O fruto do pequizeiro (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) apresenta considerável variabilidade em suas características físicas e químicas, segundo a região de origem, e pesquisas com frutos procedentes do Estado de Mato Grosso são escassas na literatura. Neste estudo, foram analisadas as características físicas, a composição químico-nutricional e os constituintes voláteis da polpa de pequi coletado em diferentes locais do Estado de Mato Grosso. Os frutos foram analisados quanto à cor (L*, a*, b*, hº e C*), à massa e ao rendimento do mesocarpo externo, pirênios e polpa. Foram determinados a composição centesimal, os teores de carotenoides totais, o perfil de ácidos graxos e de constituintes voláteis da polpa, e analisada a composição físico-química do solo dos locais de coleta.. Constatou-se que o fruto é composto por 80-85% de mesocarpo externo, 11-15% de pirênios e 4-7% de polpa, que é rica em lipídios (46-51g 100g-1), carotenoides totais (15-27mg 100g-1) - que foram associados à tonalidade e à intensidade da cor (hº e C*) da polpa - e fibra alimentar (8-15g 100g-1). Os principais constituintes voláteis da polpa de pequi foram o hexanoato de etila, (E)-β-ocimeno e octanoato de etila. O isobutirato de alila, 3-hexanol, 4-metil-2-pentanol, mirceno, (Z)-di-hidroapofarnesol, β-eudesmol e (E-E) geranilalinalool foram descritos pela primeira vez nos óleos essenciais da polpa de C. brasiliense. Grande parte da variância total dos voláteis foi explicada pelo conjunto de variáveis do solo, destacando-se o silte, o P e o Mg2+.

The fruit of pequi tree (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) presents a considerable variability in both physical and chemical characteristics, according to the sampling region, and research with fruits collected in the state of Mato Grosso are scarce in the literature. In this study, it was analyzed the physical characteristics, the chemical-nutritional composition, and the volatile compounds of pequi pulp, collected from different places of the state of Mato Grosso. The fruits were analyzed according to color (L*, a*, b*, hº and C*), mass and external mesocarp, seed (pyrenes) and pulp yield. The proximate composition, total carotenoid content, fatty acids profile and volatile compounds of the pulp were determined, and the physicochemical composition of the soil was also analyzed. It was found that the fruit is composed by 80-85% of external mesocarp, 11-15% of pyrenes and 4-7% of pulp, that is rich in lipids (46-51g 100g-1), total carotenoids (15-27mg 100g-1) - which were related to the color tonality and intensity (hº and C*) of the pulp - and dietary fiber (8-15g 100g-1). The main volatile compounds of pequi pulp were ethyl hexanoate, (E)-β-ocimene and ethyl octanoate. The allyl isobutyrate, 3-hexanol, 4-methyl-2-pentanol, myrcene, (Z)-dihydroapofarnesol, β-eudesmol and (E-E)-geranyl linalool were described for the first time in C. brasiliense's pulp essential oils. Part of differences on volatile compounds could be explained by the soil variations, especially silt, P, and Mg2+.

INTRODUÇÃO: Candida albicans é responsável por infecções superficiais ou sistêmicas conhecidas como candidíase, encontrada em tecidos infectados na forma de leveduras brotantes unicelulares, hifas ou pseudohifas. Neste estudo, os efeitos de agentes antifúngicos como o fluconazol e o itraconazol sobre a formação de hifas e caracterização genotípica de isolados de C. albicans suscetíveis ou resistentes foram investigados. MÉTODOS: A produção de hifas de cinco isolados de C. albicans, sob a ação de antifúngicos foi investigada pelo cultivo da levedura em meios de crescimento e de indução de hifas. A caracterização genotípica foi realizada para 13 isolados de C. albicans pelo método de RAPD-PCR. RESULTADOS: A análise do dimorfismo mostrou que a formação de hifas foi maior nos isolados resistentes do que nos suscetíveis aos antifúngicos. O método de RAPD-PCR identificou a formação de dois diferentes grupos. No grupo A, foram agrupados quatro isolados resistentes e dois suscetíveis e no grupo B um resistente e seis suscetíveis. CONCLUSÕES: Considerando que a formação hifal foi maior em isolados resistentes na presença de azólicos, concluimos que a produção hifal está muito relacionada a suscetibilidade a estes fámacos. Estes antifúngicos podem alterar a morfologia de C. albicans em dependência da sua suscetibilidade. No método de RAPD-PCR, o encontro da maioria dos isolados resistentes classificados como pertencentes ao grupo A e suscetíveis ao grupo B demonstrou que este método apresentou um padrão semelhante entre os dois grupos, sugerindo que por este método pode ser detectado uma estreita correlação entre genótipos e amostras resistentes ao fluconazol.

