Abstract Background: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) presents high mortality and postoperative, gastrointestinal and neurodevelopmental morbidity. There is limited information about NEC in Chile. Aim: To describe the clinical/epidemiological behavior of newborns who underwent NEC. Methods: Multicenter descriptive study of patients with NEC from seven hospitals of Santiago, Chile, during 2016. Descriptive statistics and univariate/multivariate analysis were performed (SPSS v22 software). Results: 75 cases were collected. Median days of life at diagnosis was 11, gestational age was 29 weeks, birth weight 1,114 g. The incidence was 2.6 per 1,000 live newborns and mortality was 18.6%, higher in ≤ 750 g, ≤ 25 weeks and surgical NEC. There was 45.3% microbiological isolation and 19 different empirical antibiotic schemes were used for the treatment of NEC. The multivariate analysis showed a higher risk of surgery in umbilical arterial catheter users, CRP > 10 mg/L and positive microbiological isolation. The highest risk of death was in umbilical arterial catheter users. Discussion: This ie the first multicenter study that collects local data information. The incidence was similar to that found in medical reports but with a lower mortality. There is no consensus of antibiotic treatment to use. With these results we hope to advance in improving the diagnosis and unify antimicrobial treatments, to reduce morbidity and mortality figures.

Resumen Introducción: Enterocolitis necrosante (ECN) representa una elevada mortalidad y morbilidad post-quirúrgica, gastrointestinal y del neuro-desarrollo. Existe limitada información en Chile. Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento clínico/epidemiológico de recién nacidos que cursaron con ECN. Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio multicéntrico descriptivo de pacientes con ECN de siete hospitales de Santiago, Chile, durante el 2016. Se realizó estadística descriptiva y análisis univariable/multivariable (software SPSS v22). Resultados: Se recolectaron 75 casos. Mediana de edad al diagnóstico fue 11 días, el promedio de edad gestacional 29 semanas y peso de nacimiento 1.285 g. La incidencia fue 2,6 por 1.000/recién nacidos vivos y letalidad de 18,6%, mayor en ≤ 750 g, ≤ 25 semanas y ECN quirúrgica. Hubo aislamiento microbiológico en 45,3% y se utilizaron 19 distintos esquemas antimicrobianos empíricos para el tratamiento de ECN. El análisis multivariable mostró tendencia a que la ECN fuese quirúrgica en usuarios de catéter umbilical arterial, PCR > 10 mg/L y aislamiento microbiológico, y hubo tendencia a fallecer en usuarios de catéter umbilical arterial. Discusión: Es el primer estudio multicéntrico que recopila información de datos locales. La incidencia fue similar a la descrita en la literatura médica, en cambio la letalidad fue algo menor. No existen consensos del tratamiento antimicrobiano a utilizar. Con estos resultados esperamos avanzar en mejorar el diagnóstico y unificar tratamientos antimicrobianos, para reducir cifras de morbimortalidad.

ABSTRACT The growth of yeasts in culture media can be affected by many factors. For example, methanol can be metabolized by other pathways to produce ethanol, which acts as an inhibitor of the heterologous protein production pathway; oxygen concentration can generate aerobic or anaerobic environments and affects the fermentation rate; and temperature affects the central carbon metabolism and stress response protein folding. The main goal of this study was determine the implication of free fatty acids on the production of heterologous proteins in different culture conditions in cultures of Pichia pastoris. We evaluated cell viability using propidium iodide by flow cytometry and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances to measure cell membrane damage. The results indicate that the use of low temperatures and low methanol concentrations favors the decrease in lipid peroxidation in the transition phase from glycerol to methanol. In addition, a temperature of 14 ºC + 1%M provided the most stable viability. By contrast, the temperature of 18 ºC + 1.5%M favored the production of a higher antibody fragment concentration. In summary, these results demonstrate that the decrease in lipid peroxidation is related to an increased production of free fatty acids.

