RESUMO O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a degradação anaeróbia de efluentes de laticínios com e sem a aplicação de lactase. Foram construídos dois reatores tipo UASB (16 L), para o tratamento de efluente sintético de laticínios. Quatro cargas orgânicas (0,5, 1,0, 2,0 e 3,0 kg m-3 d-1 de DQO) foram aplicadas durante 45, 95, 95 e 45 dias, mantendo o HRT de 1 dia. À ARL foi adicionado sulfato de amônio e fosfato de potássio (DQO:N:P de 500:5:1), e bicarbonato de sódio (pH igual a 7,0). O UASB1 que recebeu a ARL com lactase não apresentou diferença de eficiência de remoção de DQO em relação ao UASB2, que recebeu a ARL sem a lactase. As eficiências médias de remoção de DQO foram de 69, 77, 70 e 56% para o UASB1 e de 68, 72, 69 e 57% para o UASB2, em cada fase. A partir da cinética de Monod, o coeficiente de crescimento – Y (mg mg-1 d-1); o coeficiente de decaimento endógeno – Kd (d-1); a taxa máxima de crescimento microbiano – μmáx (d-1); e a concentração do substrato limitante – KS (mg L-1) foram iguais a 1,16 e 1,20; 0,05 e 0,04; 0,18 e 0,13; e 248 e 109, respectivamente para os UASB1 e UASB2. Pode-se concluir que a análise da degradação anaeróbia da ARL no reator UASB se mostrou adequada com obtenção de eficiências de remoção de DQO consideradas satisfatórias (70–76%). A aplicação da lactase como pré-tratamento não se mostrou efetiva, no aumento da biodegradabilidade da água residuária sintética de laticínios. 16 (1 L, L , L) 0,5, 05 0 5 (0,5 10 1,0 20 2 2, 30 3 3, m3 m m- d1 d d- 9 4 dias dia DQONP N P 50051, 50051 500 500:5:1) pH 7,0. 7,0 . 7 7,0) UASB2 77 56 68 72 6 57 fase Monod mg mg1 mg- d-1) (d-1) L1 L-1 116 1,1 1,20 120 005 0,0 0,04 004 04 018 18 0,1 0,13 013 13 24 109 Podese Pode 70–76%. 7076 70–76% 76 (70–76%) prétratamento pré efetiva ( 0,5 (0, 1, 5005 50 500:5:1 7, (d-1 L- 11 1,2 12 00 0, 01 707 70–76 (70–76% (0 500:5: (d- 70–7 (70–76 500:5 (d 70– (70–7 500: (70– (70 (7

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the anaerobic degradation of dairy wastewater with and without the application of lactase. Two UASB reactors (16 L) were built to treat synthetic dairy wastewater (DWW). Four organic loads (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 kg m–3 d–1 COD) were applied for 45, 95, and 45 days, keeping the HRT at 1 day. Ammonium sulfate and potassium phosphate were added to the DWW (COD:N:P of 500:5:1) and sodium bicarbonate (pH equal to 7.0). UASB1, which received DWW with lactase, showed no difference in COD removal efficiency compared to UASB2, which received DWW without lactase. The average COD removal efficiencies were 69, 77, 70, and 56% for UASB1 and 68%, 72%, 69%, and 57% for UASB2 in each phase. From the Monod kinetics, Y is the growth coefficient (mg mg–1 d–1); Kd is the endogenous decay coefficient (d–1); μmax is the maximum microbial growth rate (d–1); and KS is the limiting substrate concentration (mg L–1) equal to 1.16 and 1.20; 0.05 and 0.04; 0.18 and 0.13; and 248 and 109, respectively, for UASB1 and UASB2. It can be concluded that the analysis of the anaerobic degradation of DWW in the UASB reactor proved to be adequate, with COD removal efficiencies considered satisfactory (70–76%). The application of lactase as a pre-treatment was not effective in increasing the biodegradability of synthetic dairy wastewater. 16 (1 L DWW. . (DWW) 0.5, 05 0 5 (0.5 10 1.0 20 2 2.0 30 3 3. m3 m m– d1 d d– 95 4 days day CODNP N P 50051 500 500:5:1 pH 7.0. 70 7.0 7 7.0) 69 77 56 68 68% 72 72% 69% 57 phase kinetics mg mg1 mg– d–1) (d–1) L–1 L1 116 1.1 1.20 120 005 0.0 0.04 004 04 018 18 0.1 0.13 013 13 24 109 respectively adequate 70–76%. 7076 70–76% 76 (70–76%) pretreatment pre treatment ( (DWW 0.5 (0. 1. 2. 9 5005 50 500:5: 7. 6 (d–1 L– 11 1.2 12 00 0. 01 707 70–76 (70–76% (0 500:5 (d– 70–7 (70–76 500: (d 70– (70–7 (70– (70 (7

