RESUMO O presente estudo teve por objetivo descrever os efeitos da estabulação sobre características termográficas dos membros de equinos adultos, para comparar o nível de bem-estar entre cavalos mantidos soltos e aqueles sob estabulação contínua e para investigar se a Termografia Infravermelha (TIV) pode ser uma ferramenta efetiva na avaliação do bem-estar em equinos. 24 cavalos machos castrados da raça Brasileiro de Hipismo, com idade entre 5 e 9 anos e peso de 500 ± 50kg foram utilizados em um experimento de 6 semanas de duração. Os animais foram divididos em 2 grupos: 1) Pasto - animais mantidos em piquetes e utilizados exclusivamente em patrulhas urbanas; 2) Baia - animais utilizados exclusivamente em patrulhas urbanas, mas mantidos em estabulação contínua, em cocheiras de 12m² de concreto sem cama. Todos os animais foram avaliados uma vez por semana durante 6 semanas. O comportamento animal, a temperatura dos olhos e extremidades distais bem como amostras de sangue, foram colhidos. Os cavalos estabulados apresentaram comportamento estereotipado e maior concentração sérica de cortisol, indicando menor grau de bem-estar quando comparados aos animais manejados soltos em piquetes. A termografia dos membros apresentou potencial para identificar estresse crônico em cavalos uma vez que a análise discriminante mostrou 74,5% de acerto preditivo enquanto a temperatura máxima do olho não foi eficiente para esse propósito. adultos bemestar estar TIV (TIV Hipismo 50 kg duração grupos 1 urbanas m 12m cama animal sangue colhidos cortisol 745 74 74,5 propósito 7 74,

ABSTRACT This study aims to describe the effects of stabling on thermographic characteristics of adult equine limbs, to compare the level of animal welfare between horses kept loose and those under continuous stabling and to investigate whether the Infrared Thermography (IRT) can be an effective tool to evaluate the welfare of equines. 24 gelding horses of Brazilian Sport Horse breed, aged between 5 and 9 years and weighing 500 ± 50kg were used in a 6-week trial. They were divided into 2 groups: 1) Paddock - equines kept in paddocks and ridden exclusively on urban patrol; 2) Stall - animals that ridden exclusively on urban patrol, but were kept in continuous stabling, housed in 12m² with concrete and bedless stables. Every animal was evaluated once a week over six weeks. Animal behavior and temperature of the eyes and distal extremities of the limbs as well as blood samples were collected. The confined horses showed stereotyped behavior and higher serum cortisol, indicating lower animal welfare when compared to those managed in a pasture. Limb IRT showed predictive potential for identifying chronic stress as the discriminating analysis showed 74.5% hits while eye temperature was not efficient for this purpose. (IRT breed 50 kg 6week 6 trial groups 1 patrol m 12m stables weeks collected cortisol pasture 745 74 74.5 purpose 7 74.

Resumo Caso seja feita, ao longo da história evolutiva, uma analogia homem/natureza com os elementos da geodiversidade, surgirão daí processos de ordem simbólica ao ser humano, onde ele constrói uma natureza sacralizada que é revelada em seus cultos, práticas e crenças, onde a natureza torna-se elemento simbólico carregado de significados. Esses elementos da geodiversidade são encontrados em diversos cultos, destacando-se os Indígenas/Xamânicos, a Umbanda, Candomblé, Budismo, Hinduísmo, Cristianismo, entre outros. Em função disso esse artigo foca nos ritos africanos, que representam sua matriz de origem e uma tradição marcada essencialmente pela oralidade (ao contrário das principais religiões monoteístas ocidentais que possuem livros sagrados) e pelo aprendizado religioso direto e por meio da prática cotidiana da religião no terreiro. A análise da geodiversidade e seu uso nessas manifestações religiosas, leva à reflexão de que ainda é necessário reconhecer e divulgar mais intensamente a geodiversidade e seus diversos usos, pois ela nos auxilia e nos oferece uma apreciação, compreensão e interpretação das religiões em uma outra perspectiva, dando mais consistência e autenticidade. feita evolutiva homemnatureza homem humano cultos crenças tornase torna se significados destacandose destacando IndígenasXamânicos Indígenas Xamânicos Indígenas/Xamânicos Umbanda Candomblé Budismo Hinduísmo Cristianismo outros africanos sagrados terreiro religiosas usos apreciação perspectiva autenticidade