Background: Different strains of invasive Escherichia coli (E. coli), isolated from intestinal mucosa of patients, are related to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Aim: To evaluate an association between intracellular E. coli and IBD; its clinical characteristics and use of steroids. Material and Methods: Sixty one patients with Crohn's disease and 83 with ulcerative colitis were studied. To determine the intracellular E. coli content, colonoscopy biopsies of these patients and 29 control subjects were processed using the gentamicin protection assay. Differences in the bacterial content between patient groups were evaluated using Mann-Whitney test, while the association between presence of E. coli with endoscopic activity, location/extension and use of corticosteroid as anti-inflammatory treatment were evaluated with Fisher's exact test or Chi-square test. Results: E. coli strains were detected in 36.1, 39.3 and 10.3% of patients with ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and controls, respectively. The number of bacteria per biopsy in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis was significantly higher than in controls (p < 0.01 between patients and controls). In ulcerative colitis, significant associations were found between the presence of bacteria and disease location and use of corticosteroids. In Crohn's disease, no association was found. Conclusions: IBD are associated with the presence of intracellular E. coli strains in the intestinal mucosa, suggesting an alteration in the microbiota or loss of integrity of the epithelial barrier. The association of intracellular E. coli with clinical features and the use of corticosteroids in ulcerative colitis suggests that different factors could promote colonization or proliferation of these bacteria.

Resumo Objetivos Revisar os artigos sobre o estado nutricional de ferro, vitamina A e zinco em crianças brasileiras assistidas em creches, enfocando métodos diagnósticos, prevalências das respectivas deficiências e fatores associados. Métodos A pesquisa de artigos foi efetuada nas bases PubMed, Lilacs e SciELO. Foram incluídos estudos observacionais com amostras representativas aleatórias que utilizaram indicadores bioquímicos para avaliar o estado nutricional de ferro, vitamina A e zinco de crianças assistidas em creches. Calcularam-se as prevalências médias ponderadas de anemia e de deficiência de vitamina A. Computaram-se as variáveis associadas à anemia. Resultados Foram incluídos 21 estudos, nos quais o estado nutricional de ferro, vitamina A e zinco foi analisado em 17, quatro e três, respectivamente. As prevalências médias ponderadas de anemia e de deficiência de vitamina A foram de 42,7% e 12,5%, respectivamente. Crianças de menor idade e de pior condição socioeconômica representaram as principais condições explicativas para a ocorrência de anemia. Conclusões Os resultados sugerem altas prevalências de anemia e de deficiência de vitamina A entre as crianças brasileiras assistidas em creches com perspectivas etiológicas centradas nas doenças infecciosas.

Abstract The scope of the study was to review the scientific publications on the nutritional status of iron, vitamin A and zinc among Brazilian children attending daycare centers, focusing on diagnostic methods, the prevalence of respective deficiencies and associated factors. A review of the literature was conducted in the PubMed, LILACS and SciELO databases. Observational studies with random representative samples using biochemical indicators to evaluate the nutritional status of iron, vitamin A and zinc of children attending public daycare centers were included. The average weighted prevalence for anemia and vitamin A deficiency was estimated. The variables associated with anemia were computed. Twenty-one observational studies were included, in which the nutritional status of iron, vitamin A and zinc were analyzed in 17, 4 and 3, respectively. The average weighted prevalence of anemia and vitamin A deficiency were 42.7% and 12.5%, respectively. Young children and children living in less favorable socioeconomic situations represented the main explanatory conditions predominantly associated with the occurrence of anemia. The results suggest a high prevalence of anemia, as well as vitamin A deficiency in Brazilian children attending daycare centers, with etiological prospects focused on infectious diseases.

Resumo Objetivos Revisar os artigos sobre o estado nutricional de ferro, vitamina A e zinco em crianças brasileiras assistidas em creches, enfocando métodos diagnósticos, prevalências das respectivas deficiências e fatores associados. Métodos A pesquisa de artigos foi efetuada nas bases PubMed, Lilacs e SciELO. Foram incluídos estudos observacionais com amostras representativas aleatórias que utilizaram indicadores bioquímicos para avaliar o estado nutricional de ferro, vitamina A e zinco de crianças assistidas em creches. Calcularam-se as prevalências médias ponderadas de anemia e de deficiência de vitamina A. Computaram-se as variáveis associadas à anemia. Resultados Foram incluídos 21 estudos, nos quais o estado nutricional de ferro, vitamina A e zinco foi analisado em 17, quatro e três, respectivamente. As prevalências médias ponderadas de anemia e de deficiência de vitamina A foram de 42,7% e 12,5%, respectivamente. Crianças de menor idade e de pior condição socioeconômica representaram as principais condições explicativas para a ocorrência de anemia. Conclusões Os resultados sugerem altas prevalências de anemia e de deficiência de vitamina A entre as crianças brasileiras assistidas em creches com perspectivas etiológicas centradas nas doenças infecciosas.

