Abstract Studies evaluating the structure and diversity of bacterial communities in arid environments including the rhizosphere of local and adapted plant species are important. Therefore, we used a sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene for describing the structure and diversity of soil bacterial community in three zones: Agreste, Transition and Sertão. The bacterial community was clustered in 9,838 OTUs in Agreste, 8,388 OTUs in the transition, and 14,849 OTUs for Sertão. Among the most abundant phyla, Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria were abundant in Agreste and Sertão, respectively, while Actinobacteria were abundant in Transition and Sertão. Specific taxa of Proteobacteria, in Agreste, and Actinobacteria, in Sertão, exhibited differences according to biotic and abiotic conditions. Thus, the structure and diversity of bacterial community were different in these areas and were influenced by environmental and soil conditions.

Abstract: The growing need for the use of clean energy has led society to seek alternatives to fossil fuels in order to less pollute the environment. Sugarcane has been known to produce enough biomass and to have associative microorganisms, such as plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), which have the potential to improve the yield of crops. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficiency and the isotopic dilution of 15N of microbial inoculants containing endophytic diazotrophic bacteria, individually inoculated and in mixture, on productivity, technological quality and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) of sugarcane variety RB92579. The experiment was conducted for three consecutive years, comprising different crop cycles, in a completely randomized block design with four replications. The evaluations were at 11 months after planting for plant-cane, and at 12 months after cutting for ratoon cane and second ratoon cane. The contribution of BNF by 15N natural abundance technique to inoculated treatments ranged from 18% to 57.31%. This study showed that no strain promoted the improvement on yield and biological nitrogen fixation during the three cycles of sugarcane (plant-cane, ratoon cane and second ratoon cane). However, industrial characteristics of sugar cane can be affectd by PGPB inoculation.

Objetivou-se avaliar a brotação das mudas e a produção de mandioquinha-salsa 'Amarela de Carandaí', provenientes de mudas desinfectadas com óleo de eucalipto e enraizadas em bandejas de isopor. No pré-enraizamento em bandejas, utilizou-se a matriz experimental Plan Puebla III para combinar concentrações de óleo de eucalipto e tempos de imersão, respectivamente: 0,6%/36 s; 1,4%/36 s; 0,6%/84 s; 1,4%/84 s; 1,0%/60 s; 0,1%/36 s; 1,9%/84 s; 0,6%/6 s e 1,4%/114 s, mais uma testemunha (0,0%/0 s). No campo, utilizaram-se 10 mudas por parcela e seis tratamentos: 0,6% s; 36 s; 0,6%/84 s; 1,0%/60 s; 0,1%/36 s; 0,6%/6 s e 0,0%/0 s. Maiores porcentagens de mudas brotadas e altura de plantas foram obtidas nos tratamentos onde se utilizaram concentrações de óleo de eucalipto menores que 1,0% e na testemunha. As maiores massas frescas de raízes comerciais, nas colheitas aos 264 dias após o plantio, foram obtidas nos tratamentos 0,6%/36 s, 0,6%/84 s e 1,0%/60 s. Houve queima das folhas provocadas por Alternaria sp e Septoria sp., com maior intensidade aos 111 dias após o plantio, associadas e sem possibilidade de quantificação isoladamente. Concluiu-se que, para se obter maior produção de raízes comerciais, as mudas devem ser desinfectadas em solução aquosa com doses de 0,6% ou 1,0% de óleo de eucalipto e imersão em tempos de 36 s a 84 s, sendo a colheita aos 264 dias após o plantio.

This work aimed to evaluate the sprouting of cuttings and yield of 'Amarela de Carandaí' peruvian carrot plants from cuttings which were disinfected with eucalyptus oil and rooted in polyethylene trays. In pre-rooting on trays, the Plan Puebla III experimental matrix was used to combine doses of eucalyptus oil and immersion periods, respectively: 0.6%/36 s; 1.4%/36 s; 0.6%/84 s; 1.4%/84 s; 1.0%/60 s; 0.1%/36 s; 1.9%/84 s; 0.6%/6 s and 1.4%/114 s, added a control (0.0%/0 s). At field, ten cuttings per plot and six treatments were used: 0.6%/36 s; 0.6%/84 s; 1.0%/60 s; 0.1%/36 s; 0.6%/6 s and 0.0%/0 s. Highest percentages of sprouted cuttings and height of plants were obtained in treatments with doses of eucalyptus oil smaller than 1.0% and the control. The highest fresh weight of commercial roots, which were harvested at 264 days after planting, were obtained in 0.6%/36 s, 0.6%/84 s and 1.0%/60 s treatments. There was burning of leaves caused by Alternaria sp. and Septoria sp., with more intensity on 111 days after planting, which showed theirselves associated and without possibility of isolate quantification. It was concluded that, to achieve higher yield of commercial roots, it must disinfect the cuttings with aqueous solution with doses of 0.6% or 1.0% of eucalyptus oil and immersion for periods of 36 s to 84 s, with harvest at 264 days after planting.

Com o objetivo de conhecer p estabelecimento e duração do aleitamento materno total e exclusivo em comunidades rurais do Semi-Árido Baiano, Brasil, foram estudadas 226 crianças de O a 2 anos de idade, filhas de pequenos produtores rurais que vivem numa das regiões mais secas do nordeste brasileiro, de pobreza absoluta. Os dados referem-se a todas as crianças da família que à data do estudo tinham até 2 anos de idade. Os dados foram coletados por meio de formulários aplicados às mães ou responsáveis pelo menor, no período de 1988 a 1989. A tábua de vida foi o recurso estatístico utilizado para o cálculo da duração mediana do evento. Das 226 crianças que integraram o estudo, 91,6 iniciaram a amamentação ao peito. A duração mediana do aleitamento total foi de 90,28 dias e o aleitamento exclusivo apresentou duração mediana de 0,1 dia. Ainda que o estabelecimento da amamentação ao peito possa ser considerado alto, a duração mediana do aleitamento total foi extrememente curta, e o aleitamento exclusivo foi desprezível.