Abstract If, throughout evolutionary history, an analogy is made between humans and nature using elements of geodiversity, symbolic processes will emerge for human beings. They construct a sacralized nature revealed in their worship, practices, and beliefs, where nature becomes a symbolic element imbued with meaning. These elements of geodiversity are found in various religious traditions, with notable examples being Indigenous/Shamanic practices, Umbanda, Candomblé, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Christianity, among others. As a result, this article focuses on African rituals which represent their original matrix and a tradition primarily marked by orality (in contrast to the main Western monotheistic religions that have sacred texts) and direct religious learning through daily practice in the “terreiro” (the place of worship). The analysis of geodiversity and its use in these religious manifestations leads to the reflection that it is still necessary to recognize and disseminate geodiversity and its various uses more extensively, as it assists us in appreciating understanding and interpreting religions from a different perspective, providing more consistency and authenticity. If history beings worship practices beliefs meaning traditions IndigenousShamanic Indigenous Shamanic Umbanda Candomblé Buddhism Hinduism Christianity others result texts terreiro “terreiro worship. . worship) extensively perspective authenticity

Resumen Si a lo largo de la historia evolutiva se hace una analogía hombre/naturaleza con los elementos de la geodiversidad, surgirán procesos de orden simbólico para el ser humano, donde construye una naturaleza sagrada que se revela en sus cultos, prácticas y creencias, donde el la naturaleza se convierte en un elemento simbólico cargado de significados. Estos elementos de geodiversidad se encuentran en varios cultos, en particular Indígena/Chamánico, Umbanda, Candomblé, Budismo, Hinduismo, Cristianismo, entre otros. En consecuencia, este artículo se centra en los ritos africanos, que representan su matriz de origen y una tradición marcada esencialmente por la oralidad (a diferencia de las principales religiones monoteístas occidentales que cuentan con libros sagrados) y por el aprendizaje religioso directo y a través de la práctica diaria de la religión en el terreno. . El análisis de la geodiversidad y su uso en estas manifestaciones religiosas lleva a la reflexión de que aún es necesario reconocer y difundir más intensamente la geodiversidad y sus diversos usos, ya que nos ayuda y nos ofrece una apreciación, comprensión e interpretación de las religiones desde otra perspectiva. , dando más consistencia y autenticidad. hombrenaturaleza hombre humano cultos creencias significados IndígenaChamánico Indígena Chamánico Indígena/Chamánico Umbanda Candomblé Budismo Hinduismo Cristianismo otros consecuencia africanos sagrados terreno usos apreciación perspectiva autenticidad

Abstract Fibrinolytic enzymes are considered promising alternative in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases by preventing fibrin clots. A protease from Mucor subtilissimus UCP 1262 was obtained by solid state fermentation and purified by ion exchange chromatography. The purified extract was administered at an acute dose of 2000 mg/mL to evaluate its toxic effects to the lungs of mice. After 14 days of treatment, a histomorphometric study was performed by the type 1 and 2 pneumocyte count and the evaluation of the lung area. As result, the experimental group showed a significant decrease of type 2 pneumocyte and although a decrease in the alveolar area was observed in relation to the control group, no significant pulmonary toxicity, emphysema, and fibrosis characteristics were detected. The in vitro tests suggest possible clinical applications for the enzyme.

RESUMO Este artigo tem por objetivo colocar a dança no centro da análise histórica da tragédia ateniense do século V a.C. Para tanto, é proposta uma trajetória que parte da cultura da performance, passa pela cultura dos festivais, pela dança do coro e pelo ensinamento do velho sátiro bêbado, até chegar na revisão dos conceitos de opsis e psuchagôgia, presentes na Poética de Aristóteles. Desse modo, busca-se compreender como a performance cívico-ritual dos atores-cantores-dançarinos gregos antigos, a partir da criação de figuras de movimento, era também um ato de evocação das almas no contexto de uma festividade pública.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to place dance at the center of the historical analysis of Athenian tragedy of the 5th century BC. To do so, a trajectory is proposed that begins with the culture of performance, passes through the culture of festivals, the dance of the chorus and the teaching of the old drunken satyr, and then reviews the concepts of opsis and psuchagôgia in Aristotle's Poetics. Thus, the objective is to understand how the ritual-civic performance of the ancient Greek actors-singers-dancers, based on the creation of figures of movement, was also an act of evoking souls in the context of a public festivity.

