RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a associação entre a adesão à alimentação escolar fornecida pelo Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar e os padrões alimentares em adolescentes de escolas públicas brasileiras. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Escolar de 2019, com uma amostra nacionalmente representativa de adolescentes brasileiros (n=53.477; 13–17 anos). O consumo de alimentos marcadores saudáveis e não saudáveis foi obtido a partir de um questionário de consumo alimentar. O consumo regular foi considerado ≥5 vezes/semana. A análise de classes latente foi utilizada para identificar padrões alimentares cuja associação com a adesão à alimentação escolar foi avaliada por modelos de regressão logística multinomial, com ajuste para variáveis sociodemográficas e de comportamento alimentar. Resultados: Foram identificados três padrões alimentares: “não saudável” — maior consumo de refrigerantes e doces (9,2% dos adolescentes); “saudável” — maior consumo de feijão, vegetais e frutas (27,1%); e “monótono” — maior consumo de feijão (63,7%). Alta adesão à alimentação escolar (todos os dias) e adesão insatisfatória (1–4 vezes/semana) foram positivamente associadas ao padrão saudável, mesmo após ajuste para possíveis fatores de confusão (OR 1,37, IC95% 1,23–1,52; OR 1,20, IC95% 1,10–1,30, respectivamente). Conclusão: Os resultados mostraram que o consumo das refeições escolares oferecidas pelo Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar pode contribuir para hábitos alimentares saudáveis entre os adolescentes brasileiros.

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to verify the association between adherence to school meals provided by the National School Feeding Program and dietary patterns in adolescents from Brazilian public schools. Methods: Data from the 2019 National School Health Survey were used, with a nationally representative sample of Brazilian school adolescents (n=53,477; 13–17 years old). Food consumption of healthy and unhealthy food markers was obtained from a food consumption questionnaire. Regular consumption was considered ≥5 times/week. Latent class analysis was used to identify dietary patterns whose association with adherence to school meals was evaluated by multinomial logistic regression models, with adjustment for sociodemographic and eating behavior variables. Results: Three dietary patterns were identified: “unhealthy” — higher consumption of soft drinks and sweets (9.2% of adolescents); “healthy” — higher consumption of beans, vegetables, and fruits (27.1%); and “monotonous” — higher consumption of beans (63.7%). High adherence to school meals (every day) and unsatisfactory adherence (1–4 times/week) were positively associated with the healthy pattern even after adjustment for possible potential confounders (OR 1.37, 95%CI 1.23–1.52; OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.10–1.30, respectively). Conclusion: The results showed that the consumption of school meals offered by the National School Feeding Program can contribute to healthy eating habits among Brazilian adolescents.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a associação entre a adesão à alimentação escolar fornecida pelo Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar e os padrões alimentares em adolescentes de escolas públicas brasileiras. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Escolar de 2019, com uma amostra nacionalmente representativa de adolescentes brasileiros (n=53.477; 13–17 anos). O consumo de alimentos marcadores saudáveis e não saudáveis foi obtido a partir de um questionário de consumo alimentar. O consumo regular foi considerado ≥5 vezes/semana. A análise de classes latente foi utilizada para identificar padrões alimentares cuja associação com a adesão à alimentação escolar foi avaliada por modelos de regressão logística multinomial, com ajuste para variáveis sociodemográficas e de comportamento alimentar. Resultados: Foram identificados três padrões alimentares: “não saudável” — maior consumo de refrigerantes e doces (9,2% dos adolescentes); “saudável” — maior consumo de feijão, vegetais e frutas (27,1%); e “monótono” — maior consumo de feijão (63,7%). Alta adesão à alimentação escolar (todos os dias) e adesão insatisfatória (1–4 vezes/semana) foram positivamente associadas ao padrão saudável, mesmo após ajuste para possíveis fatores de confusão (OR 1,37, IC95% 1,23–1,52; OR 1,20, IC95% 1,10–1,30, respectivamente). Conclusão: Os resultados mostraram que o consumo das refeições escolares oferecidas pelo Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar pode contribuir para hábitos alimentares saudáveis entre os adolescentes brasileiros. Objetivo brasileiras Métodos 2019 n=53.477 n53477 n 53 477 (n=53.477 1317 13 17 13–1 anos. anos . anos) alimentar 5 ≥ vezessemana vezes semana vezes/semana multinomial Resultados saudável 9,2% 92 9 2 (9,2 adolescentes) “saudável 27,1% 271 27 1 (27,1%) monótono “monótono 63,7%. 637 63,7% 63 7 (63,7%) todos dias 1–4 14 4 (1– 137 37 1,37 IC95 IC 1,23–1,52 123152 23 52 120 20 1,20 110130 10 30 1,10–1,30 respectivamente. respectivamente respectivamente) Conclusão 201 n=53.47 n5347 47 (n=53.47 131 13– 9,2 (9, 27,1 (27,1% 63,7 6 (63,7% 1– (1 3 1,3 IC9 1,23–1,5 12315 12 1,2 11013 1,10–1,3 n=53.4 n534 (n=53.4 9, (9 27, (27,1 63, (63,7 ( 1, 1,23–1, 1231 1101 1,10–1, n=53. n53 (n=53. (27, (63, 1,23–1 123 110 1,10–1 n=53 n5 (n=53 (27 (63 1,23– 11 1,10– n=5 (n=5 (2 (6 1,23 1,10 n= (n= 1,1 (n

