerant seedlings after 35 days in medium with the determined LD50 of NaCl. Canonical and probit analyses to the LD50 of NaCl and EMS results and multinomial linear regression for germination and survival were applied. LD50 of NaCl (150 mM) and EMS (0.3%) were determined. Seed exposure to 0.5% EMS for 6 h reduced germination (67%) and seedling survival (18%). We obtained four putative salt-tolerant mutants by culturing in medium containing the LD50 of NaCl, two from seeds exposed for 6 h to 0.01 EMS, and one each from of the seeds treated with 0.1% or 0.5% EMS. The results show that it is possible to select putative salt-tolerant mutants of jalapeño pepper through mutagenesis with EMS and in vitro culture in media containing the LD50 of NaCl. yield 74 saline change 5 LD (LD50 (EMS Capsicum L cv M. M salttolerant salt tolerant LD5 without , NaCl) 100 150 200 25 EMS) 001 01 0.01% 1 025 0.25% 05 0.5 applied (15 0.3% 03 (0.3% 67% 67 (67% 18%. 18 18% . (18%) 0.0 0.1 7 (LD5 10 15 20 2 00 02 0.25 0. (1 0.3 (0.3 (67 (18% (LD 0.2 ( (0. (6 (18 (0

ABSTRACT Introduction: Colonization by Helicobacter pylori causes inflammation of the gastric mucosa with the consequent development of gastroduodenal diseases. In view of the high antimicrobial resistance rates and the absence of a vaccine for humans, the alternative has been to search for plant extracts with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifungal and anticancer properties. An example is Curcuma longa. However, being as it is a species introduced and adapted to the country's climate conditions, it is necessary to conduct preclinical studies demonstrating its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential. Objective: Evaluate the effect of a C. longa extract on peritoneal macrophages infected by H. pylori. Methods: With the purpose of describing the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect of C. longa on murine macrophages infected by H. pylori, an evaluation was conducted of various extract concentrations and bacterial relationships, while cell death was assessed by DAPI. Determination was made of nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide production, as well as of interleukin-1β levels. Results: Viability of the macrophage was affected in the presence of 100 µg/ml concentrations of the turmeric extract and as from 25 bacteria / macrophage. When different concentrations of the extract were combined with the bacterial multiplicities, a reduction was observed in H2O2 and IL-1β levels. However, nitric oxide reduction was observed within the range of 6.25-50 µg/ml of the natural product. Conclusions: The Cuban turmeric extract was found to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential by reducing cell cytotoxicity and the production of reactive oxygen species in peritoneal macrophages.

RESUMEN Introducción: La colonización por Helicobacter pylori produce una inflamación en la mucosa gástrica con el consecuente desarrollo de enfermedades gastroduodenales. Frente a altas tasas de resistencia antimicrobiana y la ausencia de una vacuna en humanos, la alternativa ha sido la búsqueda de extractos de plantas con propiedades antimicrobiana, antiinflamatoria, antioxidante, antifúngica y anticancerígena como la Curcuma longa. Sin embargo, al ser una especie introducida y adaptada a las condiciones climáticas del país, son necesarios los estudios preclínicos que avalen su potencial antiinflamatorio y antioxidante. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto del extracto de C. longa sobre macrófagos peritoneales infectados con H. pylori. Métodos: Para evaluar el efecto antiinflamatorio y antioxidante del extracto de C. longa sobre macrófagos murinos infectados por H. pylori, se evaluaron diferentes concentraciones del extracto y relaciones de bacteria, y se evaluó la muerte celular mediante DAPI. Se determinó la producción de óxido nítrico, peróxido de hidrógeno y los niveles de la interleucina-1β. Resultados: La viabilidad del macrófago se afectó frente a concentraciones de 100 µg/mL del extracto de cúrcuma y a partir de 25 bacterias/macrófago. Al combinar las diferentes concentraciones del extracto con las multiplicidades bacterianas se observó una reducción en los niveles de H2O2 e IL-1β; sin embargo, la reducción del óxido nítrico se observó en el rango de 6,25-50 µg/mL del producto natural. Conclusiones: El extracto de cúrcuma cubano mostró potencial antioxidante y antiinflamatorio al disminuir la citotoxicidad celular y la producción de especies reactivas del oxígeno en macrófagos peritoneales.