RÉSUMÉ Cet article vise à placer la danse au centre de l'analyse historique de la tragédie athénienne du Ve siècle av. JC . Pour cela, une trajectoire est proposée qui part de la culture de la performance, passe par la culture de fêtes, par la danse du chœur et par l'enseignement du vieux satyre ivre, jusqu'à arriver à la révision des concepts d'opsis et de psuchagôgia, présents dans la Poétique d'Aristote. De cette manière, c’est cherché à comprendre comment la performance civique-rituelle des acteurs-chanteurs-danseurs grecs antiques, à partir de la création de figures de mouvement, était aussi un acte d'évocation des âmes dans le cadre d'une fête publique.

RESUMO No presente trabalho, foi avaliado o efeito imunomodulador de diferentes doses de talidomida em macrófagos associados ao tumor (TAMs), em um modelo murino de câncer de mama. Camundongos foram inoculados com células 4T1, na região do flanco esquerdo, e tratados com talidomida, uma vez ao dia, nas doses de 50, 100 e 150mg/k, por massa corporal, do quinto dia ao 28º dia de inoculação tumoral. Os tumores foram medidos, o índice de proliferação celular e a contagem de TAMs foram avaliados nos tumores primários e nos pulmões com metástases. Além disso, a taxa de metástases pulmonares também foi avaliada. A talidomida na dose de 150mg/kg diminuiu significativamente o crescimento tumoral, o índice de proliferação celular e a infiltração de TAMs nos tumores primários. Por outro lado, maior número de TAMs e menor índice de proliferação celular foram observados nos pulmões metastáticos, em camundongos tratados com 150mg/kg de talidomida. Ademais, a talidomida na dose de 150mg/kg diminuiu significativamente os nódulos metastáticos nos pulmões. Os resultados demonstraram que o tratamento com talidomida diminuiu o crescimento tumoral e as metástases pulmonares em camundongos, associado com diferentes efeitos na infiltração de TAMs nesses locais.

ABSTRACT The present work evaluated the immunomodulatory effect of thalidomide (Thal) at different doses on tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) using a mouse model of human breast cancer. Mice were inoculated with 4T1 cells in the left flank and treated with Thal once a day at concentrations of 50, 100, and 150mg/kg body weight from the 5th day until the 28th day of tumor inoculation. The tumors were sized, proliferation index and TAMs count were evaluated in primary tumors and metastatic lungs. In addition, the metastasis rate was evaluated in the lungs. Thal at 150mg/kg significantly decreased tumor growth, proliferation index, and TAMs infiltration in primary tumors. Conversely, a higher number of TAMs and lower proliferation index were observed in metastatic lungs in mice treated with 150mg/kg of Thal. Furthermore, Thal at 150mg/kg significantly decreased the metastatic nodules in the lungs. Our findings demonstrated that Thal treatment considerably decreased the primary tumor and lung metastasis in mice associated with different TAM infiltration effects in these sites.

Abstract Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare, but potentially fatal, immune-mediated disease of the peripheral nerves and nerve roots that is usually triggered by infections. The incidence of GBS can therefore increase during outbreaks of infectious diseases, as was seen during the Zika virus epidemics in 2013 in French Polynesia and in 2015 in Latin America. Diagnosis and management of GBS can be complicated as its clinical presentation and disease course are heterogeneous, and no international clinical guidelines are currently available. To support clinicians, especially in the context of an outbreak, we have developed a globally applicable guideline for the diagnosis and management of GBS. The guideline is based on current literature and expert consensus, and has a ten-step structure to facilitate its use in clinical practice. We first provide an introduction to the diag nostic criteria, clinical variants and differential diagnoses of GBS. The ten steps then cover early recognition and diagnosis of GBS, admission to the intensive care unit, treatment indication and selection, monitoring and treatment of disease progression, prediction of clinical course and outcome, and management of complications and sequelae.