RESUMO Estudos de remoção de fósforo de efluentes por sorção em resíduos têm ganhado destaque na literatura. Entre estes resíduos, destaca-se o lodo de estação de tratamento de água rico em oxi-hidróxidos de alumínio e ferro. O presente estudo teve como objetivos remover, por sorção, fosfato de esgoto sanitário em reator de escoamento ascendente preenchido com lodo de estação de tratamento de água e comparar a cultura de milho submetida a diferentes fontes de fósforo: adubação convencional (Fonte 1); adubação convencional e lodo de estação de tratamento de água utilizado na sorção do fosfato (Fonte 2); e lodo de lodo de estação de tratamento de água utilizado na sorção do fosfato (Fonte 3). A remoção do fosfato, a partir do lodo de estação de tratamento de água, ocorreu nos três testes. No ensaio de sorção, após tempo de detenção hidráulica de 2,8 h, verificou-se remoção média de 96% de fosfato. Em relação ao aporte de fósforo por diferentes fontes, verificou-se que o emprego do lodo, nos tratamentos Fonte 2 e 3, aumentou o teor de matéria orgânica do solo e proporcionou maior tamponamento dele. Os teores foliares de macro e micronutrientes na cultura apresentaram valores satisfatórios, apesar da senescência de algumas plantas em Fonte 2 e 3. O reaproveitamento do lodo, nas doses aplicadas, foi suficiente para que o material vegetal analisado atingisse teores de chumbo consideráveis, o qual deve ser monitorado na utilização do resíduo no cultivo agrícola.

ABSTRACT Studies on the removal of phosphorus from effluents by sorption in residues have gained prominence in the literature. Among these residues, there is the sludge from a water treatment plant rich in oxyhydroxides of Aluminum and iron. The present study aimed to remove, by sorption, phosphate from sanitary sewage in upflow reactor filled with water treatment plant sludge, and to compare the corn crop subjected to different phosphorus sources: conventional fertilization (Source 1); conventional fertilization and water treatment plant sludge used in the sorption of phosphate (Source 2) and water treatment plant sludge used in the sorption of phosphate (Source 3). Removal of phosphate from the water treatment plant sludge occurred in all three tests. In the sorption assay, after 2.8 h hydraulic retention time, there was an average removal of 96% of phosphate. Regarding the contribution of phosphorus by different sources, it was found that the use of sludge, in treatments Source 2 and 3, increased the content of organic matter in the soil and provided greater buffering. The leaf contents of macro and micronutrients in the crop showed satisfactory values, despite the senescence of some plants in Source 2 and 3. The reuse of the sludge, in the applied doses, was enough for the analyzed plant material to reach considerable lead contents, which must be monitored when using the residue in agricultural cultivation.