INTRODUCTION: Candida albicans is responsible for superficial or systemic infections known as candidiasis, which may be found in infected tissue as unicellular budding yeasts, hyphae, or pseudohyphae. In this study, the effects of both fluconazole and itraconazole antifungal agents on the hyphal formation and genotypic characterization of C. albicans isolates classified as either susceptible or resistant were investigated. METHODS: The hyphal production of five C. albicans isolates under the action of antifungal agents was investigated by culturing yeast on growth medium and on hyphal induction medium. The genotypic characterization was carried out for 13 isolates of C. albicans using the random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) method. RESULTS: The dimorphism analysis showed that the hyphal formation was higher in resistant than in the susceptible isolates to both azoles. The RAPD-PCR method identified the formation of two different groups. In group A, four resistant and two susceptible isolates were clustered, and in group B, one resistant and six susceptible isolates were clustered. CONCLUSIONS: Considering that hyphal formation was higher in resistant isolates in the presence of azole drugs, we confirmed that the hyphal production is closely related to susceptibility to azoles. These drugs may affect the morphogenesis of C. albicans depending on their susceptibility to these drugs. In relation to RAPD-PCR, most resistant isolates classified in group A and susceptible isolates in group B demonstrated that this method presented a similar standard between the two groups, suggesting that by this technique, a strong correlation between genotypes and fluconazole-resistant samples may be found.

Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil., Lythraceae, a plant from the Cerrado known as pacari or dedaleiro, is widely used as an antipyretic, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal and in the treatment of gastritis and cancer. Notable among the metabolite groups identified in leaves of L. pacari are the polyphenols, such as tannins and flavonoids, related to the pharmacological activities of pacari. Studies on the influence of environmental factors over production of major groups of secondary metabolites in pacari are important because they contribute data for its cultivation and harvest, and establish quantitative parameters of secondary metabolites in the plant drug. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of environmental factors on concentrations of phenolic metabolites in the leaves of L. pacari. Compounds quantified in the leaves were: total phenols, tannins by protein precipitation, hydrolysable tannins, total flavonoids, ellagic acid and mineral nutrients, while soil fertility was also analyzed, all over a period of one year. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis, and the results suggest that metabolite concentrations in the leaves of this plant are influenced by seasonal factors, in particular the temperature and foliar micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn).

Chemical investigation of Hyptidendron canum stems resulted in the isolation of betulinic, ursolic and euscaphic acids. From the leaves were isolated 3β-O-β-galactopiranosilsitosterol, ursolic aldehyde, and mixtures of maslinic acid and 2α-hydroxyursolic acid, α and β-amyrin, uvaol and erythrodiol, sitosterol and stigmasterol, spathulenol and globulol. Hexane and chloroform leave fractions as well as ursolic and betulinic acids showed antifungal activities against the yeast form of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.

The application of one-dimensional proton high-resolution magic angle spinning (¹H HR-MAS) NMR combined with a typical advantages of solid and liquid-state NMR techniques was used as input variables for the multivariate statistical analysis. In this paper, different cultivars of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) developed and in development by Embrapa - Arroz e Feijão were analyzed by ¹H HR-MAS, which have been demonstrated to be a valuable tool in its differentiation according chemical composition and avoid the manipulation of the samples as used in other techniques.