Resumen El síndrome de Guillain-Barré (SGB) es una enfermedad inmunológica del nervio periférico y las raíces nerviosas, poco frecuente, potencialmente mortal y que suele desencadenarse por infecciones. La incidencia del SGB puede aumentar durante el brote de enfermedades infecciosas, tal como se observó en las epidemias del virus Zika en la Polinesia Francesa en 2013 y en América Latina en 2015. El diagnóstico y el manejo clínico del SGB pueden ser complicados ya que su presentación y el curso de la enfermedad son heterogéneos, y actualmente no se cuenta con guías clínicas internacionales. Para respaldar a los médicos, especialmente en el contexto de un brote de una enfermedad infecciosa, hemos desarrollado una guía clínica aplicable en todo el mundo para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento del SGB. La guía se basa en literatura actualizada y el consenso de expertos, y tiene una estructura de diez pasos para facilitar su uso en la práctica clínica. Inicialmente, brindamos una introducción a los criterios de diagnóstico, variantes clínicas y diagnósticos diferenciales del SGB. Los diez pasos luego abordan el reconocimiento y el diagnóstico temprano del SGB, la admisión a la unidad de cuidados intensivos, indicación y selección de tratamiento, seguimiento y tratamiento de la progresión de la enfermedad, predicción del curso clínico, resultados y tratamiento de complicaciones y secuelas.

Kahweol is a compound derived from coffee with reported antinociceptive effects. Based on the few reports that exist in the literature regarding the mechanisms involved in kahweol-induced peripheral antinociceptive action, this study proposed to investigate the contribution of the endocannabinoid system to the peripheral antinociception induced in rats by kahweol. Hyperalgesia was induced by intraplantar injection of prostaglandin E2(PGE2) and was measured with the paw pressure test. Kahweol and the drugs to test the cannabinoid system were administered locally into the right hind paw. The endocannabinoids were purified by open-bed chromatography on silica and measured by LC-MS. Kahweol (80 µg/paw) induced peripheral antinociception against PGE2-induced hyperalgesia. This effect was reversed by the intraplantar injection of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist AM251 (20, 40, and 80 μg/paw), but not by the CB2 cannabinoid receptor antagonist AM630 (100 μg/paw). Treatment with the endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor VDM11 (2.5 μg/paw) intensified the peripheral antinociceptive effect induced by low-dose kahweol (40 μg/paw). The monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitor, JZL184 (4 μg/paw), and the dual MAGL/fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor, MAFP (0.5 μg/paw), potentiated the peripheral antinociceptive effect of low-dose kahweol. Furthermore, kahweol increased the levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide, but not of the other endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol nor of anandamide-related N-acylethanolamines, in the plantar surface of the rat paw. Our results suggested that kahweol induced peripheral antinociception via anandamide release and activation of CB1 cannabinoid receptors and this compound could be used to develop new drugs for pain relief.

RESUMO: A colonoscopia é uma técnica pouco invasiva utilizada para avaliação do intestino grosso por meio de inspeção direta da mucosa intestinal. Quando associada ao exame histopatológico, com a coleta de fragmentos do intestino, o diagnóstico definitivo pode ser obtido. O objetivo desse estudo retrospectivo foi associar os achados de exames de colonoscopia e histopatologia do intestino grosso e íleo em 54 cães com distúrbios gastrointestinais dos Hospitais Veterinários da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) e São Francisco de Assis. Na colonoscopia, as alterações mais frequentemente observadas foram edema, friabilidade e avermelhamento de mucosa. Quanto à distribuição de lesões por segmento intestinal, houve maior incidência de alterações inflamatórias, das quais foram as mais frequentes, com o infiltrado linfoplasmocitário sendo o mais comum em todos segmentos analisados (i.e. reto, cólon, ceco e íleo). O cólon ascendente e o reto foram os locais de alterações mais frequentes na colonoscopia e na histopatologia. Os pólipos hiperplásicos e o linfoma foram as lesões proliferativas de ocorrência mais comum. Houve baixa concordância entre as classificações por natureza e intensidade dos achados na colonoscopia e histopatologia. Assim, não foi possível associar alterações descritas nos exames histopatológicos quanto à natureza e intensidade das lesões utilizando a colonoscopia, o que leva à conclusão de que é essencial a realização de biópsias em todos os exames para conclusão diagnóstica.