Abstract The scope of the study was to review the scientific publications on the nutritional status of iron, vitamin A and zinc among Brazilian children attending daycare centers, focusing on diagnostic methods, the prevalence of respective deficiencies and associated factors. A review of the literature was conducted in the PubMed, LILACS and SciELO databases. Observational studies with random representative samples using biochemical indicators to evaluate the nutritional status of iron, vitamin A and zinc of children attending public daycare centers were included. The average weighted prevalence for anemia and vitamin A deficiency was estimated. The variables associated with anemia were computed. Twenty-one observational studies were included, in which the nutritional status of iron, vitamin A and zinc were analyzed in 17, 4 and 3, respectively. The average weighted prevalence of anemia and vitamin A deficiency were 42.7% and 12.5%, respectively. Young children and children living in less favorable socioeconomic situations represented the main explanatory conditions predominantly associated with the occurrence of anemia. The results suggest a high prevalence of anemia, as well as vitamin A deficiency in Brazilian children attending daycare centers, with etiological prospects focused on infectious diseases.

Pichia pastoris is a methylotrophic yeast used as an efficient expression system for heterologous protein production as compared to other expression systems. Considering that every cell must respond to environmental changes to survive and differentiate, determination of endogenous protein related to heat stress responses and hypoxia, it would necessary to establish the temperature and methanol concentration conditions for optimal growth. The aim of this study is characterize the culture conditions through the putative biomarkers in different conditions of temperature and methanol concentration. Three yeast cultures were performed: 3X = 3% methanol -10 °C, 4X = 3% methanol -30 °C, and 5X = 1% methanol -10 °C. The expression level of HIF-1α, HSF-1, HSP-70 and HSP-90 biomarkers were measured by Western blot and in situ detection was performed by immunocytochemistry. The western blot results of HIF-1α and HSP-90 did not indicate statistically significant in the culture conditions studied. Respect to biomarkers location, HIF-1α and HSP-90 presented differences between cultures. In conclusion, the results suggest the cultures in a hypoxic condition produce a high density and yeast cells smaller. Beside the high density would not necessary related with a high production of recombinant proteins in modified-genetically P. pastoris.

Pichia pastoris is methylotrophic yeast used as an efficient expression system for heterologous protein production. In order to evaluate the effects of temperature (10 and 30 °C) and methanol (1 and 3% (v/v)) on genetically-modified Pichia pastoris, different biomarkers were evaluated: Heat stress (HSF-1 and Hsp70), oxidative stress (OGG1 and TBARS) and antioxidant (GLR). Three yeast cultures were performed: 3X = 3% methanol-10 °C, 4X = 3% methanol-30 °C, and 5X = 1% methanol-10°C. The expression level of HIF-1α, HSF-1, HSP-70 and HSP-90 biomarkers were measured by Western blot and in situ detection was performed by immunocytochemistry. Ours results show that at 3% methanol -30 °C there is an increase of mitochondrial OGG1 (mtOGG1), Glutathione Reductase (GLR) and TBARS. In addition, there was a cytosolic expression of HSF-1 and HSP-70, which indicates a deprotection against nucleolar fragmentation (apoptosis). On the other hand, at 3% methanol -10 °C and 1% and at methanol -10 °C conditions there was nuclear expression of OGG1, lower levels of TBARS and lower expression of GLR, cytosolic expression of HSF-1 and nuclear expression HSP-70. In conclusion, our results suggest that 3% methanol-30 °C is a condition that induces a strong oxidative stress and risk factors of apoptosis in modified-genetically P. pastoris.

Since the 1970s, the establishment and development of the biotech industry has improved exponentially, allowing the commercial production of biopharmaceutical proteins. Nowadays, new recombinant protein production is considered a multibillion-dollar market, in which about 25% of commercial pharmaceuticals are biopharmaceuticals. But to achieve a competitive production process is not an easy task. Any production process has to be highly productive, efficient and economic. Despite that the perfect host is still not discovered, several research groups have chosen Pichia pastoris as expression system for the production of their protein because of its many features. The attempt of this review is to embrace several research lines that have adopted Pichia pastoris as their expression system to produce a protein on an industrial scale in the health care industry.