Abstract Objective: To describe the profile of multidrug-resistance (MDR), extensively resistance (XDR) and pandrug-resistance (PDR) to antibacterial drugs in isolates from patient samples from a third level private hospital in the North of Mexico. Method: A retrospective study was carried out during the period from February 2016 to April 2019. From 156 clinical samples of urine, wounds, blood, expectoration and other fluids, 166 bacteria were isolated; 10 samples included two microorganisms. Isolated microorganisms were classified into MDR, XDR or PDR. Results: 78% of the Gram negative and 69% of the Gram positive isolates showed MDR, XDR or PDR. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most frequently isolated MDR Gram positive bacteria. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp. were among the most frequent MDR Gram negative. In two cases, the clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the neonatal intensive care unit showed PDR. Conclusions: The intensive care, surgery and neonatal intensive care unit services deserve special attention due to the high proportion of MDR isolates and the presence of PDR due to P. aeruginosa.

Resumen Objetivo: Describir el perfil de multirresistencia (MDR), resistencia extendida (XDR) y panresistencia (PDR) a antibacterianos en aislados de muestras de pacientes de un hospital privado de tercer nivel en el norte de México. Método: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo durante el periodo comprendido de febrero de 2016 a abril de 2019. A partir de 156 muestras clínicas de orina, heridas, sangre, expectoración y otros fluidos se aislaron 166 bacterias; 10 de las muestras incluyeron dos microorganismos. Los microrganismos aislados se clasificaron en MDR, XDR o PDR. Resultados: El 78% de los aislados gramnegativos y el 69% de los aislados grampositivos mostraron MDR, XDR o PDR. Staphylococcus epidermidis fue la bacteria grampositiva con multirresistencia más frecuentemente aislada. Escherichia coli y Klebsiella sp. se encontraron entre los gramnegativos MDR más frecuentes. En dos casos, los aislados clínicos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa procedentes de la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales mostraron PDR. Conclusión: Los servicios de terapia intensiva, cirugía y unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales merecen especial atención por la alta proporción de aislados MDR y la presencia de PDR a causa de P. aeruginosa.

A doença de Chagas é uma doença parasitária (Trypanosoma cruzi), endêmica em 21 países da América e que as migrações a dispersaram em diferentes continentes. Uma das primeiras manifestações desta doença são as alterações disautonômicas ou disfunção autonômica. A gravidade desse funcionamento inadequado do sistema nervoso autônomo é mensurável, de modo que a evolução e/ou progressão da doença pode ser verificada alterando os estudos clínicos e detectando anticorpos antimuscarínicos. Esses anticorpos estão presentes em 30% dos infectados e aparecem muito cedo, uma vez instalada a parasitose; Além disso, outros estudos, como a dispersão do QT (> 65 mseg) e a variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca (<100 mseg), mostram valores anormais. A utilização de novos paradigmas de atendimento, diagnóstico e tratamentos adequados são essenciais para prevenir o desenvolvimento desta doença cardíaca.

Chagas disease is a parasitic disease (Trypanosoma cruzi), endemic in 21 countries of America and that migrations have dispersed it in different continents. One of the earliest manifestations of this disease is dysautonomic alterations or autonomic dysfunction. The severity of this inadequate functioning of the autonomic nervous system is measurable, so that the evolution and/or progression of the disease can be verified by altering clinical studies and detecting antimuscarinic antibodies. These antibodies are present in 30% of those infected and appear very early once the parasitosis is installed; In addition, other studies, such as QT dispersion (> 65 ms) and heart rate variability (<100 ms) show abnormal values. The use of new paradigms of care, diagnosis and appropriate treatments are essential to prevent the development of this heart disease.