ABSTRACT: Colonoscopy is a minimally invasive technique used to assess the large intestine through direct inspection of the intestinal mucosa. When associated with histopathological examination of fragments collected from the intestine, the definitive diagnosis can be obtained. This retrospective study evaluated colonoscopy and histopathological exams of the large intestine and ileum of dogs with gastrointestinal disorders admitted at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) and the Veterinary Hospital São Francisco de Assis to determine the frequency of injuries, their distribution in the intestinal segments, and the relationship of the findings observed in these two analyzes. The colonoscopy and histopathological findings of the case series were described using absolute and relative frequencies, as well as nature and intensity classification of the findings. Cohen’s Kappa coefficient was obtained to assess the concordance of nature and intensity classifications between colonoscopy and histopathology, and its 95% confidence interval constructed. The analyses were performed using the Software SAS University Edition. It was observed a moderate agreement between the classification of the nature of the findings by endoscopy and histopathology (Kappa coefficient = 0.39, CI = 0.20-0.59). This can also be observed when assessing the frequency of similar diagnoses between the methods, since only 39 (72.22%) were consistent, i.e., 15 (22.78%) diagnoses differed depending on the nature of the finding, which could have a great influence on the final diagnosis if histopathology was disregarded. For the intensity of the injuries, little agreement was observed between the methods (Kappa coefficient = 0.1243, C = -0.05-0.30). This was even more evident in the frequency of similar diagnoses in terms of intensity, of which 20 (37.04%) were similar and 34 (62.96%) were different. Inflammatory affections are the most frequently observed alterations in the large intestine and ileum of dogs. The most common finding that reveals inflammatory changes is the lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. As for the proliferative and neoplastic lesions, adenomatous polyps and lymphoma were common. The most affected sites of the large intestine were the descending colon and the rectum. Findings such as edema and reddening of the mucosa were frequent by macroscopy. Although the changes observed by colonoscopy and histopathology may not be similar, these techniques are complementary, which makes biopsies mandatory for a diagnostic conclusion.

RESUMO: O sistema nervoso central é vulnerável a complicações originadas pelo diabetes estresse oxidativo no cérebro e resultando em lesões no córtex cerebral, dentre outras regiões. A insulina e hipoglicemiantes ainda são os tratamentos mais utilizados, entretanto, pesquisas atuais com modelo experimental do diabetes sugerem a utilização de antioxidantes como, por exemplo, a melatonina. Assim, testamos a hipótese de que a melatonina exógena pode diminuir ou prevenir os efeitos do diabetes no córtex frontal do cérebro de ratos. Foram utilizados 50 ratos albinos, divididos em 5 grupos: GC = ratos sem indução ao diabetes, GD = ratos induzidos ao diabetes pela estreptozotocina, GDM = ratos induzidos ao diabetes pela estreptozotocina e tratados com melatonina, GDI = ratos induzidos ao diabetes pela estreptozotocina e tratados com insulina, GDMI = ratos induzidos ao diabetes pela estreptozotocina e tratados com melatonina e insulina simultaneamente. O diabetes foi induzido pela administração intraperitoneal de estreptozotocina (60mg/kg). A insulina (5U/dia) foi administrada por via subcutânea e a melatonina (10mg/kg) pela água de beber. Ambos tratamentos foram realizados durante 30 dias após a indução. Foram analisados o peso dos animais, do cerebro, as citocinas IL-6 e TNF-α, apoptose, glicogênio, além da morfometria e histopatologia do córtex frontal. Os resultados mostraram que o córtex cerebral dos animais diabéticos apresentou degeneração axonal, redução do número de neurônios no córtex, redução do glicogênio, aumento da expressão do IL-6 e TNF-α, elevação do índice apoptótico, além da redução do peso dos animais e do cérebro. O tratamento com melatonina associada ou não a insulina preveniu tais efeitos. Assim, concluímos que a melatonina associada ou não a insulina pode ser uma alternativa na prevenção dos efeitos do diabetes no córtex frontal do cérebro.

