Aim To evaluate dentin permeability after pretreatment with 2.5% aqueous solution of titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4), followed by a self-etching universal adhesive system. Methods Forty dentin discs (1.5 mm thick) were randomly divided into groups according to the application or non-application of a pretreatment, and the type of adhesive system to be tested (two-step self-etching/ Clearfil SE Bond/ Kuraray Medical, or universal adhesive system/ Single Bond Universal/ 3M ESPE). Both sides of the discs were conditioned with 37% phosphoric acid to remove the smear layer. The first hydraulic conductivity measurement (L1) was performed in a permeability machine, under 5 PSI pressure. The samples were sanded again to form a standardized smear layer. The teeth designated for pre-treatment with TiF4 received the TiF4 solutions applied actively for 60 seconds, and the adhesive systems were applied according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Then, a new hydraulic conductivity measurement (L2) was performed for the purpose of calculating the hydraulic conductance at a later time, considering the water viscosity and the thickness of the specimen. The percentage (L) of dentin permeability after application of the adhesive system was obtained (L (%) = [(L1-L2) x100] / L1). The Mann-Whitney non-parametric test was applied. Results There was no difference between the two adhesive systems, or between the groups with or without pretreatment, as regards dentin permeability (p>0.05). Conclusion Pretreatment with 2.5% TiF4 did not influence dentin permeability, irrespective of the adhesive system used. 25 2 2.5 TiF4, TiF , (TiF4) selfetching self etching 1.5 15 1 (1. thick nonapplication non twostep step selfetching/ etching/ Medical Universal M ESPE. ESPE . ESPE) 37 layer L1 L (L1 machine pressure pre treatment 6 seconds manufacturers manufacturer s instructions Then L2 (L2 time specimen % (% L1L2 LL [(L1-L2 x100 x L1. L1) MannWhitney Mann Whitney nonparametric parametric p>0.05. p005 p p>0.05 0 05 (p>0.05) used 2. (TiF4 1. (1 3 ( L1L [(L1-L x10 p00 p>0.0 (p>0.05 (TiF x1 p0 p>0. (p>0.0 p>0 (p>0. p> (p>0 (p> (p

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar métodos para diagnóstico in vitro de sulcos pigmentados em superfície oclusal. Métodos: Foram utilizados 41 molares e pré-molares humanos extraídos com pigmentação em sulcos e fissuras. Os dentes foram avaliados com iluminação artificial para classificação quanto ao critério ICDAS, seguida por avaliação com laser fluorescente. Para a avaliação radiográfica, os dentes foram posicionados para obtenção de imagens interproximais, adotando-se o critério de Rodrigues et al. (2008) para diagnóstico. Para avaliação histológica, os dentes foram seccionados no sentido mésio-distal na região de sulco oclusal e avaliados em lupa estereoscópica com aumento de 20 vezes, adotando-se o critério de Ekstrand et al. (1997). Os métodos foram comparados com a avaliação histológica, obtendo-se valores de acurácia, sensibilidade e especificidade quanto às variáveis de resposta “presença/ausência” de lesão de cárie em esmalte. Resultados: Ao comparar a inspeção visual com a análise histológica, observou-se acurácia de 65,85%, sensibilidade de 40% e especificidade de 90,48%. Ao comparar o laser fluorescente com a análise histológica, a acurácia foi de 58,54%, sensibilidade de 70% e especificidade de 47,62%. Na comparação da análise radiográfica com a histológica, obteve-se acurácia de 53,66%, sensibilidade de 42,11% e especificidade de 73,68%. Conclusão: A curva ROC mostrou que a inspeção visual apresentou a melhor combinação de sensibilidade e especificidade que o laser fluorescente e que a análise radiográfica para o diagnóstico, representando o melhor método para detecção de cárie em lesões com sulcos pigmentados em esmalte