RESUMO Neste estudo, teve-se por objetivo avaliar a remoção de fósforo e obter coeficientes cinéticos em sistemas alagados construídos (SAC) utilizados no tratamento das águas residuárias da suinocultura (ARS), sob diferentes taxas de carregamento de fósforo (TCP). Para isso, foram utilizados oito tanques de 2,0 × 0,5 × 0,6 m. Em SAC3, SAC5, SAC7 e SAC9, foi plantado o capim tifton-85 (Cynodon spp.) e, em SAC2, SAC4, SAC6 e SAC8, foi plantada a taboa (Typha latifolia). As TCP médias aplicadas foram de 6,2 (SAC2 e SAC3), 12,4 (SAC4 e SAC5), 17,5 (SAC6 e SAC7) e 21,5 kg.ha-1.d-1 (SAC8 e SAC9). As eficiências de remoção de fósforo variaram entre 65 e 78%, valores que podem ser considerados satisfatórios, visto que a remoção de fósforo total nesses sistemas é baixa e varia entre 40 e 60%. Em relação aos ajustes de modelos cinéticos, verificou-se que o de primeira ordem não se ajustou bem aos dados obtidos neste trabalho, enquanto os de Brasil et al. (2007) e Kadlec & Wallace (2008) proporcionaram bom ajuste e descreveram com precisão a cinética de remoção de fósforo nos SAC avaliados, apresentando R2 superior a 90%.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate phosphorus removal and to obtain kinetic parameters in SACs used in the treatment of swine wastewater (ARS), under different phosphorus loading rates (TCP). For this, eight tanks of 2.0 × 0.5 × 0.6 m were used. SAC3, SAC5, SAC7, and SAC9 were planted with Tifton-85 bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) and SAC2, SAC4, SAC6, and SAC8 were planted with cattail (Typha latifolia). The average TCP applied were 6.2 (SAC2 and SAC3), 12.4 (SAC4 and SAC5), 17.5 (SAC6 and SAC7) and 21.5 kg ha-1 d-1 (SAC8 and SAC9). The efficiency of phosphorus removal ranged between 65 and 78%, values which can be considered satisfactory, since the removal of phosphorus in these systems is low and ranges between 40 and 60%. Regarding adjustment of the kinetic models, it was found that the first order model did not fit well to the data obtained in this work, while the models of Brasil et al. (2007) and Kadlec & Wallace (2008) provided good fit and accurately described the kinetics of phosphorus removal in the evaluated SACs, with R2 greater than 90%.

As águas residuais são potenciais fontes de nutrientes, matéria orgânica e água se usadas na fertirrigação, contribuindo para o aumento de produção e atividade biológica do solo. Objetivou-se avaliar a respiração basal do solo, produtividade e remoção de nutrientes por Tifton 85 após aplicação de água residual de laticínios (ARL). Conduziu-se o ensaio na Universidade Federal de Lavras, em colunas de PVC com 0,30 m de diâmetro e 1,2 m de profundidade, preenchidas com Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico e cultivadas com Tifton 85. Os tratamentos compreenderam de adubação mineral (A Q T0) recomendada para esta espécie (300 kg ha-1 ano-1 de N), e quatro doses de ARL: 100 (A L T1), 200 (A L T2), 300 (A L T3) e 400% (A L T4) da recomendação de N. Realizaram-se três cortes, aos 60, 90 e 120 dias após o transplante. As crescentes dosagens de ARL não proporcionaram incrementos na respiração basal do solo. A maior produtividade foi de 15,11 t ha-1, ocorrida no segundo corte após dosagem de 7203 m³ ha-1 de ARL (A L T4), proporcionando, assim, consideráveis remoções de macro e micronutrientes neste corte. Os resultados revelaram a necessidade para efetuar tratamentos adequados às ARLs antes de sua aplicação em solos agrícolas, bem como estudos mais aprofundados ao tema abordado.

The wastewater is a potential source of nutrients, organic matter and water on the fertirrigation, contributing to increased production and biological activity of the soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil basal respiration, yield and nutrient removal by Tifton 85 grass after application of dairy wastewater (DW). The test was conducted at the Federal University of Lavras, in PVC columns with 0.30 m of diameter and 1.2 m deep, filled with Dystrofic Red Latosol cultivated with Tifton 85 grass. The treatments consisted of a (A Q T0) control with recommended mineral fertilization for Tifton 85 grass (300 kg ha-1 year-1 of N), and four doses of DW: 100 (A L T1), 200 (A L T2), 300 (A L T3) e 400% (A L T4) of the recommendation. Three cuts were performed, at 60, 90 and 120 days after planting. The doses of DW did not provide increases in soil basal respiration between treatments. The highest yield for 15.11 t ha-1, occurred in the second cut after the dose of 7203 m³ ha-1 of DW (A L T4), providing a considerable removal of macro and micronutrients. The results revealed the need to make appropriate treatments to ARLs your before application in agricultural soils, well as more detailed studies the subject.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho de um sistema alagado construído (CWS) na remoção de coliformes totais (TC) e coliformes termotolerantes (ThC) de água residuária da suinocultura, como tratamento complementar a um sistema anaeróbio. Na etapa 1, o sistema experimental foi composto por um sistema alagado construído de escoamento vertical (VFCWS) cultivado com capim Tifton 85 em série com um sistema alagado construído de escoamento subsuperficial horizontal (HFCWS1) cultivado com Taboa. No HFCWS1 os tempos de detenção hidráulica foram de 4,7; 3,1 e 2,3 dias e as taxas de aplicação superficial foram 294, 319 e 397 kg ha-1 d-1 de DQO, nas fases I, II e III, respectivamente. Na etapa 2, o sistema experimental foi composto por um sistema alagado construído de escoamento subsuperficial horizontal (HFCWS2) cultivado com capim Tifton 85, os tempos de detenção hidráulica foram 6,1; 2,0 e 0,5 d e as taxas de aplicação superficial foram 850, 656 e 6,34 kg ha-1 d-1 de DQO, nas fases I, II e III, respectivamente. Na etapa 1, verificou-se que o VFCWS foi mais eficiente na remoção de coliformes quando comparado ao HFCWS1. Quando comparados apenas os HFCWS, verificou-se que a remoção de coliformes na etapa 1 variou de 1 a 2 unidades log no HFCWS1. Na etapa 2, o HFCWS2 mostrou-se mais limitado, apresentando maiores eficiências de remoção na fase I, de 1,6 a 0,8 unidades log para TC e ThC, respectivamente. Em geral, a associação resultou em eficiências que variaram de 96,4 a 99,0% para TC e de 94,2 e 97,6% para ThC, equivalente a remoção média de 1,2 a 2 unidades log, considerada satisfatória.

