Abstract Objective Oral ulcers are a lesion in the oral mucosa that impacts chewing or drinking. Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids (EETs) have enhanced angiogenic, regenerative, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of 1-Trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-Propionylpiperidin-4-yl) Urea (TPPU), a soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor for increasing EETs level, on the healing of oral ulcers. Methods The chemically-induced oral ulcers were established in Sprague Dawley rats. The ulcer area was treated with TPPU to evaluate the healing time and pain threshold of ulcers. The expression of angiogenesis and cell proliferation-related protein in the ulcer area was detected using immunohistochemical staining. The effects of TPPU on migration and angiogenesis capability were measured with scratch assay and tube formation. Results Compared with the control group, TPPU promoted wound healing of oral ulcers with a shorter healing time, and raised pain thresholds. Immunohistochemical staining showed that TPPU increased the expression of angiogenesis and cell proliferation-related protein with reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in the ulcer area. TPPU enhanced cell migration and tube-forming potential in vitro. Conclusions The present results support the potential of TPPU with multiple biological effects for the treatment of oral ulcers by targeting soluble epoxide hydrolase. drinking (EETs angiogenic regenerative antiinflammatory, antiinflammatory anti inflammatory, anti-inflammatory 1Trifluoromethoxyphenyl31Propionylpiperidin4yl TrifluoromethoxyphenylPropionylpiperidinyl 1 Trifluoromethoxyphenyl 3 Propionylpiperidin 4 yl 1-Trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-Propionylpiperidin-4-yl TPPU, , (TPPU) level chemicallyinduced chemically induced rats proliferationrelated proliferation related formation group thresholds tubeforming forming vitro (TPPU

ABSTRACT To explore the functions of Txnip and its mechanism in adipocyte differentiation, the preadipocytes were isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue of three-day-old piglets and induced into adipogenic differentiation. The expression of Txnip and ChREBP was silenced, and the Txnip overexpression was achieved in the cells with transfection of the recombinant lentivirus strategies. Txnip silencing promoted the differentiation of porcine preadipocytes and PPARγ expression, and a PPARγ inhibitor reduced this facilitation. Instead, Txnip overexpression exerted a suppressive effect on the cell differentiation and PPARγ expression, and the PPARγ agonist offset this inhibition. High glucose stimulated the preadipocyte differentiation and expressions of ChREBP and Txnip. In contrast, Txnip expression was reduced by ChREBP silencing, suggesting glucose-regulated Txnip expression through the mediation of ChREBP. Moreover, the expressions of ChREBP and Glut4 induced by high glucose and glucose uptake of the cells were reduced by Txnip-overexpression, but increased by Txnip silencing, while these changes of Txnip did not alter their expressions under low glucose. Collectively, Txnip could be an inhibitor of porcine preadipocyte differentiation, which attenuated the adipogenesis through the negative feedback regulation on PPARγ. Txnip impaired the induction of glucose on the preadipocyte differentiation through decreasing Glut4 expression and glucose uptake and subsequent decrease of the expression and transcriptional activity of ChREBP. threedayold three day old silenced strategies facilitation Instead inhibition contrast glucoseregulated regulated Moreover Glut Txnipoverexpression, Txnipoverexpression overexpression, Txnip-overexpression Collectively

RESUMO: As respostas de duas cultivares de milho (Zea mays L.), ‘LY336’ (tolerante à sombra) e ‘LC803’ (sensível à sombra), ao estresse de sombra em um experimento em vaso conduzido nas safras de 2015 e 2016 foram investigadas. O impacto do tratamento de estresse de sombra de 50% na biomassa da parte aérea, parâmetros fotossintéticos, fluorescência da clorofila e teor de malondialdeído (MDA) foi avaliado. A biomassa da parte aérea dos dois híbridos de milho foi reduzida significativamente pelo tratamento de estresse de sombra, para estresse de sombra 7 d, o LC803 e LY336 foram reduzidos em 56,7% e 44,4% em comparação com a luz natural. Os parâmetros de fluorescência da clorofila de LY336 não foram significativamente afetados pelo estresse de sombra, enquanto aqueles de LC803 foram significativamente afetados, o Fo aumentou sob estresse de sombra, porém Fm, FV / FM e ΦPSII diminuíram sob estresse de sombra. Entre os parâmetros fotossintéticos medidos, a taxa fotossintética líquida (Pn), a condutância estomática (Gs) e a taxa de transpiração diminuíram significativamente em comparação com a luz natural, redução de LY336 e LC803 em 28,0%, 22,2%, 57,7% e 35,5%, 18,9%, 62,4 %, porém a concentração intercelular de CO2 (Ci) aumentou significativamente para as duas cultivares. Sob estresse de sombra para diferentes durações (1, 3, 5, 7 d), os teores de Pn, Gs, Ci e MDA diferiram significativamente entre as duas cultivares. Os resultados indicam que diferentes genótipos de milho apresentam diferentes respostas ao sombreamento. Os genótipos tolerantes à sombra são apenas fracamente afetados pelo estresse de sombra.