A Research project in the establishment and duration of total and exclusive breast-feeding in rural communities of Cansação, BA, Brazil, is presented. It included 226 children, from zero to two years old, of families of peasants living on small-holdings in one of the driest and poorest regions of the Brazilian Northeast. The data were collected through questionnaires answered by mothers or any adult responsible for the child during 1988 and 1989. It relates to all children from these families who were two years of age at the time of the study. The survival time was the statistical method used to calculate the median duration of breast-feeding; 91.6% of the 226 children started to be breast-fed. This finding shows that the establishment of the breast-feeding was high. The median duration of total breast-feeding was of 90.28 days and exclusive breastfeeding presented a median duration of 0.1 day. Through the establishment of breast-feeding can be considered high, the median duration of total breast-feeding is extremely short and that of exclusive breast-feeding insignificant.

Com o objetivo de conhecer p estabelecimento e duração do aleitamento materno total e exclusivo em comunidades rurais do Semi-Árido Baiano, Brasil, foram estudadas 226 crianças de O a 2 anos de idade, filhas de pequenos produtores rurais que vivem numa das regiões mais secas do nordeste brasileiro, de pobreza absoluta. Os dados referem-se a todas as crianças da família que à data do estudo tinham até 2 anos de idade. Os dados foram coletados por meio de formulários aplicados às mães ou responsáveis pelo menor, no período de 1988 a 1989. A tábua de vida foi o recurso estatístico utilizado para o cálculo da duração mediana do evento. Das 226 crianças que integraram o estudo, 91,6 iniciaram a amamentação ao peito. A duração mediana do aleitamento total foi de 90,28 dias e o aleitamento exclusivo apresentou duração mediana de 0,1 dia. Ainda que o estabelecimento da amamentação ao peito possa ser considerado alto, a duração mediana do aleitamento total foi extrememente curta, e o aleitamento exclusivo foi desprezível.

A Research project in the establishment and duration of total and exclusive breast-feeding in rural communities of Cansação, BA, Brazil, is presented. It included 226 children, from zero to two years old, of families of peasants living on small-holdings in one of the driest and poorest regions of the Brazilian Northeast. The data were collected through questionnaires answered by mothers or any adult responsible for the child during 1988 and 1989. It relates to all children from these families who were two years of age at the time of the study. The survival time was the statistical method used to calculate the median duration of breast-feeding; 91.6% of the 226 children started to be breast-fed. This finding shows that the establishment of the breast-feeding was high. The median duration of total breast-feeding was of 90.28 days and exclusive breastfeeding presented a median duration of 0.1 day. Through the establishment of breast-feeding can be considered high, the median duration of total breast-feeding is extremely short and that of exclusive breast-feeding insignificant.

Um grupo de 245 mulheres moradoras em Mogi das Cruzes (Estado de S. Paulo, Brasil) foi questionado com relação ao uso de anticoncepcionais, história obstétrica, mortalidade infantil e atitudes correlacionadas com a limitação da natalidade. As respostas foram classificadas segundo idade e nível de renda da informante. Apenas 49% das mulheres empregavam medidas anticoncepcionais, das quais 42% recorriam aos anovulatórios. Esta prática era mais freqüente entre as mulheres jovens, e aquelas pertencentes às famílias melhores situadas economicamente. Não só era mais baixa a natalidade nas mulheres que se valiam de anticoncepcionais, mas esta prática acompanhava-se de sensível redução no número de abortos e da mortalidade infantil. O efeito foi mais pronunciado entre aquelas que empregavam os anovulatórios.

A group of 245 married women from Mogi das Cruzes (State of S. Paulo, Brazil were questioned about the use of contraceptive practices, past obstetric history, child mortality, and attitude toward birth control. Answers were classified according to age and family earnings. Only 49% of these women practiced contraception, 42% of which used the "pill". There was a positive correlation between the practice of birth control and wage levels, and contraception was like-wise more common in the younger age groups. The natality was reduced considerably in those women who availed themselves of contraception and also it was observed a drastic decrease in the number of abortions and in child mortality. This effect was more pronounced in those who used the anovulatory drugs.

Um grupo de 245 mulheres moradoras em Mogi das Cruzes (Estado de S. Paulo, Brasil) foi questionado com relação ao uso de anticoncepcionais, história obstétrica, mortalidade infantil e atitudes correlacionadas com a limitação da natalidade. As respostas foram classificadas segundo idade e nível de renda da informante. Apenas 49% das mulheres empregavam medidas anticoncepcionais, das quais 42% recorriam aos anovulatórios. Esta prática era mais freqüente entre as mulheres jovens, e aquelas pertencentes às famílias melhores situadas economicamente. Não só era mais baixa a natalidade nas mulheres que se valiam de anticoncepcionais, mas esta prática acompanhava-se de sensível redução no número de abortos e da mortalidade infantil. O efeito foi mais pronunciado entre aquelas que empregavam os anovulatórios.

A group of 245 married women from Mogi das Cruzes (State of S. Paulo, Brazil were questioned about the use of contraceptive practices, past obstetric history, child mortality, and attitude toward birth control. Answers were classified according to age and family earnings. Only 49% of these women practiced contraception, 42% of which used the "pill". There was a positive correlation between the practice of birth control and wage levels, and contraception was like-wise more common in the younger age groups. The natality was reduced considerably in those women who availed themselves of contraception and also it was observed a drastic decrease in the number of abortions and in child mortality. This effect was more pronounced in those who used the anovulatory drugs.