Abstract This study evaluated the efficiency of a constructed wetland system (CWS) in removing total coliforms (TC) and thermotolerant coliforms (ThC) of swine wastewater, as a complementary treatment to an anaerobic system. At Stage 1, the experimental system was combined using a vertical flow constructed wetland system (VFCWS) cultivated with Tifton 85 grass in series with a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland system (HFCWS1) cultivated with Taboa. In HFCWS1, the hydraulic detention times (HDT) were 4.7, 3.1 and 2.3 days and the surface application rates (SAR) were 294, 319 and 397 kg ha-1 d-1 of COD, in Phases I, II and III, respectively. At Stage 2, the experimental system was combined using a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland system (HFCWS2) cultivated with Tifton 85 grass, HDT were 6.1, 2.0 and 0.5 days and the SAR were 850, 656 and 6.34 kg ha-1 d-1 of COD, in Phases I, II and III, respectively. In Stage 1, it was verified that the VFCWS was more efficient in coliform removal when compared to HFCWS1. When only HFCWS were compared, coliform removal in Stage 1 was between 1 and 2 log units in HFCWS1. In the stage 2, the HFCWS2 was more limited, with the highest removal efficiencies during Phase I of 1.6 and 0.8 log units for TC and ThC, respectively. In general, the association resulted in efficiencies that ranged from 96.4 to 99.0% for TC, 94.2 and 97.6% for ThC, equivalent to the average removal of 1.2 to 2 log units, considered satisfactory.