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to verify the association between adherence to school meals provided by the National School Feeding Program and dietary patterns in adolescents from Brazilian public schools. Methods: Data from the 2019 National School Health Survey were used, with a nationally representative sample of Brazilian school adolescents (n=53,477; 13–17 years old). Food consumption of healthy and unhealthy food markers was obtained from a food consumption questionnaire. Regular consumption was considered ≥5 times/week. Latent class analysis was used to identify dietary patterns whose association with adherence to school meals was evaluated by multinomial logistic regression models, with adjustment for sociodemographic and eating behavior variables. Results: Three dietary patterns were identified: “unhealthy” — higher consumption of soft drinks and sweets (9.2% of adolescents); “healthy” — higher consumption of beans, vegetables, and fruits (27.1%); and “monotonous” — higher consumption of beans (63.7%). High adherence to school meals (every day) and unsatisfactory adherence (1–4 times/week) were positively associated with the healthy pattern even after adjustment for possible potential confounders (OR 1.37, 95%CI 1.23–1.52; OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.10–1.30, respectively). Conclusion: The results showed that the consumption of school meals offered by the National School Feeding Program can contribute to healthy eating habits among Brazilian adolescents. Objective schools Methods 201 n=53,477 n53477 n 53 477 (n=53,477 1317 13 17 13–1 old. old . old) questionnaire 5 ≥ timesweek times week times/week models variables Results identified “unhealthy 9.2% 92 9 2 (9.2 adolescents) “healthy vegetables 27.1% 271 27 1 (27.1%) monotonous “monotonous 63.7%. 637 63.7% 63 7 (63.7%) every day 1–4 14 4 (1– 137 37 1.37 95CI CI 95 1.23–1.52 123152 23 52 120 20 1.20 110130 10 30 1.10–1.30 respectively. respectively respectively) Conclusion n=53,47 n5347 47 (n=53,47 131 13– 9.2 (9. 27.1 (27.1% 63.7 6 (63.7% 1– (1 3 1.3 1.23–1.5 12315 12 1.2 11013 1.10–1.3 n=53,4 n534 (n=53,4 9. (9 27. (27.1 63. (63.7 ( 1. 1.23–1. 1231 1101 1.10–1. n=53, n53 (n=53, (27. (63. 1.23–1 123 110 1.10–1 n=53 n5 (n=53 (27 (63 1.23– 11 1.10– n=5 (n=5 (2 (6 1.23 1.10 n= (n= 1.1 (n

Resumo Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a associação entre a adesão à alimentação escolar e a coocorrência do consumo regular de marcadores de alimentação saudável e não saudável entre adolescentes brasileiros. Foram avaliados 67.881 adolescentes de escolas públicas brasileiras participantes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) de 2015. A partir do QFA de sete dias, construiu-se a variável dependente, coocorrência do consumo regular (≥ 5x/semana) de marcadores de alimentação saudável e não saudável, que foi categorizada em consumo regular de nenhum; um ou dois; ou três marcadores de alimentação. Realizou-se regressão logística ordinal com ajuste para variáveis sociodemográficas, hábitos alimentares fora da escola e características da escola. A prevalência da coocorrência do consumo regular de três marcadores de alimentação saudável foi de 14,5%, e de três marcadores de alimentação não saudável foi de 4,9%. A alta adesão à alimentação escolar (todos os dias) foi positivamente associada ao consumo regular de marcadores de alimentação saudável e inversamente associada ao consumo regular de marcadores de alimentação não saudável. A alimentação escolar fornecida pelo PNAE contribui para a promoção de hábitos alimentares saudáveis entre os adolescentes brasileiros. brasileiros 67881 67 881 67.88 PeNSE (PeNSE 2015 dias construiuse construiu se dependente ≥ ( 5x/semana 5xsemana xsemana 5x semana x nenhum dois Realizouse Realizou sociodemográficas 145 14 5 14,5% 49 4 9 4,9% todos 6788 6 88 67.8 201 1 14,5 4,9 678 8 67. 20 14, 4, 2