ABSTRACT: The responses of two maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars, ‘LY336’ (shade tolerant) and ‘LC803’ (shade sensitive), to shade stress in a pot experiment conducted in the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons were investigated. The impact of 50% shade stress treatment on shoot biomass, photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content was evaluated. The shoot biomass of the two maize hybrids was decreased significantly by shade stress treatment, for shade stress 7 d, the LC803 and LY336 were reduced by 56.7% and 44.4% compared with natural light. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of LY336 were not significantly affected by shade stress, whereas those of LC803 were significantly affected, the Fo increased under shade stress; however Fm, FV/FM and ΦPSII were decreased under shade stress. Among photosynthetic parameters measured, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and transpiration rate were significantly decreased compared with natural light, LY336 and LC803 reduction by 28.0%, 22.2%, 57.7% and 35.5%, 18.9%, 62.4%; however, intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) was significantly increased, for the two cultivars. Under shade stress for different durations (1, 3, 5, 7 d), Pn, Gs, Ci, and MDA content differed significantly between the two cultivars. Results indicated that different maize genotypes showed different responses to shading. Shade-tolerant genotypes are only weakly affected by shade stress.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder in humans, and the inflammatory reaction plays an important role in development and onset of psoriasis. 4'-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol (4GMV) is one of the major active chromones isolated from Saposhnikoviae divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk, which has been reported to exhibit excellent anti-inflammatory activities. However, the possible therapeutic effect on psoriasis and underlying mechanism has not been reported. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of 4GMV on the imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like lesions in BALB/c mice and the anti-inflammatory effect on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages. The results demonstrated that 4GMV decreased IMQ-induced keratinocyte proliferation and inflammatory cell infiltration. Moreover, 4GMV treatment significantly inhibited the production of NO, PEG 2, and cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, interferon (IFN)-γ, and IL-22 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. 4GMV also suppressed the LPS-upregulated protein expressions of iNOS and COX-2 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis showed that 4GMV down-regulated the mRNA level of IL-1β and IL-6 expression. Further studies by western blot indicated that 4GMV inhibited the activation of upstream mediator NF-κB by suppressing the expression of TLR4 and the phosphorylation of IκBα and p65. The phosphorylation of JNK, p38, and ERK were also markedly reversed by 4GMV in LPS-treated RAW264.7 macrophages. Taken together, these results demonstrated that 4GMV showed a protective effect in IMQ-induced psoriasis-like mice and inhibited inflammation through the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, indicating that 4GMV might be a potential therapeutic drug for psoriasis.

BACKGROUND: α-Farnesene is a volatile sesquiterpene synthesized by the plant mevalonate (MVA) pathway through the action of α-farnesene synthase. The α-farnesene synthase 1 (MdAFS1) gene was isolated from apple peel (var. white winterpearmain), and transformed into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum NC89). The transgenic plants had faster stem elongation during vegetative growth and earlier flowering than wild type (WT). Our studies focused on the transgenic tobacco phenotype. RESULTS: The levels of chlorophyll and soluble protein decreased and a lower seed biomass and reduced net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in transgenic plants. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide radicals (O2._) had higher levels in transgenics compared to controls. Transgenic plants also had enhanced sensitivity to oxidative stress. The transcriptome of 8-week-old plants was studied to detect molecular changes. Differentially expressed unigene analysis showed that ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, cell growth, and death unigenes were upregulated. Unigenes related to photosynthesis, antioxidant activity, and nitrogen metabolism were downregulated. Combined with the expression analysis of senescence marker genes, these results indicate that senescence started in the leaves of the transgenic plants at the vegetative growth stage. CONCLUSIONS: The antioxidative defense system was compromised and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) played an important role in the premature aging of transgenic plants.

