Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar os materiais superiores de Eucalyptus spp. a partir de análises estatísticas univariada e multivariada. Utilizaram-se 25 materiais genéticos de Eucalyptus spp., coletados no município de Itamarandiba, Minas Gerais. Foram determinadas as propriedades da madeira e do carvão vegetal para todos os materiais genéticos, além do rendimento gravimétrico. Os dados foram submetidos ao algoritmo de agrupamento hierárquico Scott-Knott, como análise univariada. Para a realização da abordagem multivariada, utilizou-se uma combinação entre as análises de componentes principais e a análise de agrupamentos hierárquicos. Ambas as análises se mostraram eficientes na seleção de materiais genéticos para a produção de carvão vegetal. De acordo com o teste de Scott-Knott, os materiais genéticos 9 e 21 foram os mais indicados para a produção de carvão vegetal. Por meio das análises multivariadas, os mais indicados foram o 9, 10 e 21. O teste de Scott-Knott permitiu a visualização dos resultados de cada parâmetro de qualidade de forma independente, por outro lado, as ferramentas multivariadas possibilitaram a observação das relações entre as propriedades da madeira e do carvão vegetal.

Abstract The aim of this study was to select superior materials of Eucalyptus spp. using univariate and multivariate statistical analyzes. Twenty-five genetic materials from Eucalyptus spp. collected in Itamarandiba, Minas Gerais were used. The properties of wood and charcoal were determined for all genetic materials, in addition to the gravimetric yield. Data were submitted to Scott-Knott hierarchical clustering algorithm as univariate analysis. For the multivariate approach, a combination between principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis was used. Both analyzes were efficient in the selection of genetic materials for charcoal production. According to the Scott-Knott test, genetic materials 9 and 21 were the most suitable to produce charcoal. By means of the multivariate analyzes the most indicated were 9, 10 and 21. The Scott-Knott test allowed the visualization of the results of each quality parameter independently. On the other hand, the multivariate tools enabled the observation of the relation between the properties of wood and charcoal.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the static bending strength (fM) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) to static bending values of Eucalyptus grandis samples produced in different dimensions. It intended to identify samples that present similar mechanical properties to those recommended by other technical standards and those obtained according to NBR 7190. The samples were made in agreement with the dimensions of the following standards: IPT, AFNOR B51-016, ASTM D143, CEN-EN 408, COPANT 555, and NBR 7190. The strength was significantly reduced with the increase of the sample dimensions. The MOE was significantly influenced by the samples size with the values showing a parabolic trend. The samples produced according to COPANT 555 (5 x 5 x 75 cm) presented resistance values similar to the values obtained following NBR 7190 specifications, whereas for the MOE, the samples proposed according to the IPT presented the closest values of Brazilian technical standards (NBR 7190).

Abstract The charcoal production when performed in woods with high moisture content negatively impacts the pyrolysis and causes an increase of greenhouse emissions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of moisture on the production and quality of charcoal for the pig iron industry. The slow pyrolysis of Eucalyptus sp. was carried out in four different wood moistures, 0, 20, 40 and 60% (dry base). The charcoal and gas yield decreased according to the increase of wood moisture. On the other hand, the bio-oil yield and charcoal friability increased along with the moisture content. The proximate analysis, bulk density and higher heating value of the charcoal were not influenced by the moisture content. The use of wood with moisture content below 20% in the production of charcoal is an alternative to improve productivity, contributing for the economic sustanainability of this sector.

Abstract: Pyrolysis is a promising technology for thermal conversion of lignocellulosic biomasses into a higher added value fuel. The aim of this study was to analyze the potential of four agroforestry biomasses to produce energy as a raw material or as a bio-coal. In this study, slow pyrolysis was conducted in three final temperatures to evaluate the bio-coal production of four agroforestry biomasses widely available in Brazil. The biomasses used were sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum sp.), bamboo (Dendrocalamus giganteus), straw bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and eucalypts wood chips (Eucalyptus sp.). In the first part was presented the raw biomasses proprieties, such as lignin, carbon, hydrogen and ash contents. In the second part was showed the bio-coal proprieties, such as gravimetric and fixed carbon yields, fixed carbon and ash contents. These bio-coal results were showed as a function of final temperature of pyrolysis. The best energy indicators for bio-coal production, such as fixed carbon yield, high heating value, was observed in the bamboo and eucalypts. The bagasse and straw bean biomasses have high concentrations of ash and low lignin content when compared with the other biomasses assessed and are less suitable to produce bio-coal.