Introduction: Observational epidemiologic studies conducted during the past years in several countries reported favorable association between wheat flour fortified with folic acid and reduced cases of neural tube defects (NTD). Objectives: To determine the global incidence rate (GIR) of neuronal tube defects (NTD) and their reduction in the post-fortifying phase (2006-2010) of wheat flour with folic acid. Design: Observational, descriptive and retrospective study. Setting: Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal -INMP, Peru. Participants: Neonates. Interventions: We reviewed 88 236 medical histories of neonates born between 2006 and 2010 and average, standard deviations, absolute and relative frequencies were obtained. NTD trend was measured statistically by Prais Winsten. Poisson test was used to measure 95% CI for GIR of NTD. Main outcome measures: Global incidence rate (GIR) of NTD. Results: A total of 77 medical histories were found to have NTD, representing a GIR of 8.7 per 10 000 (95% CI: 6,9-10,9) neonates. The highest incidence of 15.6 per 10 000 (95% CI: 10.2-22.9) was found in 2006 and the lowest 7.61 per 10 000 (95% IC: 4,1-13,0) in 2010. Incidences by NTD types were: spina bifida 6.7 per 10 000 (95% CI: 5.1-8.6), anencephaly 1.9 per 10 000 (95% CI: 1.1-3.1), and encephalocele 1 per 10 000 (95% CI: 0.1-0.6). Conclusions: NTD incidence at INMP decreased to 8,7 x 10 000 neonates during 2006-2010 after use of wheat flour fortified with folic acid, which provides positive evidence of the intervention impact.

Introducción: En los últimos años, estudios observacionales en algunos países de América Latina y el mundo demostraron una asociación favorable entre la fortificación de la harina con ácido fólico y la reducción de casos con defectos del tubo neural (DTN). Objetivos: Determinar la tasa de incidencia global (TIG) de DTN y su reducción en el periodo posfortificación (2006-2010) de la harina de trigo con ácido fólico. Diseño: Observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo. Lugar: Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal INMP, Lima, Perú. Participantes: Recién nacidos entre los años 2006-2010. Intervenciones: Se revisó 88 236 historias clínicas de recién nacidos. Se obtuvo promedios, desviación estándar, frecuencias absolutas y relativas; la tendencia de las incidencias fue medida con Prais Winsten. Se calculó el IC 95% para la TIG con la prueba de Poissón. Principales medidas de resultados: Tasa de Incidencia global de DTN. Resultados: Hubo 77 historias de RN con DTN, que representaron una TIG de 8,73 por 10 000 (IC 95%: 6,9 a 10,9), siendo la incidencia más alta 15,6 x 10 000 (IC 95%: 10,2 a 22,9) el año 2006 y la más baja 7,6 por 10 000 (IC95%: 4,1 a 13,0) el año 2010. Las incidencias de los tipos DTN fueron: espina bífida 6,7 por 10 000 (IC 95%: 5,1 a 8,6), anencefalia 1,9 por 10 000 (IC 95%: 1,1 a 3,1) y encefalocele 1 por 10 000 (IC 95%: 0,1 a 0,6). Conclusiones: La incidencia de los DTN en el INMP disminuyó a 8,7 por 10 000 RN en el periodo posfortificación (2006-2010) de la harina de trigo con ácido fólico, evidenciando impacto positivo de la intervención.

The crystal and molecular structure of the complex [CpFe(h6-C6H5)-N(Me) N=CH-C6H4-4-NMe2]+PF6-, [1]+PF6-, was solved by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. One of the most salient features observed in this structure is the depyramidalization of both the benzylic nitrogen and the dimethylamino nitrogen atoms which reveals the delocalization of the p-electron system along the entire hydrazone skeleton from the donor to the acceptor termini, through a quinonoidal deformation and a pseudo-cyclohexadienyl conformation (folding dihedral angle of ca. 7.4°) of the free and coordinated phenyl rings, respectively. Both Cipso-N bond lengths are virtually identical (1.37 Å), lying between pure single and double bonds. These and other peculiarities are described and compared with the structures of other organometallic hydrazones

The net transport of surface water, between the coastal and oceanic zone, through mesoscale structures such as filaments and eddies was quantified in central-south Chile (35.5 to 37.5°S). This transport was quantified by identifying filaments and eddies on daily chlorophyll a images (SeaWIFS) for two 15 days periods taking place in October 1998 and in July 1999. These periods correspond to the MIRC I and MIRC II cruises respectively. In both cruises the estimated superficial transport showed a net flow from the coastal to the oceanic zone, of 6.22 x 10(4) m³ s-1 and 1.64 x 10(4) m³ s-1 during MIRC I and MIRC II, respectively. The central-south part of Chile is a net exporter of water through filaments and eddies