Abstract The aim of this work is to evaluate the performance of upflow anaerobic fixed bed reactors filled with espresso coffee capsules to treat sanitary sewage. Three reactors (R1, R2 and R3) were constructed in blue PVC pipes measuring 30 cm height and 150 mm diameter and filled with coffee capsules made of aluminum and plastic. The sewage from the pre-treatment phase of the wastewater treatment plant of the Federal University of Lavras fed the system. Temperature, pH, alkalinity and volatile acids concentration, COD, TS, TVS and TSS of the influent and effluent were analyzed to evaluate the reactors performances. Statistics tests were run in the software Statistica 10. Changes occurred in the organic loading rates caused two different operating phases, one at an OLR of 2.1 kg COD m-3d-1 and another at 4.0 kg COD m-3d-1. The average temperature during the monitoring period was 18°C. In spite of the operating conditions variations, the reactors showed satisfactory performances, presenting COD efficiency removals up to 80% in both phases. The capsules characteristics were similar to other materials used as support. Hence, it is possible to utilize coffee capsules as support material in anaerobic reactors, providing satisfactory pollutants removal efficiencies.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to assess the performance of a combined vertical flow (VFCW) and horizontal subsurface-flow (HFCW) constructed wetland systems built on a pilot scale and submitted to different configurations and organic load application rates of pre-treated swine wastewater (SWW) in anaerobic systems on the nitrogen and phosphorus removal. The average values of redox potential in the systems were between anoxic and aerobic conditions, favoring an increased nitrate concentration in VFCW. Nitrogen removal by VFCW–HFCW system can be considered as satisfactory, reaching removal values of 75%. VFCW and HFCW proved to be limited in phosphorus removal, reaching values of 48%.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of the percolate in soil columns cultivated with Tiffon-grass 85 under different wastewater rates from swine slaughterhouse and dairy. The experiment was conducted at the Department of Engineering at the Federal University of Lavras, in PVC columns with 0.30 m of diameter and 1.2 m deep, filled with Dark Red Latosol cultivated with Tifton-grass 85. The treatments consisted of a (AQT0) control with recommended chemical fertilization for Tifton-grass 85 (300 kg ha-1 year-1 of N), and four doses of SSW and DPW (100, 200, 300 and 400% of the recommendation) in a CRD with 3 replications. The samples of percolated were collected and characterized weekly. The treatments of highest dosage have obtained COD, after 120 days, of 47.7 mg L-1 (AAT3) and 38.6 mg L-1 (AAT4). Although nitrate concentrations were elevated on the earlier months, the greater assimilation of nutrients by the Tifton-grass 85 and the reduction of the mineralization of organic material resulted in lower nitrate concentrations of 10 mg L-1.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the soil chemical properties submitted to fertigation with slaughterhouse (SW) and dairies (DW) wastewater. The experiment was conducted in the Environmental Engineering Center and Sanitary of UFLA/MG in PVC columns filled with Dark Red Latosol (Oxisol) and randomly distributed. The treatments applied with nitrogen based load (300 kg ha years-1 of N) consisted of four doses of SW and DW (100, 200, 300 and 400% of the recommendation) and AQT0 control at random. The soil was collected at a depth of 0.30 m and, subsequently, characterized in terms of physical, chemical and physicochemical. The application of treatment of the largest irrigation of DW provided, after 120 days of monitoring, N concentration of 1.85 g kg-1. However, the treatment with AQT0 obtained N concentration of 0.81 g kg-1, in the soil. We observed that the largest irrigation of SW provided increases of 2.62 and 5.49 g kg-1, respectively, in the P and K concentrations of the soil. There was quadratic increase in the N concentration in the 0.30 m soil depth of the columns with the increase in the applied irrigations of SW and DW, being obtained maximum values of 1.85 and 1.02 g kg-1 that were obtained in the relative irrigation of the application dose of 600 kg ha-1 of N.

RESUMO Efluentes de cozinhas industriais se caracterizam pela geração de elevado teor de óleos e gorduras. Esses produtos notadamente causam sérios problemas ambientais, sendo obrigatória a instalação de unidades de pré-tratamento no local onde são gerados, e com isso surge a importância das caixas de gordura (CGs), destinadas a esse fim. O desempenho das CGs tem relação direta com as condições processuais e hidrodinâmicas que ocorrem em seu interior. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de comparar as características hidrodinâmicas da CG funcionando sob duas condições operacionais distintas: flotação gravitacional e flotação forçada (auxiliada por difusores de ar). Realizaram-se quatro testes hidrodinâmicos na CG, sendo o primeiro e segundo testes com água limpa a uma vazão constante e o terceiro e quarto testes com efluente do Restaurante Universitário (RU), cuja vazão era variável em função das atividades do RU. Aplicaram-se a metodologia de distribuição do tempo de residência (DTR) e a técnica de estímulo e resposta utilizando cloreto de potássio (KCL) como elemento traçador. Os resultados hidrodinâmicos no primeiro teste operacional apontaram características entre o escoamento pistonado e o escoamento dispersivo, com moderada intensidade de dispersão e certa mistura. O segundo teste, com aeração, mostrou tendência ao escoamento em mistura completa com grande intensidade de dispersão. O terceiro teste, por flotação gravitacional, mostrou tendência a fluxo pistonado, enquanto o quarto teste demonstrou fluxo dispersivo, tendendo a um elevado grau de mistura. Observaram-se, em todos os testes, aparentes desvios causados provavelmente por zonas estagnadas (mortas), curtos-circuitos e fenômenos de recirculação, fazendo com que o volume útil da CG não fosse plenamente utilizado. Apesar de não fazer parte do escopo deste trabalho, a eficiência na remoção de óleos e graxas foi maior quando aplicada a flotação gravitacional, cuja mistura tende à pistonada, o que auxilia o grau de aquiescência e permite maior acúmulo de gordura flotada. Quanto à flotação forçada por meio dos aeradores, grande parte da gordura é oxidada e, portanto, minimizada, formando uma escuma de cor clara (branca) e de baixíssima espessura na parte superior da CG. Todavia, por se tratar de elevado grau de mistura, a eficiência de retenção se mostrou, como previsto, inferior ao processo gravitacional.