This work describes the chemical composition of the volatile oil of Hyptis marrubioides cultivated in field and greenhouse. The experimental design was completely randomized, with ten replications for each type of cultivation. The volatile oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. The highest content of volatile oil was found for plants grown in field. The highest percentage of the compounds present in oils was observed in samples grown in the field, such as germacra-4(15),5,10(14)-trien-1-α-ol (16.34%), β-caryophyllene (10.42%), γ-muurolene (12.83%) and trans-thujone (9.98%). However, some compounds were found only in plants grown in a greenhouse, such as cis-muurol-5-en-4α-ol (10.84%), α-cadinol (3.06%) and eudesma-4(15),7-dien-1β-ol (6.82%).

A utilização de malhas fotoconversoras para o cultivo de algumas espécies ornamentais e olerícolas tornou-se comum. Diante da grande influência que a radiação solar exerce sobre os vegetais, esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da intensidade e da qualidade espectral da luz transmitida pelas malhas fotoconversoras (Chromatinet®) em relação a aspectos fisiológicos de crescimento (teor, rendimento e composição química) do óleo essencial de Melissa officinalis L. Em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, foram dispostos quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições, sendo cada parcela composta de quatro vasos (uma planta por vaso). Os tratamentos foram caracterizados por plantas de melissa cultivadas a pleno sol, em malha preta (50%), em malha Chromatinet® vermelha (50%) e em Chromatinet® azul (50%). As características avaliadas consistiram em: fitomassa seca de folhas, caules, parte aérea, raízes e total; razão raiz/parte aérea; área foliar total; razão de área foliar; razão de peso foliar; área foliar específica; teor, rendimento e composição química do óleo essencial. A utilização de malhas no cultivo de melissa favoreceu o crescimento, independentemente da cor, em relação ao cultivo a pleno sol. Sob a malha vermelha houve menores teor e rendimento óleo essencial, porém apresentou o maior teor de citral.

The use of color shading nets for cultivation of some ornamentals and vegetables has become common. Thus, observing the great influence of the solar radiation on the plant physiology, the objective of this research was to evaluate the the quantity and quality effects of spectral light transmitted through color shading nets (Chromatinet®) in Melissa officinalis L., including physiological aspects as:growth ,content and chemistry composition. Four treatments and five replications were disposed in a completely randomized design, being each experimental unit composed by four pots (one plant per pot). The treatments were lemon balm's plants cultivated under full sunshine, black shading net (50%), red shading net (50%) and blue shading net (50%). The characteristics evaluated were: plant's height; dry phytomass of leaves, stems, aerial part, roots and total; root/aerial part ratio; total leaf area; leaf area ratio; leaf weight ratio; specific leaf area; content, yield and composition of the essential oil. The utilization of nets favored the growth organs dry phytomass yield, independently of the color, in comparison with total sun light. Plants under red shading had lower content of essential oil and yield, but they showed the higher content of citral.

O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar e verificar a influência do tempo e da temperatura sobre o perfil dos compostos voláteis de pequi minimamente processado. O pequi foi lavado, sanificado, seus pirênios extraídos, embalados e armazenados por 15 dias a 0, 5 e 10 °C e 6 dias a 22 °C. Os compostos voláteis foram analisados por CG-EM. Hexanoato de etila e octanoato de etila foram encontrados em porcentagens mais altas, 63 e 16.3% respectivamente. Os voláteis determinados não foram influenciados pelo tempo de armazenamento. Ácido hexanóico, 2-octenoato de etila e decanoato de etila não foram influenciados pelas diferentes temperaturas. As temperaturas 0, 5 e 10 °C também não influenciaram o hexanoato de etila, 2-hexenoato de etila e octanoato de etila. Por outro lado, as temperaturas 5, 10 e 22 °C não influenciaram o hexanoato de etila, cis-β-ocimeno e octanoato de etila. A temperatura de 22 °C determinou porcentagens mais altas de hexanoato de etila e porcentagens mais baixas de octanoato de etila em comparação à temperatura de 0 °C, e porcentagens mais altas de 2-hexenoato de etila em comparação a temperaturas de 0, 5 e 10 °C, enquanto a temperatura de 5 °C determinou porcentagens mais altas de cis-β-ocimeno, quando comparada com a temperatura de 0 °C. As temperaturas de armazenamento de 0 e 5 °C foram as mais apropriadas para a conservação.