Se cuantificó el transporte neto de agua superficial entre la zona costera y zona oceánica a través de estructuras de mesoescala (filamentos y remolinos) identificadas a partir de imágenes satelitales diarias de clorofila a (SeaWIFS). El transporte se cuantificó en el sector comprendido entre los 35.5 y 37.5°S de la zona centro-sur de Chile, para un período de 15 días en octubre de 1998 y otro de igual duración en julio de 1999, correspondientes a los cruceros MIRC I y MIRC II. En ambos cruceros el transporte neto de agua tuvo lugar desde la zona costera hacia la zona oceánica, con 6.22 x 10(4) m³ s-1 para el período del MIRC I y de 1.64 x 10(4) m³ s-1 para el MIRC II. El sector centro-sur de Chile estudiado es un exportador neto de agua a través de filamentos y remolinos

A series of twelve new organometallic acetophenone-hydrazone complexes of general formula [(h 5-Cp)Fe(h 6-o-RC6H4)-NHN=CMe-C6H4-p-R’]+PF6- (Cp= C5H5; R,R’=H,Me, [5]+PF6-; H,MeO, [6]+PF6-; H,NMe2, [7]+PF6-; Me,Me, [8]+PF6-; Me,MeO, [9]+PF6-; Me,NMe2, [10]+PF6-; MeO,Me, [11]+PF6-; MeO,MeO, [12]+PF6-; MeO,NMe2, [13]+PF6-; Cl,Me, [14]+PF6-; Cl,MeO, [15]+PF6-; Cl,NMe2, [16]+PF6-) has been prepared by reaction between their corresponding organometallic hydrazine precursors [(h 5-Cp)Fe(h 6-o-RC6H4)-NHNH2]+PF6- (R=H, [1]+PF6-; Me, [2]+PF6-; MeO, [3]+PF6-; Cl, [4]+PF6-, and aromatic ketones of the type MeC(=O)C6H4-p-R’ (R’=Me, MeO, NMe2) in refluxing ethanol containing concentrated acetic acid. These mononuclear hydrazones were stereoselectively obtained as their trans-isomers about the N=C double bond, and were characterized by elemental analysis or high resolution mass spectrometry, I.R., UV-Vis, and ¹H NMR spectroscopies and, in the case of complex [11]+PF6- (R,R'=MeO,Me), by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The more salient features of this structure are: (i) the concomitant lengthening of the Fe-Cipso and the shortening of the Cipso-N bond distances leading to a slight iminium-cyclohexadienyl character of the coordinated C6 ring, (ii) the intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the benzylic N-H group and the oxygen atom of the ortho-methoxo-substituent, with the N(1)···O(1) separation of ca. 2.627(4) Å, and (iii) the slight deviation of coplanarity between the coordinated and the free phenyl rings (dihedral angle=15.60(0.25)°). Finally, the cyclic voltammetry studies reveal an irreversible one-electron reduction step for compounds [5-7]+PF6-, and the redox potentials clearly indicate that the reduction occurs at the cationic electron acceptor mixed sandwich unit.

Se ha preparado una serie de doce nuevos complejos organometálicos que contienen hidrazonas de derivados de la acetofenona como ligandos, de fórmula general: [h 5-Cp)Fe(h 6-o-RC6H4)-NHN=CMe-C6H4-p-R’]+PF6-, (Cp=C5H5; R,R’=H,Me, [5]+PF6-; H,MeO,[6]+PF6-; H,NMe2, [7]+PF6-; Me,Me, [8]+PF6-; Me,MeO, [9]+PF6-; Me,NMe2, [10]+PF6-; MeO,Me, [11]+PF6-; MeO,MeO, [12]+PF6-; MeO,NMe2, [13]+PF6-; Cl,Me, [14]+PF6-; Cl,MeO, [15]+PF6-; Cl,NMe2, [16]+PF6-).Estos compuestos han sido sintetizados mediante reacción de las correspondientes hidracinas organometálicas precursoras [(h 5-Cp)Fe(h 6-o-RC6H4)-NHNH2]+PF6- (R=H,[1]+PF6-; Me, [2]+PF6-; MeO, [3]+PF6-; Cl, [4]+PF6-, con cetonas aromáticas del tipo MeC(=O)C6H4-p-R’ (R’=Me, MeO, NMe2) en ethanol conteniendo ácido acético concentrado a reflujo. Estas hidrazonas mononucleares fueron estereoselectivamente obtenidas como isómeros trans en torno al doble enlace N=C, y fueron caracterizadas mediante análisis elemental o espectrometría de alta resolución, y espectroscopias IR, UV-Vis, y de RMN de ¹H y, en el caso del complejo [11]+PF6- (R,R’=MeO,Me), mediante análisis por difracción de rayos-X de mono-cristal. Las características más notables de esta estructura son: (i) la concomitancia con que se produce el alargamiento de la distancia del enlace Fe-Cipso y el acortamiento de la distancia del enlace Cipso-N, que conducen a un ligero carácter iminium-ciclohexadienilo del anillo C6 coordinado, (ii) la presencia de un enlace de hidrógeno intramolecular entre el grupo N-H bencílico y el átomo de oxígeno del grupo metoxo substituyente en posición orto, siendo la separación N(1)× × × O(1) de ca. 2.627(4) Å, y (iii) la ligera desviación de la coplanaridad entre los anillos fenilo coordinado y libre (ángulo diedro=15.60(0.25)°. Finalmente, los estudios de Voltametría Cíclica revelan un paso de reducción mono-electrónico irreversible para los compuestos [5-7]+PF6-, indicando claramente los potenciales redox que la reducción ocurre en la unidad electrón-aceptora catiónica de la unidad sandwich mixto.