ABSTRACT: The central nervous system is vulnerable to complications caused by diabetes. These complications lead to increased oxidative stress in the brain, resulting in damage to the cerebral cortex, among other regions. Insulin and hypoglycemic agents are still the most widely used treatments. However, current research with an experimental model of diabetes suggests the use of antioxidants, such as melatonin. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that exogenous melatonin may decrease or prevent the effects of diabetes in the frontal cortex of the rat brain. Fifty albino rats were allocated into five groups: GC = rats without diabetes induction, GD = diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin, GDM = streptozotocin-induced and melatonin-treated diabetic rats, GDI = diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin and treated with insulin, GDMI = diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin and treated with melatonin and insulin simultaneously. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (60mg/kg). Insulin (5U/day) was administered subcutaneously and melatonin (10mg/kg) by drinking water; both treatments last days after. We analyzed animals’ weight, the cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, apoptosis, glycogen, and did morphometry and histopathology of the frontal cortex were analyzed. The results showed that the cerebral cortex of the diabetic animals presented axonal degeneration, reduced number of neurons in the cortex, reduced glycogen, increased IL-6 and TNF-α expression, high apoptotic index, and reduced animal weight and the brain. Treatment with melatonin associated or not with insulin prevented such effects. Thus, we conclude that melatonin associated with insulin may be an alternative for avoiding the impact of diabetes in the brain’s frontal cortex.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the weight and body yield of two families of selectively bred tambaqui farmed in different environments. Two families (FA and FB) were reared in the municipalities (environments) of Santo Antônio de Leverger (MT) and Campo Grande (MS) for 431 days. Pre-bleeding weight, body yield, and the interaction effect between families and environments on these traits were investigated. No interaction effect between the evaluated families and environments was detected on the evaluated traits. Pre-bleeding weight did not differ significantly between the families in MT (FA: 2,421.7g; FB: 2,478.0g) or in MS (FA: 1,138.7g; FB: 1,389.8g), but the fish from MT had a higher (P<0.05) pre-bleeding weight than those farmed in MS. The visceral fat yield (considering the two environments) was higher (P<0.05) in FB family (3.8%) than in FA family (3.3%).Fish from MS showed higher (P<0.05) offal yield (10.6%) and visceral fat yield (3.9%) but a lower clean-trunk yield (70.6%) than the tambaqui farmed in MT (offal: 7.7%; visceral fat: 3.1%; and clean trunk: 72.6%). In conclusion, the MT environment provides higher pre-bleeding weight and clean-trunk yield and lower offal and visceral-fat yields than the MS environment.

The neurochemical mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain (NP) are related to peripheral and central sensitization caused by the release of inflammatory mediators in the peripheral damaged tissue and ectopic discharges from the injured nerve, leading to a hyperexcitable state of spinal dorsal horn neurons. The aim of this work was to clarify the role played by cyclooxygenase (COX) in the lesioned peripheral nerve in the development and maintenance of NP by evaluating at which moment the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin, a non-selective COX inhibitor, attenuated mechanical allodynia after placing one loose ligature around the nervus ischiadicus, an adaptation of Bennett and Xie's model in rodents. NP was induced in male Wistar rats by subjecting them to chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the nervus ischiadicus, placing one loose ligature around the peripheral nerve, and a sham surgery (without CCI) was used as control. Indomethacin (2 mg/kg) or vehicle was intraperitoneally and acutely administered in each group of rats and at different time windows (1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days) after the CCI or sham surgical procedures, followed by von Frey's test for 30 min. The data showed that indomethacin decreased the mechanical allodynia threshold of rats on the first, second, and fourth days after CCI (P<0.05). These findings suggested that inflammatory mechanisms are involved in the induction of NP and that COX-1 and COX-2 are involved in the induction but not in the maintenance of NP.