The objective of this work was to identify and verify the influence of time and temperature on the volatile compounds profile of fresh cut peki. Peki fruits were washed, sanitized, their kernels were extracted, and they were packaged and stored for 15 days at 0, 5, and 10 °C and 6 days at 22 °C. The volatiles compounds were analyzed by GC - MS. Ethyl hexanoate and ethyl octanoate were found in higher percentages, 63 and 16.3%, respectively. The determined volatiles were not influenced by the storage period. Hexanoic acid, ethyl 2-octenoate and ethyl decanoate were not influenced by the different temperatures. The temperatures 0, 5, and 10 °C did not influence ethyl hexanoate, ethyl 2-hexenoate and ethyl octanoate either. In addition, the temperatures 5, 10, and 22 °C did not influence ethyl hexanoate, cis-β-ocimene and ethyl octanoate. The temperature of 22 °C determined higher percentages of ethyl hexanoate and lower percentages of ethyl octanoate, in comparison to the temperature of 0 °C, and higher percentages of ethyl 2-hexenoate in comparison to the temperatures of 0, 5, and 10 °C. The temperature of 5 °C determined higher percentage of cis-β-ocimene when compared with the temperature of 0 °C. The storage temperatures of 0 and 5 °C were the most appropriate for the conservation.

This study aimed to identify 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP) in Amblyomma cajennense and to evaluate its role in A. cajennense and Rhipicephalus sanguineus courtship. Hexanic extract from attractive females was purified by solid phase extraction and the phenol was identified by the single ion monitoring method using GC/MS. In an olfactometer, the responses of A. cajennense and R. sanguineus males to females, control rubber septa or rubber septa impregnated with 2,6-DCP at 50, 500, and 5000 ng, respectively, were studied. 2,6-DCP was identified in A. cajennense extract and the males oriented themselves toward the concentration of 500 ng. These septa and the females were recognized as copula partners. The septa treated with 2,6-DCP did not attract and were not even recognized by the R. sanguineus males, whereas the females were recognized. Due to the presence of 2,6-DCP in A. cajennense and the results of biological bioassays, it was concluded that this compound acts as an attractant and mounting sex pheromone in this tick, but it does not play any role in R. sanguineus courtship.

Soro e líquido amniótico de ratas tratadas com fluconazol (dose oral de 100 mg/kg) durante a prenhez foram quantificados para este fármaco usando cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectroscopia de massas (CG/EM). O fluconazol foi extraído das amostras com acetato de etila e analisado empregando-se um cromatógrafo CG/EM Shimadzu QP5050A com coluna capilar de sílica fundida CBP-5. O tioconazol foi utilizado como padrão interno. A curva padrão foi linear no intervalo das concentrações de 10,0 a 300,0 µg/mL. O limite de quantificação foi de 0,1 µg/mL e não foi observada interferência no branco de soro e líquido amniótico. As concentrações médias do fármaco no soro e líquido amniótico foram 206,01 ± 105,25 µg/mL e 125,34 ± 65,24 µg/mL, respectivamente. Este procedimento mostrou-se sensível e eficiente para ser usado em estudos de teratogenicidade do fluconazol e outros azóis.

Rats treated with oral dose of 100 mg/kg of fluconazole during pregnancy had their serum and amniotic fluid quantified for this drug using a GC/MS method. Fluconazole was extracted with ethyl acetate from samples and analysed by a GC-MS Shimadzu QP5050A system using a CBP-5 fused silica capillary column. Tioconazole was used as internal standard. Calibration curve was linear within the range 10.0 - 300.0 µg/mL. The limit of quantification was 0.1 µg/mL and no interference was observed in the blank serum and amniotic liquid. The mean concentrations of the drug in the serum and amniotic fluid were 206.01 ± 105.25 µg/mL and 125.34 ± 65.24 mug/mL, respectively. This procedure showed to be sensitive and efficient enough for the use in teratogenic studies of fluconazole and other azole drugs.