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the association between adherence to school meals and the co-occurrence of the regular consumption of healthy and unhealthy eating markers among Brazilian adolescents. Data from 67,881 adolescents in Brazilian public schools who participated in the 2015 National School Health Survey, were used. From the 7-day FFQ, the dependent variable was constructed, co-occurrence of regular consumption (≥ 5x/week) of healthy and unhealthy food markers, which was categorized as regular consumption of none, one or two, or three eating markers. We performed an ordinal logistic regression with adjustment for sociodemographic, eating habits outside of school, and school characteristics variables. The prevalence of the co-occurrence of the regular consumption of three healthy eating markers was 14.5%, and that of three unhealthy markers was 4.9%. High adherence to school meals (every day) was positively associated with regular consumption of healthy eating markers and inversely associated with regular consumption of unhealthy eating markers. The school meals provided by PNAE contribute to the promotion of healthy eating habits among Brazilian adolescents. cooccurrence co occurrence 67881 67 881 67,88 201 Survey used 7day day 7 FFQ constructed ≥ ( 5x/week 5xweek xweek 5x week x none two sociodemographic variables 145 14 5 14.5% 49 4 9 4.9% every 6788 6 88 67,8 20 1 14.5 4.9 678 8 67, 2 14. 4.

Resumo Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a associação entre a adesão à alimentação escolar e a coocorrência do consumo regular de marcadores de alimentação saudável e não saudável entre adolescentes brasileiros. Foram avaliados 67.881 adolescentes de escolas públicas brasileiras participantes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) de 2015. A partir do QFA de sete dias, construiu-se a variável dependente, coocorrência do consumo regular (≥ 5x/semana) de marcadores de alimentação saudável e não saudável, que foi categorizada em consumo regular de nenhum; um ou dois; ou três marcadores de alimentação. Realizou-se regressão logística ordinal com ajuste para variáveis sociodemográficas, hábitos alimentares fora da escola e características da escola. A prevalência da coocorrência do consumo regular de três marcadores de alimentação saudável foi de 14,5%, e de três marcadores de alimentação não saudável foi de 4,9%. A alta adesão à alimentação escolar (todos os dias) foi positivamente associada ao consumo regular de marcadores de alimentação saudável e inversamente associada ao consumo regular de marcadores de alimentação não saudável. A alimentação escolar fornecida pelo PNAE contribui para a promoção de hábitos alimentares saudáveis entre os adolescentes brasileiros.

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the association between adherence to school meals and the co-occurrence of the regular consumption of healthy and unhealthy eating markers among Brazilian adolescents. Data from 67,881 adolescents in Brazilian public schools who participated in the 2015 National School Health Survey, were used. From the 7-day FFQ, the dependent variable was constructed, co-occurrence of regular consumption (≥ 5x/week) of healthy and unhealthy food markers, which was categorized as regular consumption of none, one or two, or three eating markers. We performed an ordinal logistic regression with adjustment for sociodemographic, eating habits outside of school, and school characteristics variables. The prevalence of the co-occurrence of the regular consumption of three healthy eating markers was 14.5%, and that of three unhealthy markers was 4.9%. High adherence to school meals (every day) was positively associated with regular consumption of healthy eating markers and inversely associated with regular consumption of unhealthy eating markers. The school meals provided by PNAE contribute to the promotion of healthy eating habits among Brazilian adolescents.