La enfermedad de Chagas es una enfermedad parasitaria (Trypanosoma cruzi), endémica en 21 países de América y que las migraciones la han dispersado en distintos continentes. Una de las manifestaciones más precoces de esta enfermedad son las alteraciones disautonómicas o disfunción autonómica. La severidad de este inadecuado funcionamiento del sistema nervioso autónomo resulta mensurable, de modo que la evolución y/o progresión de la enfermedad puede constatarse mediante la alteración de estudios clínicos y detección de anticuerpos antimuscarínicos. Estos anticuerpos están presentes en un 30% de los infectados y aparecen muy precozmente una vez instalada la parasitosis; además otros estudios, como la dispersión del QT (>65 mseg) y la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca (<100 mseg) presentan valores anormales. La utilización de nuevos paradigmas de atención, diagnóstico y tratamientos adecuados son imprescindibles para prevenir el desarrollo de esta cardiopatía.

Abstract In Mexico, nanche grows as a shrub in a dry tropic and as a tree in humid tropics; it produces fruits with acceptance in the market, where it is increasingly popular. The objective of this research was to study the physical and chemical quality properties of the fruit and the characteristics of the endocarp and embryo of the nanche (Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) H. B. K) collected in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. The research was conducted in the Seed Analysis Laboratory of the Graduate College, Campus Montecillo. Four repetitions of one hundred fruits, endocarps and embryos were evaluated. The analysis of measures of central tendency indicated that the fruits are in the form of an oblate, have white cream mesocarp, yellow epicarp and characteristic flavor to the species. The fruit has an endocarp with cavities for three embryos, but one or two develop, the endocarp is woody, dark brown, elliptical in shape and an accumulated limb, with sinuous grooves. The embryo is white, oval, with spirally wound cotyledons, covered with a thin brown tegument. Without endosperm There was variation in morphological and quality characters.

Resumen En México, el nanche crece como arbusto en trópico seco y como árbol en zonas de trópico húmedo; produce frutos con aceptación en el mercado, donde cada vez alcanza mayor popularidad. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar las propiedades de calidad físicas y químicas del fruto y las características del endocarpio y embrión del nanche (Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) H. B. K.) colectados en el estado de Oaxaca, México. La investigación se realizó en el Laboratorio de Análisis de Semillas del Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo. Se evaluaron cuatro repeticiones de cien frutos, endocarpios y embriones. El análisis de medidas de tendencia central indicó que los frutos tienen forma de oblato, presentan mesocarpio blanco a crema, epicarpio amarillo y sabor característico a la especie. El fruto tiene un endocarpio con cavidades para tres embriones, pero uno o dos se desarrollan, el endocarpio es leñoso, color café oscuro, de forma elíptica y una extremidad acuminada, con surcos sinuosos. El embrión es blanco, ovalado, con cotiledones enrollados en forma de espiral, cubiertos con un tegumento delgado color café. Sin endospermo. Hubo variación en caracteres morfológicos y de calidad.