Objective: although n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play crucial roles in brain development and function, neither the optimal level of n-3 PUFAs nor the optimal ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs in the maternal diet are well defined. In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios during pregnancy on neurogenesis and apoptosis in the brains of mouse offspring. Metods: female C57BL/6J mice were fed one of three diets with high, medium and low ratios of n-6/n-3 PUFAs (15.7:1, 6.3:1, 1.6:1), as well as a high fish oil diet with a n-6/n-3 ratio of 1:5.7; an n-3 PUFA-deficient diet served as control. The feeding regimens began two months before mouse conception and continued for the duration of the pregnancy. The neurogenesis and apoptosis of hippocampal CA3 area in the offspring were detected. Results: compared to the n-3 PUFA-deficient diet, n-3 PUFA-containing diets, particularly those with n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios of 6.3:1 and 1.6:1, significantly increased both phosphorylation of histone H3 at ser 10 (p-H3ser10) and calretinin-positive cells in hippocampus CA3 of the offspring. Furthermore, increased expression of Bcl2 protein, decreased expression of Bax protein, and reduced caspase 3 activity and numbers of TUNEL apoptotic cells were found in the three diets with high, medium and low n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios. However, there were no differences in any of these parameters between the high fish oil diet group and the n-3 PUFA-deficient diet group. Conclusions: these data suggest that a higher intake of n-3 PUFAs with a lower ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs of between about 6:1 to 1:1, supplied to mothers during pregnancy, may benefit brain neurogenesis and apoptosis in inoffspring. However, excessive maternal intake of n-3 PUFAs may exert a negative influence on brain development in the offspring.

Objetivo: a pesar de que los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados n-3 (PUFAs por sus siglas en inglés) desempeñan un papel fundamental en el desarrollo y en las funciones cerebrales, aún no está bien definido el nivel óptimo de PUFAs n-3 ni la ratio óptima de PUFA n-6/n-3 en la dieta materna. En este estudio hemos investigado los efectos de las ratios nutricionales de PUFA n-6/n-3 durante la gestación sobre la neurogénesis y la apoptosis en el cerebro de crías de ratón. Métodos: se alimentó a hembras de ratón C57BL/6J con una de las tres dietas de estudio: ratio alta, media y baja de PUFA n-6/n-3 (15,7:1, 6,3:1, 1,6:1). También se añadió una dieta rica en aceite de pescado con una ratio n-6/n-3 de 1:5,7; como control se empleó una dieta deficitaria en PUFA n-3. Los regímenes alimenticios se iniciaron dos meses antes de la concepción de los ratones y continuó durante todo el embarazo. Se detectó la neurogénesis y apoptosis del área hipocampal CA3 en las crías. Resultados: en comparación con la dieta deficitaria en PUFA n-3, las dietas con PUFA que contienen n-3, particularmente aquellas con ratios PUFA n-6/n-3 de 6,3:1 y 1,6:1, aumentaron significativamente la fosforilación de histona H3 en la Ser10 (p-H3ser10) y las células calretinina positivas en el área hipocampal CA3 de las crías. Además, se detectó un aumento de la expresión de proteína Bcl2, una reducción de la expresión de proteína Bax, y una reducción de la actividad de caspasa 3, así como de las cifras de células apoptósicas TUNEL en las tres dietas, con ratios altas, medias y bajas de PUFA n-6/n-3. Sin embargo, no se observó diferencias en ninguno de estos parámetros entre el grupo de dieta rica en aceite de pescado y el grupo de dieta deficitaria en PUFA n-3. Conclusiones: estos datos sugieren que una ingesta más elevada de PUFA n-3 con una ratio más baja de PUFAs n-6/n-3 entre 6:1 y 1:1 aproximadamente, administrada a las madres durante la gestación, podría ser beneficiosa para la neurogénesis cerebral y la apoptosis de las crías. Sin embargo, una ingesta excesiva de PUFA n-3 puede ejercer una influencia negativa sobre el desarrollo de las crías.