RESUMO: Após a poda da mandioca, inicia-se um novo ciclo de crescimento, sendo necessário o controle das plantas daninhas. Portanto, objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar a seletividade e a eficiência da aplicação sequencial de herbicidas isolados e em misturas em tanque com e sem adição de adubo foliar, depois da poda da mandioca. Realizaram-se dois experimentos com delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos do experimento 1 consistiram em: testemunha sem capina, testemunha capinada, mesotriona, mesotriona/mesotriona, [mesotriona+adubo foliar]/[mesotriona+adubo foliar], mesotriona/[mesotriona+adubo foliar], [mesotriona+cletodim], [mesotriona+cletodim+adubo foliar]/[mesotriona+ cletodim+adubo foliar], [mesotriona+cletodim]/[mesotriona+cletodim], [mesotriona+cletodim]/clorimuron, [mesotriona+ cletodim]/clorimuron+adubo foliar], [mesotriona+cletodim+adubo foliar]/[clorimuron+ cletodim+adubo foliar], [mesotriona+cletodim]/[clorimuron+cletodim]. Os tratamentos do experimento 2 consistiram em: testemunha sem capina, testemunha capinada, clorimuron, [clorimuron+adubo foliar]/[clorimuron+adubo foliar], clorimuron/clorimuron, clorimuron+cletodim, [clorimuron+cletodim+adubo foliar]/[clorimuron+cletodim+adubo foliar], [clorimuron+cletodim] /[clorimuron+cletodim], [clorimuron+cletodim]/[mesotriona+adubo foliar], [clorimuron+cletodim]/mesotriona, [clorimuron+cletodim+adubo foliar]/[mesotriona+cletodim+adubo foliar], [clorimuron+cletodim]/[mesotriona+cletodim]. As doses utilizadas em ambos os experimentos de mesotriona, cletodim e clorimuron foram de 240, 120 e 20 g ha-1, respectivamente, enquanto para o adubo foliar utilizaram-se 2,5 L do produto comercial (Amino Plus®). A primeira aplicação ocorreu 50 dias após a poda, e a segunda, aos 22 dias após a primeira aplicação. No experimento 1, a aplicação do mesotriona, mesotriona/mesotriona e [mesotriona+cletodim]/[mesotriona+cletodim] apresentaram seletividade à mandioca e foram eficientes no controle de plantas daninhas. No experimento 2, o clorimuron+cletodim]/mesotriona, [clorimuron+cletodim+adubo foliar] /[mesotriona+cletodim+ adubo foliar] e [clorimuron+cletodim]/[mesotriona+cletodim] foram eficientes no controle, porém todos os tratamentos não foram seletivos. A adição de adubo foliar à calda não contribuiu para o aumento da seletividade.

ABSTRACT: A new cycle of growth begins after pruning of cassava, and weed control is necessary. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the selectivity and efficiency of sequential application of herbicides alone and in mixture with and without of foliar fertilizer after pruning of cassava. Two experiments were carried out in a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments of Experiment 1 consisted of control without weeding; control with weeding; mesotrione; mesotrione/mesotrione; mesotrione + foliar fertilizer/mesotrione + foliar fertilizer; mesotrione/mesotrione + foliar fertilizer; mesotrione + clethodim; mesotrione + clethodim + foliar fertilizer/mesotrione + clethodim + foliar fertilizer; mesotrione + clethodim/mesotrione + clethodim; mesotrione + clethodim/chlorimuron; mesotrione + clethodim/chlorimuron + foliar fertilizer; mesotrione + clethodim + foliar fertilizer/chlorimuron + clethodim + foliar fertilizer; mesotrione + clethodim/chlorimuron + clethodim]. Treatments of Experiment 2 consisted of control without weeding; control with weeding; chlorimuron; chlorimuron + foliar fertilizer/chlorimuron + foliar fertilizer; chlorimuron/chlorimuron; chlorimuron + clethodim; chlorimuron + clethodim + foliar fertilizer/chlorimuron + clethodim + foliar fertilizer; chlorimuron + clethodim/chlorimuron + clethodim; chlorimuron + clethodim/mesotrione + foliar fertilizer; chlorimuron + clethodim/mesotrione; chlorimuron + clethodim + foliar fertilizer/mesotrione + clethodim + foliar fertilizer; chlorimuron + clethodim/mesotrione + clethodim. The doses of mesotrione, clethodim, and chlorimuron used in both experiments were 240, 120, and 20 g ha-1, respectively, while 2.5 L of the commercial product Amino Plus® was used as foliar fertilizer. The first application was carried out at 50 days after pruning and the second application at 22 days after the first application. In Experiment 1, the application of mesotrione, mesotrione/mesotrione, and mesotrione + clethodim/mesotrione + clethodim showed selectivity to cassava and were efficient in weed control. In Experiment 2, chlorimuron + clethodim/mesotrione, chlorimuron + clethodim + foliar fertilizer/mesotrione + clethodim + foliar fertilizer, and chlorimuron + clethodim/mesotrione + clethodim were efficient in weed control, but no treatment was selective. The addition of foliar fertilizer to the spray solution did not contribute to increase selectivity.