ABSTRACT Effluents from industrial kitchens are characterized by high-generated content of oils and fats. These products cause serious environmental problems, and it is mandatory to install pretreatment units in the places where they are generated. Hence the importance of grease traps, intended for this purpose, whose performance is directly related to the processual and hydrodynamic conditions inside. This study aimed to compare the hydrodynamic characteristics of greaser trap (GT) working under two different operating conditions: gravitational flotation and forced flotation (aided by air diffusers). Four hydrodynamic tests were performed in the GT, the 1st and 2nd tests with clean water at a constant flow rate and the 3rd and 4th tests with wastewater from the university restaurant, with variable flow. The methodology applied to evaluate the residence time distribution (RTD) was the technique of stimulus/response using potassium chloride (KCl) as a tracer element. The hydrodynamic results in the 1st operating test indicated features between slug flow and dispersive flow, with moderate dispersion intensity and some mixing. The 2nd operating test, under aeration, showed tendency of complete mixing with great dispersion intensity. The 3rd test, by gravitational flotation, tended to become plug-flow, while the 4th test was characterized as dispersive flow, tending to a high degree of mixing. In all tests, apparent deviations, probably caused by stagnant areas or dead zones, short-circuits and internal recirculation phenomena, were observed, confirming that the useful volume of GT was not fully utilized. Although not part of the scope of this work, the efficiency in removing oils and greases was higher when the gravitational flotation was applied, whose mixture tends to the plug-flow type, which assists the degree of acquiescence and allows a greater accumulation of floated fat. As for the forced flotation through the aerators, much of the fat is oxidized and thus minimized, forming a light color slag (white) and of very low thickness at the top of the CG. However, because of its high degree of mixture, the retention efficiency, as expected, was shown to be lower than the gravitational process.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of Tifton 85 grass cultivated in soil columns and fertilized with different wastewater doses of swine slaughterhouse. The experiment was conducted in the Environmental Engineering Center and Sanitary of UFLA/MG in PVC columns filled with Dark Red Latosol (Oxisol) and randomly distributed. The treatments applied with nitrogen based load (300 kg ha de N years−1) consisted of four doses of SW and AQT0 control at random. Three cuts were performed, at 60, 90 and 120 days after planting. The highest yields were 10.06, 16.82 and 20.39 t ha−1 in AQT0, AAT4 and AAT3 treatments, respectively. With the increase of nutrients by N rates and root development of Tifton 85 grass, we observed higher extractions of N, P and K in the second and third cut, with maximum extraction of 384 and 10.3 kg ha−1 of N and P in the higher dose treatments (AAT4), while the maximum extraction of the potassium was 117.7 kg ha−1 in the AAT3 treatment. There was productivity restriction in the third cut due to the reduction of availability of essential nutrients and losses by leaching.

RESUMO A semente de Moringa oleifera é composta por proteínas catiônicas, podendo ser aplicada como eficiente coagulante na clarificação de águas para consumo humano. Objetivou-se identificar o melhor método de preparação de Moringa oleifera, o melhor tempo para sedimentação e a concentração ótima para diferentes valores de turbidez bruta. Para concentrações de 100 a 500 mg L-1, a semente foi descascada, triturada, peneirada e diluída (método 1); secada, triturada, peneirada, diluída e filtrada (método 2); triturada, peneirada, diluída e filtrada (método 3). Os ensaios de Jartest foram realizados em triplicata para cada método, em águas com turbidez de 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 UNT e a cinética de sedimentação para 30, 60, 90 e 150 min. Não houve diferenças significativas na remoção de turbidez entre os métodos de preparo pelos testes F e t de Student. No entanto, a filtração pode evitar incrustrações e incremento de matéria orgânica à água tratada (método 3). A adição de Moringa oleifera produz eficiente remoção de turbidez em águas acima de 40 UNT. O tempo máximo para sedimentação foi de 129,6 min, para remoção de turbidez em 90,5%.