Resumo O objetivo é estimar a prevalência e avaliar a associação dos fatores socioeconômicos e de estilo de vida com a omissão do café da manhã entre adolescentes escolares brasileiros. Um estudo transversal realizado com adolescentes do 9º ano de escolas públicas e privadas brasileiras participantes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar de 2015. A prevalência de omissão do café da manhã (menos de cinco dias/semana) e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% foram estimados e estratificados por sexo de acordo com fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos, estilo de vida, autopercepção da imagem corporal e atitudes em relação ao peso. Uma regressão de Poisson hierárquica de três blocos, considerando o desenho amostral complexo. A prevalência de pular o café da manhã foi de 35,6%, maior entre as meninas do que entre os meninos. Em ambos os sexos, omitir o café da manhã associou-se positivamente com maior nível socioeconômico, turno escolar matutino, trabalho remunerado, consumo regular de bebidas alcoólicas, morar apenas com a mãe, pai ou nenhum dos dois, consumo irregular de alimentação escolar e refeições com os pais, considerar-se muito gordo/gordo e tentar perder peso. Em geral, a omissão do café da manhã foi associada a fatores socioeconômicos e comportamentos de estilo de vida prejudiciais à saúde entre estudantes adolescentes.

Abstract The aim is to estimate the prevalence and evaluate the association of socioeconomic and lifestyle factors with skipping breakfast among Brazilian adolescent students. A cross-sectional study carried out with adolescent ninth-graders from Brazilian public and private schools participating in the 2015 National School Health Survey. The prevalence of skipping breakfast (less than five days/week) and its respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated and stratified by gender according to demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors, self-perceived body image, and attitudes towards weight. A three-block hierarchical Poisson regression, considering the complex sample design. The prevalence of skipping breakfast was 35.6%, higher among girls than boys. In both genders, skipping breakfast was positively associated with the highest socioeconomic level, morning school shift, paid work, regular consumption of alcoholic beverages, living only with the mother, the father or neither, the irregular consumption of school food and meals with parents, considering oneself too fat/fat and trying to lose weight. In general, skipping breakfast was associated with socioeconomic factors and lifestyle behaviors harmful to health among adolescent students.

Abstract The aim is to estimate the prevalence and evaluate the association of socioeconomic and lifestyle factors with skipping breakfast among Brazilian adolescent students. A cross-sectional study carried out with adolescent ninth-graders from Brazilian public and private schools participating in the 2015 National School Health Survey. The prevalence of skipping breakfast (less than five days/week) and its respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated and stratified by gender according to demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors, self-perceived body image, and attitudes towards weight. A three-block hierarchical Poisson regression, considering the complex sample design. The prevalence of skipping breakfast was 35.6%, higher among girls than boys. In both genders, skipping breakfast was positively associated with the highest socioeconomic level, morning school shift, paid work, regular consumption of alcoholic beverages, living only with the mother, the father or neither, the irregular consumption of school food and meals with parents, considering oneself too fat/fat and trying to lose weight. In general, skipping breakfast was associated with socioeconomic factors and lifestyle behaviors harmful to health among adolescent students.

Resumo O objetivo é estimar a prevalência e avaliar a associação dos fatores socioeconômicos e de estilo de vida com a omissão do café da manhã entre adolescentes escolares brasileiros. Um estudo transversal realizado com adolescentes do 9º ano de escolas públicas e privadas brasileiras participantes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar de 2015. A prevalência de omissão do café da manhã (menos de cinco dias/semana) e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% foram estimados e estratificados por sexo de acordo com fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos, estilo de vida, autopercepção da imagem corporal e atitudes em relação ao peso. Uma regressão de Poisson hierárquica de três blocos, considerando o desenho amostral complexo. A prevalência de pular o café da manhã foi de 35,6%, maior entre as meninas do que entre os meninos. Em ambos os sexos, omitir o café da manhã associou-se positivamente com maior nível socioeconômico, turno escolar matutino, trabalho remunerado, consumo regular de bebidas alcoólicas, morar apenas com a mãe, pai ou nenhum dos dois, consumo irregular de alimentação escolar e refeições com os pais, considerar-se muito gordo/gordo e tentar perder peso. Em geral, a omissão do café da manhã foi associada a fatores socioeconômicos e comportamentos de estilo de vida prejudiciais à saúde entre estudantes adolescentes.

Abstract This study investigated whether increased food intake after 15 days of low-protein, high-carbohydrate (LPHC) and its normalization in the later period of development change the content of key proteins related to leptin or adiponectin signaling in the hypothalamus. Male rats were divided into five groups: Control groups received a control diet (17% protein, 63% carbohydrate) for 15 (C15) or 45 (C45) days; LPHC groups received an LPHC diet (6% protein, 74% carbohydrate) for 15 (LPHC15) or 45 (LPHC45) days; and Reverse group (R): received LPHC diet for 15 days followed by control diet for another 30 days. The LPHC15 group showed increased adiposity index, leptin level, and adiponectin level, as well as decreased the leptin receptor (ObRb) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) content in the hypothalamus compared with the C15 group. LPHC diet for 45 days or diet reversion (R group) rescued these alterations, except the adiponectin level in LPHC45 rats, which was higher. In summary, LPHC diet reduced hypothalamic leptin action by diminishing ObRb and POMC levels, leading to hyperphagia and adiposity body. Medium-term administration of LPHC diet or reverting to control diet restored the levels of these proteins, thereby improving body lipid mass rearrangement in adulthood.