Anaphylactic shock can be defined as an acute syndrome, and it is the most severe clinical manifestation of allergic diseases. Anaphylactoid reactions are similar to anaphylactic events but differ in the pathophysiological mechanism. Nitric oxide (NO) inhibitors during anaphylaxis suggest that NO might decrease the signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis but exacerbate associated vasodilation. Therefore, blocking the effects of NO on vascular smooth muscle by inhibiting the guanylate cyclase (GC) would be a reasonable strategy. This study aimed to investigate the effects of NO/cGMP pathway inhibitors methylene blue (MB), Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME), and indigo carmine (IC) in shock induced by compound 48/80 (C48/80) in rats. The effect was assessed by invasive blood pressure measurement. Shock was initiated by C48/80 intravenous bolus injection 5 min before (prophylactic) or after (treatment) the administration of the inhibitors MB (3 mg/kg), L-NAME (1 mg/kg), and IC (3 mg/kg). Of the groups that received drugs as prophylaxis for shock, only the IC group did not present the final systolic blood pressure (SBP) better than the C48/80 group. Regarding shock treatment with the drugs tested, all groups had the final SBP similar to the C48/80group. Altogether, our results suggested that inhibition of GC and NO synthase in NO production pathway was not sufficient to revert hypotension or significantly improve survival.

The aim of this study was to evaluate intake, performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of lambs fed finishing diets containing 0%, 7.5% and 15% safflower seeds (Carthamus tinctorius) as a replacement for corn and soybean meal. Thirty-six male lambs with mean bodyweight of 17.9 ± 1.8 kg were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: C0: no safflower seeds, C7.5: 7.5%safflower seeds in diet (DM basis), and C15: 15% safflower seeds in diet (DM basis). The lambs were fed in pens of two and thus there were six replicates per treatment. Performance and carcass characteristics were not affected by including safflower seeds in their diet. Animals fed 7.5% safflower seeds had greater dry matter intake. There was a linear effect of increasing the redness (a*) of meat with the amount of safflower, where a mean of 15.77 was found for lambs that received the C15 diet. With increasing levels of safflower, the concentration of fatty acids C14:0, C17:0, and C22:1 increased. However, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, C18:2) was reduced in lambs fed C15. A concentration of 0.461 g/100 g meat was observed for animals that consumed C7.5. Thus, lambs fed a diet containing 7.5% safflower had the greatest dry matter intake, carcass fat, and concentration of conjugated linoleic acid in their meat, and enhanced meat colour.

Abstract: What controls the formation of patchy substrates of white sand vegetation in the Amazonian lowlands is still unclear. This research integrated the geological history and plant inventories of a white sand vegetation patch confined to one large fan-shaped sandy substrate of northern Amazonia, which is related to a megafan environment. We examined floristic patterns to determine whether abundant species are more often generalists than the rarer one, by comparing the megafan environments and older basement rocks. We also investigated the pattern of species accumulation as a function of increasing sampling effort. All plant groups recorded a high proportion of generalist species on the megafan sediments compared to older basement rocks. The vegetation structure is controlled by topographic gradients resulting from the smooth slope of the megafan morphology and microreliefs imposed by various megafan subenvironments. Late Pleistocene-Holocene environmental disturbances caused by megafan sedimentary processes controlled the distribution of white sand vegetation over a large area of the Amazonian lowlands, and may have also been an important factor in species diversification during this period. The integration of geological and biological data may shed new light on the existence of many patches of white sand vegetation from the plains of northern Amazonia.