Abstract: Brazilian productivity of eucalyptus trees is one of the highest in the world, and it has sustainable and viable conditions to supply the demand for woody biomass in a large quantity and diversity. This favorable situation makes Brazil one of the countries with the greatest potential for the production development of torrefied woody biomass on a commercial scale. Torrefaction is a mild pyrolysis applied to increase the energy quality of the feedstock. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Brazilian potential of woody biomass torrefaction for energy purposes. An experimental study was performed evaluating this thermal treatment of eucalyptus wood chips on a semi-continuous screw reactor developed by a Brazilian university. The results showed the increases in the energy quality of eucalyptus wood chips as a function of torrefaction temperature and time. This thermal treatment was technically feasible for the hygroscopicity reduction and the increases of fixed carbon and calorific values of the woody biomass.

RESUMO A coleta de dados para pesquisa clínica pode representar um desafio em que sistemas de registro eletrônico em saúde podem facilitar o processo. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever e avaliar o uso secundário de registros eletrônicos em saúde na coleta de dados para um estudo clínico observacional. Usamos o Cerner Millennium®, software de registro eletrônico em saúde, de acordo com os seguintes passos: (1) cruzamento dos dados das fichas de coleta de dados do estudo e dos registros eletrônicos em saúde; (2) desenvolvimento de método para coleta manual de dados não registrados no Cerner Millennium®; (3) desenvolvimento de interface de estudo para a coleta automática de dados nos registros eletrônicos em saúde; (4) treinamento de colaboradores; (5) avaliação da qualidade dos dados; e (6) preenchimento da ficha eletrônica de coleta de dados no fim do estudo. Três fichas de coleta de dados foram consolidadas em uma ficha eletrônica de coleta de dados no fim do estudo. Os pesquisadores realizaram análise qualitativa e quantitativa de dados diariamente. Foram coletados dados de 94 pacientes. Na primeira ficha de coleta de dados, 76,5% das variáveis foram obtidas eletronicamente, na segunda, 95,5%, e na terceira, 100%. A avaliação diária de qualidade do processo como um todo revelou dados completos e corretos, ampla adesão dos colaboradores e mínima interferência na prática profissional. O uso secundário dos registros eletrônicos em saúde é seguro e efetivo, reduz o trabalho manual e produz dados confiáveis. O cuidado anestésico ao paciente e a coleta de dados podem ser realizados simultaneamente pelo mesmo professional.

ABSTRACT Data collection for clinical research can be difficult, and electronic health record systems can facilitate this process. The aim of this study was to describe and evaluate the secondary use of electronic health records in data collection for an observational clinical study. We used Cerner Millennium®, an electronic health record software, following these steps: (1) data crossing between the study’s case report forms and the electronic health record; (2) development of a manual collection method for data not recorded in Cerner Millennium®; (3) development of a study interface for automatic data collection in the electronic health records; (4) employee training; (5) data quality assessment; and (6) filling out the electronic case report form at the end of the study. Three case report forms were consolidated into the electronic case report form at the end of the study. Researchers performed daily qualitative and quantitative analyses of the data. Data were collected from 94 patients. In the first case report form, 76.5% of variables were obtained electronically, in the second, 95.5%, and in the third, 100%. The daily quality assessment of the whole process showed complete and correct data, widespread employee compliance and minimal interference in their practice. The secondary use of electronic health records is safe and effective, reduces manual labor, and provides data reliability. Anesthetic care and data collection may be done by the same professional.