RESUMO: Haemophilus parasuis é o agente etiológico da doença de Glässer (GD), um processo infeccioso que acomete suínos e que se caracteriza por poliserosites fibrinosas sistêmicas, poliartrites e meningites. O uso intensivo de agentes antimicrobianos na produção de suínos, durante os últimos anos, tem disparado a seleção de cepas bacterianas resistentes a antibióticos. Desta maneira, a avaliação rotineira de susceptibilidade torna-se crucial para assegurar a correta seleção de um antimicrobiano eficaz contra este patógeno. Neste estudo, analisou-se a susceptibilidade antimicrobiana de 50 isolados clínicos de H. parasuis procedentes de granjas localizadas na região sul do Brasil. A identificação e tipificação dos isolados clínicos foi realizada através de uma PCR multiplex combinada com o teste de hemaglutinação indireta modificada. A susceptibilidade de cada isolado foi analisada pelo método de microdiluição em caldo utilizando-se um painel composto por 21 agentes antimicrobianos. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que as cepas clínicas de H. parasuis apresentam alta resistência à gentamicina, bacitracina, lincomicina e tiamulina, no entanto, são susceptíveis a ampicilina, clindamicina, neomicina, penicilina, enrofloxacina e danofloxacina. A análise de susceptibilidade realizada dentro de cada grupo de cepas de um mesmo sorovar indicou que a enrofloxacina é o antibiótico mais efetivo para tratar todos isolados clínicos com exceção daqueles pertencentes ao sorovar 1. Em termos gerais, neste trabalho, demonstra-se o perfil de susceptibilidade de isolados clínicos de H. parasuis aos antimicrobianos comumente utilizados pelos médicos veterinários especialistas em suínos, e reforça-se a necessidade da realização de testes de susceptibilidade antes do início da terapia com antibióticos durante surtos de DG. Além disso, como somente seis antimicrobianos (28.6%) foram efetivos contra os isolados clínicos, uma vigilância contínua do perfil de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos deve ser de grande preocupação para a indústria de suínos.

ABSTRACT: Haemophilus parasuis is the etiological agent of Glässer’s disease (GD), an ubiquitous infection of swine characterized by systemic fibrinous polyserositis, polyarthritis and meningitis. Intensive use of antimicrobial agents in swine husbandries during the last years triggered the development of antibiotic resistances in bacterial pathogens. Thus, regular susceptibility testing is crucial to ensure efficacy of different antimicrobial agents to this porcine pathogen. In this study, 50 clinical isolates from South Brazilian pig herds were characterized and analyzed for their susceptibility to commonly used antibiotic. The identification and typing of clinical isolates was carried out by a modified indirect hemagglutination assay combined with a multiplex PCR. The susceptibility of each isolate was analyzed by broth microdilution method against a panel of 21 antimicrobial compounds. We found that field isolates are highly resistance to gentamycin, bacitracin, lincomycin and tiamulin, but sensitive to ampicillin, clindamycin, neomycin, penicillin, danofloxacin and enrofloxacin. Furthermore, an individual susceptibility analysis indicated that enrofloxacin is effective to treat clinical isolates with the exception of those classified as serovar 1. The results presented here firstly demonstrate the susceptibility of Brazilian clinical isolates of H. parasuis to antimicrobials widely used by swine veterinary practitioners and strengthen the need to perform susceptibility test prior to antibiotic therapy during GD outbreaks. In addition, because only six antimicrobial drugs (28.6%) were found effective against field isolates, a continuous surveillance of the susceptibility profile should be of major concern to the swine industry.

The cirimo tree ( Tilia mexicana Schlecht.) is an endangered species that is widely used in Michoacán, México. It is necessary to develop effective propagation methods to ensure its survival. The general objective was to propagate cirimo, and the particular objectives was to assess the effect of different collection dates as well as the length and diameter of stem cuttings on the best rooting, using IBA. Root proliferation was observed in the first collection, resulting in 39.3 % of cuttings rooting. Because the rooting percentage was 0% in the subsequent three collections, the statistical analysis was performed for September for the different analyzed variables. The optimal proliferation of roots (51.1 %) was observed in explants of 20 cm length and 1.5 cm diameter, which formed 3.06 roots/cutting of 0.9 cm length with an average diameter of 0.47 cm. There were significant differences (P>F=0.012) among treatments in root diameter. The longest cuttings with high diameter produced shorter roots with the highest diameter, while the smaller cuttings produced the longest roots with smaller diameter. All the four collections resulted in callus formation, but the percentage varied according to the date and the size of the explants, with the cuttings of December collection showing the highest percentage (30.1 %). Best rooting response occurred in cuttings collected during late summer, since it is also the budding season, which might explain the seasonal effect that promotes rooting capacity.