ABSTRACT Moringa oleifera seeds comprise cationic proteins and can be used as efficient coagulant in the clarification of water for human consumption. The objective was to identify the best method of preparation of Moringa oleifera, the best time to sedimentation and the optimum concentration for different values of affluent turbidity. For concentrations of 100 to 500 mg L-1, seed was peeled, crushed, sieved and diluted (method 1); dried, crushed, sieved, diluted and filtered (method 2); crushed, sieved, diluted and filtered (method 3). The Jartest assays were performed in triplicate for each method in water with turbidity of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 NTU and sedimentation kinetics to 30, 60, 90 and 150 min. There were no significant differences in turbidity between the methods after F test and Student’s t-test. However, the filter can prevent fouling and increase of organic matter to treated water. The use of Moringa oleifera produces efficient decrease in turbidity in waters above 40 NTU. The maximum time for sedimentation was 129.6 min, to 90.5% remove of turbidity.

RESUMO No presente trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a influência da vegetação em sistemas alagados construídos (SACs) na remoção de poluentes da água residuária da suinocultura (ARS). O experimento foi constituído por três SACs, construídos em escala piloto. O SAC1 foi utilizado como controle, não sendo nele cultivada nenhuma espécie vegetal. No SAC2 foi plantada a taboa (Typha latifolia ), e no SAC3, o capim tifton-85 (Cynodon spp.). Quanto à remoção de demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO) e de sólidos suspensos totais (SST), não se constatou diferença entre os SACs (p>0,05), no entanto a eficiência de remoção de demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) foi diferente entre os SACs (p<0.05) - o SAC1 foi mais eficiente que o SAC2. Com exceção de Mg, o cultivo do capim tifton-85 e da taboa não influenciou (p>0,05) a remoção de macro nem de micronutrientes. A forma de cultivo nos SACs nem mesmo o tipo de espécie cultivada tiveram influência considerável na remoção de matéria orgânica, de macro e de micronutrientes da ARS.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the influence of vegetation in constructed wetlands (CWs) in removing swine wastewater (SWW) pollutants. The experiment consisted of three CWs, built on a pilot scale. CW1 was used as control, and no plant species were cultivated in it. In CW2, cattail (Typha latifolia ) was planted, and in CW3, bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.). No difference was observed between the CWs regarding the removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solids (TSS) (p>0.05). Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was different between the CWs (p<0.05) - CW1 was more efficient than CW2. With the exception of Mg, bermudagrass and cattail cultivation did not influence (p>0.05) the removal of macro and micronutrients. The form of cultivation in the CWs and even the type of species cultivated had considerable influence in the removal of organic matter and nutrients of SWW.

RESUMO O entendimento sobre a hidrodinâmica dos reatores é essencial para melhorar o desempenho e produção de biogás destas unidades. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o comportamento hidrodinâmico de um sistema combinado anaeróbio-aeróbio em escala laboratorial no tratamento da vinhaça. O experimento foi conduzido em um sistema utilizando dois reatores UASB em série seguidos por um biofiltro biológico aerado submerso (FBAS). As vazões aplicadas no sistema e os correspondentes TRHs teóricos nos reatores UASB1, UASB2 e FBAS foram respectivamente: 15,6 L d-1 e 1,2 d; 1,2 d e 1,0 d (Fase I - Primeiro ano); 8,5 L d-1 e 2,1 d; 2,1 d e 1,8 d (Fase II- Primeiro ano); 14,6 L d-1 e 1,1 d; 1,1 d e 1,0 d (Fase III- Segundo ano); 29,5 L d-1 e 0,6 d; 0,6 d e 0,5 d (Fase IV- Segundo ano). Os perfis hidrodinâmicos foram realizados por meio de testes tipo pulso estímulo-resposta empregando como traçador LiCl. Os coeficientes de determinação (R2) dos modelos de dispersão indicam uma maior aproximação do modelo de tanques de mistura completa em série (multi-CSTR), com uma média de 2,5; 2,3 e 1,2 (primeiro ano) e 1,1; 1,4 e 0,9 (segundo ano) reatores de mistura completa (multi-CSTR) em série para UASB1, UASB2 e FBAS, respectivamente. Os resultados realizados nos reatores UASB1, UASB2 e FBAS indicaram forte tendência do escoamento ao regime hidráulico de mistura completa, sendo detectada grande dispersão nas unidades, além da presença de curtos-circuitos e zonas mortas.