Cryptococcal infection had an increased incidence in last years due to the explosion of acquired immune deficiency syndrome epidemic and by using new and effective immunosuppressive agents. The currently antifungal therapies used such as amphotericin B, fluconazole, and itraconazole have certain limitations due to side effects and emergence of resistant strains. So, a permanent search to find new drugs for cryptococcosis treatment is essential. Ocimum gratissimum, plant known as alfavaca (Labiatae family), has been reported earlier with in vitro activity against some bacteria and dermatophytes. In our work, we study the in vitro activity of the ethanolic crude extract, ethyl acetate, hexane, and chloroformic fractions, essential oil, and eugenol of O. gratissimum using an agar dilution susceptibility method towards 25 isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans. All the extracts of O. gratissimum studied showed activity in vitro towards C. neoformans. Based on the minimal inhibitory concentration values the most significant results were obtained with chloroformic fraction and eugenol. It was observed that chloroformic fraction inhibited 23 isolates (92%) of C. neoformans at a concentration of 62.5 µg/ml and eugenol inhibited 4 isolates (16%) at a concentration of 0.9 µg/ml. This screening may be the basis for the study of O. gratissimum as a possible antifungal agent.

The essential oil and the aqueous, hexane and methanolic fractions from Hyptis ovalifolia leaves were evaluated for their antifungal activity in vitro against 60 strains of dermatophytes: 10 strains of Microsporum canis, 10 of M. gypseum, 20 of Trichophyton rubrum and 20 of T. mentagrophytes. The extracts inhibited growth of the dermatophytes tested at different concentrations. The most biologically active was the essential oil from the leaves which inhibited 57 isolates (95%) at a concentration of £ 500 µg/ml.

A grande incidência de criptococose em decorrência do aumento crescente de indivíduos imunodeprimidos e os efeitos colaterais aos fármacos utilizados para o tratamento desta infecção, tem incentivado a pesquisa de novos agentes antifúngicos. Através da técnica de diluição em ágar, foi verificada a atividade antifúngica (in vitro) de diferentes constituintes de Caryocar brasiliensis sobre Cryptococcus neoformans. Verificou-se que a cera epicuticular retirada da folha, coletada em período de baixo índice pluviométrico (170,8mm de água), foi a parte mais ativa da planta, inibindo o crescimento de 91,3% (21/23) dos isolados de Cryptococcus neoformans em concentração < a 250µg/mL.

The widespread occurrence of cryptococcosis mainly in immunocompromised patients and the side effects of available drugs which are effective against this mycosis have led investigators to search for new antimycotic agents. Caryocar brasiliensis derived compounds were investigated against Cryptococcus neoformans using the agar dilution method. Based on MIC values, the best results were obtained with a concentration of < 250µg/mL of cuticular waxes of the Caryocar brasiliensis leaf collected during the dry period (170.8mm of precipitation) which inhibited the growth of 91.3% (21/23) Cryptococcus neoformans isolates.

A atividade antifúngica de extratos etanólicos de folhas de Hyptis ovalifolia, H. suaveolens, H. saxatilis, Hyptidendrum canum, Eugenia uniflora, E. dysenterica, Caryocar brasiliensis e Lafoensia pacari sobre isolados de dermatófitos foi verificada. Os extratos mais ativos foram os de H. ovalifolia e E. uniflora, enquanto que Trichophyton rubrum foi o dermatófito mais sensível a ação das plantas. Estes dados demonstram as propriedades antifúngicas de plantas do Cerrado em ensaios in vitro.

Ethanolic extracts from leaves of Hyptis ovalifolia, H. suaveolens, H. saxatilis, Hyptidendrum canum, Eugenia uniflora, E. dysenterica, Caryocar brasiliensis and Lafoensia pacari were investigated for their antifungal activity against dermatophytes. The most effective plants were H. ovalifolia and E. uniflora, while Trichophyton rubrum was the most sensitive among the four dermatophytes species evaluated. This study has demonstrated antifungal properties of Brazilian Cerrado plant extracts in "in vitro" assays.