Tilia mexicana es una especie en peligro de extinción, por lo que es necesario desarrollar métodos de reproducción que aseguren su supervivencia. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron propagar asexualmente, así como evaluar el efecto de diferentes épocas de colecta, la longitud y diámetro de estacas en la emisión de raíces, mediante AIB. En el material de la primera fecha se observó 39.3% del total de tallos enraizados. Dado que en tres de los cuatro meses en los que se obtuvieron las estacas, el índice de enraizado fue de 0%, el análisis estadístico sólo se realizó con los datos de septiembre La óptima proliferación de raíces (51.1%) se registró en tallos de 20 cm de longitud y 1.5 cm de diámetro, que formaron 3.06 raíces/estaca de 0.9 cm de longitud con un diámetro promedio de 0.47 cm. Se tuvo diferencia significativa (P>F=0.012) entre los tratamientos para el diámetro de la raíz. Las estacas de mayores dimensiones produjeron raíces más cortas y diámetro más grande, y en las pequeñas se los resultados fueron opuestos. La formación de callo varió con la día de colecta y el tamaño de los propágulos, aunque las del mes de diciembre presentaron el porcentaje más alto (30.1%). La mejor respuesta de enraizamiento ocurrió en las estacas correspondientes a la última etapa del verano, ya que coincide con la emisión de yemas del árbol, es decir, hay un efecto estacional que favorece la capacidad de enraizamiento.

Introduction: Ureteral stones occur in approximately 12% of the population worldwide, and their incidence has significantly increased in recent years in Western countries. Seventy percent of ureteral stones are located in the distal third of the ureter. Several factors have a strong influence on spontaneous passage of ureteral stones, including stone size, shape, and location. Alpha blockers are currently attributed a potential role in rapid expulsion of stones in the distal third of the ureter. Materials and methods: Thirty patients diagnosed of stones in the distal third of ureter of sizes ranging from 4 mm and 10 mm were divided into two groups. The first group was given Buscopan 10 mg plus ketorolac 10 mg every 8 hours, while the second group received alfuzosin 10 mg every 24 hours. Results: In group 1, mean stone size was 6.4 mm. Stone expulsion occurred in only 4 patients after a mean of 11.4 days. In group 2, mean stone size was 5.8 mm, and stone expulsion occurred in 13 patients after a mean of 3.3 days.The two stones that were not passed where the biggest ones (9 mm and 10 mm). Conclusions: Use of alpha-adrenergic blockers for ureteral distal third stones has been shown to be effective for increasing the stone expulsion rate and even the number of stones passed, and for faster symptom relief.

Introducción: La enfermedad litiásica ureteral afecta a alrededor del 12% de la población mundial y se ha incrementa de forma importante los últimos años en los países del oeste. De todos los cálculos ureterales, el 70% se encuentra en el tercio distal. Varios factores tienen una fuerte influencia en el paso espontáneo de los cálculos ureterales, tales como su tamaño, configuración y localización. En la actualidad, se atribuye un papel posible en la expulsión rápida de los cálculos en el tercio distal del uréter a los bloqueadores alfa. Material y métodos: Se analizó a 30 pacientes, divididos en 2 grupos de 15, con diagnóstico de litiasis del tercio distal del uréter; estos eran de 4-10 mm. Al primer grupo se le administró buscapina 10 mg cada 8 h más ketorolaco 10 mg cada 8 h y al segundo alfuzosina 10 mg cada 24 h. Resultados: En el grupo 1 el tamaño de los cálculos en promedio fue de 6,4 mm; sólo 4 pacientes expulsaron los cálculos y la expulsión se presentó en un promedio de 11,4 días. En el grupo 2, el tamaño promedio de los cálculos fue de 5,8 mm; se expulsaron 13 cálculos; sólo 2 pacientes tenían cálculos mayores, uno de 9 mm y el otro de 10 mm. El promedio de expulsión de cálculos fue de 3,3 días. Conclusiones: El uso de bloqueadores alfaadrenérgicos en la litiasis del tercio distal del uréter ha demostrado su eficacia en la aceleración e incluso en aumentar el número de cálculos expulsados, así como disminuir la sintomatología más rápidamente.