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess whether the school environment is associated with adherence to school meals among adolescent students in Brazilian public schools. Methods: Data from the 2015 National School Health Survey were analyzed. The provision of school meals was assessed according to student report and adherence through the frequency of weekly consumption, classified as adherence (≥3x/week), unsatisfactory adherence (≤2x/week), and non-adherence (none). The following characteristics of the school environment were considered: availability of a properly functioning kitchen and dining hall, cafeteria, and alternative outlets inside or outside schools, and sale of unhealthy food in the cafeteria and alternative outlets. Prevalence estimates were calculated considering the sample's complex design. Results: 86.5% of public schools offered school meals, to which 31.3% of students adhered, 37.9% had unsatisfactory adherence, and 30.8% did not adhere to school meals. Adherence to school meals was higher among schoolchildren in the Midwest Region, from non-capitals, and rural area, while less adherence was observed among students from schools with a cafeteria, an alternative food outlet, and a cafeteria selling soft drinks. Conclusions: Low adherence to school meals is associated with the school geography and food environment. These results can support the formulation of actions to improve the school environment and help the universality of participation in the School Nutrition and Food Policy.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar si el ambiente escolar está asociado con la adherencia a las comidas escolares entre los estudiantes adolescentes de las escuelas públicas brasileñas. Métodos: Se analizaron datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Escolar de 2015. La provisión de comidas escolares se evaluó de acuerdo con el informe del estudiante y la adherencia a través de la frecuencia de consumo semanal, clasificada como adherencia (≥3x/semana), adherencia insatisfactoria (≤2x/semana) y no adherencia (ninguna). Las características del entorno escolar consideradas fueron: la disponibilidad de una cocina y comedor, quiosco y punto alternativo de venta de alimentos dentro o en la entrada de la escuela, y la venta de alimentos no saludables en el quiosco y en los locales alternativos. Las estimaciones de la prevalencia se calcularon considerando el complejo diseño de la muestra. Resultados: 86.5% de las escuelas públicas ofrecieron comidas escolares, a las cuales se adhirió 31.3% de los estudiantes, 37.9% tuvo adherencia insatisfactoria y 30.8% no se adhirió a las comidas escolares. La adherencia a las comidas escolares fue mayor entre los escolares de la Región Centro-Oeste, de las no capitales y del área rural, mientras que se observó una menor adherencia entre los estudiantes de las escuelas con cafetería, un punto de venta de comida alternativa y una cantina que vende refrescos. Conclusiones: La baja adherencia a las comidas escolares se asocia con variables geográficas de la escuela, así como con el entorno alimentario escolar. Por tanto, estos resultados pueden apoyar la formulación de acciones que tengan como objetivo mejorar el entorno escolar y ayudar a la universalidad de la asistencia a la Política de Nutrición y Alimentación Escolar.

Abstract: The aim of this study was investigate the effects of a low-protein, high-carbohydrate (LPHC) diet introduced to rats soon after weaning. The animals were distributed in the following groups: LPHC45: fed an LPHC diet (6%-protein, 74%-carbohydrate) for 45 days; C45: fed a control (C) diet (17%-protein, 63%-carbohydrate) for 45 days; R (Reverse): fed with LPHC for 15 days followed by C diet for 30 days. The LPHC45 group showed alterations in the energetic balance with an increase in brown adipose tissue, and in glucose tolerance, and lower final body weight, muscle mass and total protein in blood when compared with C45 group. The HOMA-IR index was similar between LPHC45 and C45 groups, but this parameter was lower in LPHC45 compared with R groups. Serum adiponectin was higher in LPHC45 group than C45 and R groups. The R group presented higher fed insulin than C45 and LPHC45 and higher T4 compared with C45 group. Total cholesterol in R group was higher when compared with LPHC45 group. Thus, the data show that the change of the diet LPHC for a balanced diet led to different metabolic evolution and suggest that the different response can be due to different levels of adiponectin.