ABSTRACT The understanding of reactor hydrodynamics is essential for improving the performance of a reactor and biogas production. This study sought to evaluate the hydrodynamic behavior of a combined anaerobic-aerobic system at a laboratory scale for treating vinasse. The experiment was conducted in a system using two UASB reactors connected in series, followed by an Aerated Submerged Biological Filter (ASBF). The flow rates applied to the system and the corresponded theoretical HRTs in the UASB1, UASB2 and ASBF were respectively: 15.6 L d-1 and 1.2 d, 1.2 d and 1.0 d (Phase I - first year); 8.5 L d-1 and 2.1 d; 2.1 d and 1.8 d (Phase II - first year), 14.6 L d-1 and 1.1 d, 1.1 d and 1.0 d (Phase III - second year); 29.5 L d-1 and 0.6 d, 0.6 d and 0.5 d (Phase IV - second year). The hydrodynamic studies were carried out using pulse type stimulus-response tests, employing LiCl as a tracer. The coefficients of determination for the dispersion models (R2) indicate a close approximation of a continuous stirred tank reactor in series (multi-CSTR) model, with an average of 2.5, 2.3 and 1.2 (first year), and 1.1, 1.4 and 0.9 (second year) multi-CSTR for UASB1, UASB2 and ASBF, respectively. Results of the hydrodynamic tests carried out in UASB1, UASB2 and ASBF indicated strong tendency for flow in the complete mixture hydraulic regime, detecting a wide dispersion in the units, in addition to the presence of short circuits and dead zones.

RESUMO O uso e a ocupação do solo alteram sensivelmente os processos físico-químicos e biológicos dos sistemas naturais. Dessa forma, os mananciais de superfície são integradores dos fenômenos ocorrentes sobre a área da bacia hidrográfica. Assim, os objetivos do trabalho foram explorar a variabilidade temporal e espacial da qualidade da água e avaliar as possíveis relações entre os padrões de uso e ocupação do solo da bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão Vermelho. Foram coletadas amostras de água em dois períodos (verão e inverno) e em 15 seções ao longo do curso d'água. Verificou-se forte influência temporal e espacial na qualidade das águas, e foram apresentadas no período de inverno as maiores concentrações de nutrientes (Cl-, P, NO3 -), condutividade elétrica e matéria orgânica. Esses valores interferem nos valores do Índice de Qualidade da Água, que varia entre 84 e 9 no período do verão e 66 e 6 no inverno. Quanto à trofia dos mananciais, foram encontrados valores médios de Índice de Estado Trófico de 30 no período chuvoso e de 93 no inverno. No tocante aos padrões de uso do solo, observaram-se fortes relações na qualidade da água nos dois períodos avaliados; a principal fonte de contaminação são as áreas urbanas. O Ribeirão Vermelho e seus afluentes apresentam forte influência das formas de uso e ocupação do solo confirmada pela entrada de matéria orgânica e de nutrientes nos sistemas hídricos por meio do lançamento de esgoto doméstico sem tratamento e pela agropecuária na rede de drenagem da bacia.

ABSTRACT Land use significantly alters the physicochemical and biological processes of natural systems. Thus, surface water sources are integrators of phenomena occurring on the catchment area. In this way, the study aimed to explore the spatial and temporal variability of water quality, and to assess the possible relationships between patterns of land use of the Ribeirão Vermelho basin. Water samples were collected in two periods (summer and winter) and in 15 sections along the watercourse. There has been strong temporal and spatial influence on water quality, and winter period showed the highest nutrient concentrations (Cl-, P, NO3 -), electrical conductivity and organic matter. These values influence the values of the Water Quality Index, ranging from 84 to 9 in the summer period and 66 to 6 in the winter. With respect to trophic conditions of water sources, average values of Trophic State Index of 30 were verified during the rainy season and 93 in winter. Regarding land use patterns, strong relationships in water quality in both periods were observed, the main source of contamination are urban areas. Ribeirão Vermelho and its effluent have shown strong influence of the forms of land use and occupation evidenced by the input organic matter and nutrients in water systems through domestic sewage release untreated and by agriculture in the drainage system of the basin.