RESUMO O uso da biomassa florestal como lenha ou seu derivado carvão vegetal, pode gerar vantagens ambientais e econômicas para a matriz energética brasileira. Nesse contexto, o objetivo principal foi avaliar o potencial energético de alguns materiais genéticos de eucalipto, que são utilizados no setor de produção de carvão vegetal. Foram analisados seis materiais de Eucalyptus ssp. na idade de sete anos provenientes de plantios comerciais, com espaçamento 3 x 3 m, cultivados no Alto Vale do Jequitinhonha, em Minas Gerais. Baseando-se nos dados de produção, no incremento médio anual e nas análises físicas e químicas da madeira e do carvão com ela produzidos, foram estimados parâmetros para se comparar o potencial de cada material genético, como a massa e a energia da madeira e do carvão por hectare, além da densidade energética. Os resultados demonstram que um material de Eucalyptus urophylla possui maior potencial energético em relação aos demais, por apresentar maior energia/hectare estimada para sua madeira e consequentemente para seu carvão produzido. Mas um material de Eucalyptus cloeziana apresentou maior densidade energética da madeira e de seu carvão, mostrando vantagens principalmente no transporte.

ABSTRACT The use of forest biomass or its derived charcoal as firewood can generate environmental and economic advantages for the Brazilian energy matrix. In this context, the main objective was to evaluate the energy potential of certain eucalyptus genetic materials, which are used by the charcoal production sector. We have evaluated six materials of Eucalyptus ssp. at the age of seven years from commercial plantations, spaced 3 x 3m, grown in the Alto Vale do Jequitinhonha, in Minas Gerais. Based on the production data, the average annual increment and the physical and chemical analyzes of the wood and the charcoal produced with it, we have estimated parameters to compare the potential of each genetic material, such as mass and energy of wood and charcoal per hectare, as well as the energy density. The results show that a material of Eucalyptus urophylla has greater energetic potential in relation to the others because it presents higher energy/ hectare estimated for its wood and consequently for charcoal produced with it. However, a material of Eucalyptus cloeziana presented a higher energetic density of the wood and its charcoal, showing advantages mainly in the transport.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a velocidade de secagem de toras de Eucalyptus urophylla a altas temperaturas e a influência da presença ou ausência de casca e do diâmetro da madeira na taxa de secagem. Utilizaram-se toretes de Eucalyptus urophylla com 60 cm de comprimento, em três classes diamétricas: 8-12 cm; 12,1-16cm e 16,1-20 cm. Os toretes foram submetidos à secagem em estufa com circulação forçada de ar, na presença ou ausência de casca em cinco temperaturas: 50, 75, 100, 125 e 150ºC. Determinou-se a massa e a umidade inicial de cada torete e com pesagens periódicas acompanhou-se a perda de água, encerrando o processo de secagem quando os toretes de madeira atingiam a umidade de 20%. A taxa de secagem foi calculada por meio da relação entre a perda total de umidade e o tempo total em horas para que as toras atingissem a umidade estabelecida. Conclui-se que o aumento da temperatura promove o aumento da taxa de secagem, sendo maior para as toras de menor diâmetro em relação às toras de maior diâmetro e na secagem das toras de eucalipto em temperaturas superiores a 100ºC, o efeito da casca não foi significativo. Conclui-se, também, que a melhor condição de operação de secadores artificiais para a madeira de eucalipto em tora seria em temperatura de 125ºC, com presença de casca e separadas em classes diamétricas.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the drying speed of Eucalyptus urophylla logs in high temperatures and the influence of the presence or absence of bark and also the diameter of the log in the drying rate. Eucalyptus logs 60 cm long were divided into three diameter classes: 8-12 cm; 12,1-16 cm and 16,1-20 cm. The logs were dried in a heater with forced air circulation, in the presence or absence of bark in five temperatures: 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150ºC. The mass and the initial moisture were determined from each log and the water loss was kept up with periodic weightings, closing the drying process when the logs reached 20% moisture. The drying rate of the logs was calculated using the ratio between the total loss of moisture and the time in hours in order to reach the established moisture. It was concluded that the increase in temperature promotes the raise of the drying ratio, as being higher for smaller logs in relation to bigger ones and in addition to this, the bark effect was not significant in the drying of eucalyptus logs above 100ºC. It was also concluded that the best conditions for the operation of artificial dryers for Eucalyptus logs containing bark and separated in diameter classes would be at 125ºC.