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to compare methods for in vitro diagnosis of pigmented pits and fissures on the occlusal surface. Methods: Forty-one human molars and premolars extracted with pigmentation in pits and fissures were used. The teeth were evaluated with artificial illumination for classification according to ICDAS, followed by fluorescent laser evaluation. For the radiographic evaluation, the teeth were positioned to obtain interproximal images, adopting the criterion of Rodrigues et al. 2008 for diagnosis of lesions. For histological evaluation, the teeth were sectioned in the mesiodistal direction in the occlusal sulcus region and evaluated in a 20-fold stereoscopic magnifying glass, using the criterion of Ekstrand et al. (1997) for evaluation. The methods were compared with the histological evaluation, obtaining values of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity regarding the response variables “presence / absence” of enamel caries. Results: When comparing visual inspection with histological analysis, 65.85% accuracy, 40% sensitivity and 90.48% specificity were observed with false positive and negative probability of 20% and 38.71%. When comparing the fluorescent laser with the histological analysis, the accuracy was 58.54%, sensitivity 70% and specificity 47.62%. Comparing the radiographic analysis with the histological analysis, it was obtained 53.66% accuracy, sensitivity of 42.11% and specificity of 73.68%. Conclusion: The ROC curve and the Yuden index showed that visual inspection presented the best combination of sensitivity and specificity than fluorescent laser and radiographic analysis for diagnosis, which represented the best method for detecting inactive carious lesions in enamel.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é estimar o impacto da criação do Fundo Estadual de Combate à Pobreza (FECOP), em 2003, sobre indicadores de pobreza no Ceará. A aplicação empírica diferencia-se pelo uso do método de Controle Sintético Generalizado, recentemente desenvolvido por Xu (2017). Com dados em nível estadual para o período de 1981 a 2014, os resultados indicam um impacto estatisticamente significativo do FECOP sobre a redução da pobreza e extrema pobreza no Ceará a partir de 2008. Adicionalmente, realizou-se uma análise comparativa dos estados utilizados na simulação do controle sintético com o Ceará, no que diz respeito ao número e valor total de benefícios do Programa Bolsa Família. O intuito é apresentar evidências de que os efeitos encontrados não estão sendo afetados pelos repasses do programa federal.

Abstract The objective of this study is to estimate the impact of the creation of the State Fund to Combat Poverty (FECOP) in 2003 on poverty indicators in Ceará. The empirical application is distinguished by the use of the Generalized Synthetic Control method recently developed by Xu (2017). With state-level data for the period 1981 to 2014, the results indicate a statistically significant impact of FECOP on poverty and extreme poverty reduction in Ceará starting in 2008. Additionally, a comparative analysis of states composing the synthetic control for Ceará was carried out, regarding the number and total value of benefits of the Program Bolsa Família. The purpose is to present evidence that the effects found are not being affected by federal program transfers.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate soluble and insoluble fluoride concentrations in commercial varnishes, and their remineralization effect on artificial caries enamel lesions using surface and cross-sectional microhardness evaluations. Forty bovine enamel blocks were separated into four groups (n=10): control (no treatment), Enamelast (Ultradent Products), Duraphat (Colgate-Palmolive) and Clinpro White Varnish (3M ESPE). Surface enamel microhardness evaluations were obtained, artificial enamel caries lesions were developed by dynamic pH-cycling, and the varnishes were then applied every 6 days, after which the enamel blocks were submitted to dynamic remineralization by pH cycles. After removal of the varnishes, the enamel surfaces were reassessed for microhardness. The blocks were sectioned longitudinally, and cross-sectional microhardness measurements were performed at different surface depths (up to 300 μm depth). Polarized light microscopy images (PLMI) were made to analyze subsurface caries lesions. The fluoride concentration in whole (soluble and insoluble fluoride) and centrifuged (soluble fluoride) varnishes was determined using an extraction method with acetone. The data were analyzed to evaluate the surface microhardness, making adjustments for generalized linear models. There was a significant decrease in enamel surface microhardness after performing all the treatments (p<0.0001). Enamelast and Duraphat showed significantly higher enamel microhardness values than the control and the Clinpro groups (p = 0.0002). Microhardness loss percentage was significantly lower for Enamelast (p = 0.071; One-way ANOVA). PLMI showed that subsurface caries lesions were not remineralized with the varnish treatments. No significant differences in the in-depth microhardness levels (p = 0.7536; ANOVA) were observed among the treatments. Enamelast presented higher soluble and insoluble fluoride concentrations than the other varnishes (p < 0.0001; Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests). Enamelast and Duraphat varnishes promoted enamel surface remineralization, but no varnish remineralized the subsurface lesion body. Although insoluble and soluble fluoride concentration values did not correspond to those declared by the manufacturer, Enamelast presented higher fluoride concentration than the others.