ABSTRACT. This study characterizes the circulation patterns in the Arauco Gulf (37°10'S - 36°45'S, Chile) which are associated to the intensification and relaxation of the coastal upwelling, during a summer-autumn transition period. Sea Surface Temperature images (10, 16, 22 and 27 of March), current time series (10 and 28 m depth) from three current-meter moorings, and wind time series were analyzed. The results indicated that semidiurnal tides, diurnal fluctuations of S-SW wind, upwelling and downwelling in the shelf adjacent to the Gulf are important factors that determine the circulation in the Arauco Gulf. The discussion was centered in the 3-10 day oscillations. Four relaxation events (9-13, 19-20, 23-24, and 30-31 of March) and four upwelling events (2-8, 14-18, 21-22 and 25-29 of March) adjacent to the Gulf were identified during the study period. S-SW wind forced a one-layer anticlockwise circulation during the most intense upwelling. In contrast, during N wind, the circulation in the Gulf showed a clockwise trend, associated to downwelling in the region adjacent to the Gulf. In transitional periods or during weak N or S-SW winds, the circulation showed a double layer system: an anticlockwise trend near the surface and a clockwise trend in the subsurface. A conceptual scheme of circulation in the Arauco Gulf is suggested for upwelling-relaxation periods, based in the sub-inertial circulation pattern, and depending mainly on the fluctuations of the wind strength and direction, and on the inflow of water into the Gulf through the "Boca Grande", its main connection with the open sea

RESUMEN. En este estudio se caracterizaron los patrones de circulación en el interior del Golfo de Arauco (37°10'S - 36°45'S, Chile) que están asociados a períodos de intensificación y relajación de la surgencia costera durante un período de transición verano-otoño. Se analizaron imágenes satelitales de TSM (10, 16, 22 y 27 de marzo), series de corrientes (a 10 y 28 m) provenientes de tres fondeos de correntómetros y series de viento. Los resultados muestran que la marea semidiurna, las fluctuaciones diurnas del viento S-SW y los procesos de surgencia y de hundimiento en la plataforma adyacente al Golfo, son factores importantes en la determinación de la circulación al interior de éste. La discusión se centró en fluctuaciones del orden de tres a diez días identificándose, durante el período de estudio, 4 eventos de relajación (9-13, 19-20, 23-24, y 30-31 de marzo) y 4 de surgencia (2-8, 14-18, 21-22 y 25-29 de marzo) adyacentes al Golfo. El viento S-SW, favorable a surgencia, forzó una circulación antihoraria de una sola capa durante el máximo desarrollo de la surgencia. Durante viento N, en cambio, la circulación mostró una tendencia horaria durante procesos de hundimiento fuera del Golfo. En períodos de transición o debilitamiento del viento, ya sea de viento S-SW o N, la circulación mostró un sistema de doble capa: superficial antihoraria y subsuperficial horaria. Se propone un esquema conceptual de la circulación del Golfo de Arauco en períodos de Surgencia-Relajación basado en el patrón de circulación subinercial. Este patrón dependió, principalmente, de las fluctuaciones de la intensidad y dirección del viento y de la entrada de agua hacia el interior del Golfo a través de su "Boca Grande"