RESUMO A floresta tropical é extremamente explorada e fragmentada, sendo imprescindível a coleta de sementes nativas, a fim de atender a crescente demanda para sua restauração e manutenção da biodiversidade. Dessa forma, objetiva-se selecionar fragmentos florestais potenciais com maior grau de conservação para a colheita de sementes, via utilização e associação da ecologia da paisagem à lógica Fuzzy. O estudo foi realizado na bacia hidrográfica do rio Itapemirim. Foram realizadas as etapas de seleção e fotointerpretação das imagens; determinação do erro; aplicação dos índices métricos de ecologia da paisagem; aplicação da lógica Fuzzy em aplicativo computacional e validação da metodologia in loco. Foram determinados 7.515 fragmentos florestais, correspondendo a 19,21% da área de estudo, com 89,53% de acertos. Os fragmentos menores que 5 ha são os mais frágeis e possuem risco de extinção, enquanto os maiores que 300 ha possuem menor risco de extinção, mesmo com o aumento da borda. Com a aplicação da lógica Fuzzy, a média ficou entre 0,15, desvio padrão de 0,24 e o coeficiente de variação em 161,73 %. O Cenário 1 (FLONA de Pacotuba) possui 10,25% de famílias, 25,92 % de gêneros e 33,62% de espécies a mais que o Cenário 2 (PEAMA Ifes Campus de Alegre), entre os indivíduos identificados. A associação das técnicas de ecologia da paisagem e lógica Fuzzy possibilitou identificar os fragmentos em maior grau de conservação, com potencial para colheita de sementes florestais. fragmentada nativas biodiversidade forma objetivase objetiva se Itapemirim imagens erro loco 7515 7 515 7.51 1921 19 21 19,21 8953 89 53 89,53 acertos extinção 30 borda 015 0 15 0,15 024 24 0,2 16173 161 73 161,7 FLONA Pacotuba 1025 10 25 10,25 famílias 2592 92 25,9 3362 33 62 33,62 PEAMA Alegre, Alegre , Alegre) identificados 751 51 7.5 192 19,2 895 8 89,5 3 01 0,1 02 0, 1617 16 161, 102 10,2 259 9 25, 336 6 33,6 75 7. 19, 89, 10, 33,

ABSTRACT The tropical forest is extremely exploited and fragmented, making it essential to collect native seeds to meet the growing demand for its restoration and maintenance of biodiversity. Thus, the objective is to select potential forest fragments with a higher degree of conservation for seed harvesting, through the use and association of landscape ecology with fuzzy logic. The study was carried out in the watershed of the Itapemirim river. The stages of selection and photointerpretation of the images were carried out; error determination; application of landscape ecology metric indices; application of fuzzy logic in a computational application and validation of the methodology in loco. 7,515 forest fragments were determined, corresponding to 19.21% of the study area, with 89.53% of hits. Fragments smaller than 5 ha are the most fragile and are at risk of extinction, while those larger than 300 ha have a lower risk of extinction, even with the increase in the edge. With the application of fuzzy logic, the mean was between 0.15, standard deviation of 0.24 and the coefficient of variation at 161.73%. Scenario 1 (FLONA of Pacotuba), has 10.25% of families, 25.92% of genera and 33.62% of species more than Scenario 2 (PEAMA Ifes Campus of Alegre), among the identified individuals. The association of landscape ecology techniques and fuzzy logic made it possible to identify fragments with a higher degree of conservation, with potential for harvesting forest seeds. fragmented biodiversity Thus river determination indices loco 7515 7 515 7,51 determined 1921 19 21 19.21 area 8953 89 53 89.53 hits extinction 30 edge 015 0 15 0.15 024 24 0.2 16173 161 73 161.73% FLONA Pacotuba, Pacotuba , Pacotuba) 1025 10 25 10.25 families 2592 92 25.92 3362 33 62 33.62 PEAMA Alegre, Alegre Alegre) individuals 751 51 7,5 192 19.2 895 8 89.5 3 01 0.1 02 0. 1617 16 161.73 102 10.2 259 9 25.9 336 6 33.6 75 7, 19. 89. 161.7 10. 25. 33. 161.

Resumo Antecedentes A síndrome inflamatória de reconstituição imune (SIRI) da leucoencefalopatia multifocal progressiva (LEMP) em pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids (PVHA) foi raramente descrita em países de baixa e média renda. Objetivo Descrever a prevalência da SIRI-LEMP- em PVHA com LEMP e suas principais características em um hospital no Brasil. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo de coorte retrospectivo. Incluímos PVHA com SIRI-LEMP admitidos no Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, Brasil, entre 2011 e 2021. Recuperamos informações sobre manifestações neurológicas, neuroimagem, tratamento e desfecho. Resultados Identificamos 11 (11,8%) casos de SIRI-LEMP entre 93 pacientes com LEMP definitiva. Oito (73%) casos eram homens e a mediana de idade (amplitude interquartile - AIQ) foi de 41 (27–50) anos. Sete (63,6%) pacientes desenvolveram SIRI-LEMP “desmascarada” e 4 (36,4%) casos apresentaram SIRI-LEMP “paradoxal”. A mediana de tempo (AIQ) desde o início da terapia antirretroviral combinada (cART) até o diagnóstico de SIRI foi de 49 (30–70) dias. Dez (90,9%) pacientes receberam corticoide. Houve 4 (36%) óbitos intra-hospitalares e 3 foram associados à pneumonia hospitalar. Dos 7 (64%) pacientes que sobreviveram, 5 (71,5%) ficaram com sequelas na alta. Um ano após o diagnóstico de SIRI-LEMP, 6 (54,5%) pacientes estavam vivos. Conclusão A prevalência de SIRI-LEMP foi de 11,8%. A maioria dos pacientes apresentava SIRI-LEMP “desmascarada”. A mortalidade e morbidade hospitalar foram altas. A sobrevida em 1 ano foi semelhante à descrita em alguns países de alta renda. (SIRI (LEMP HIVAids HIV Aids (PVHA renda SIRILEMP Brasil retrospectivo Ribas Paulo 201 2021 neurológicas neuroimagem desfecho 11,8% 118 8 (11,8% 9 definitiva 73% 73 (73% amplitude AIQ 27–50 2750 27 50 (27–50 anos 63,6% 636 63 (63,6% desmascarada “desmascarada 36,4% 364 36 (36,4% paradoxal. paradoxal . “paradoxal” (AIQ cART (cART 30–70 3070 30 70 (30–70 dias 90,9% 909 90 (90,9% corticoide 36% (36% intrahospitalares intra hospitalares 64% 64 (64% sobreviveram 71,5% 715 71 (71,5% SIRILEMP, LEMP, 54,5% 545 54 (54,5% vivos desmascarada. altas 20 202 11,8 (11,8 (73 27–5 275 2 (27–5 63,6 (63,6 36,4 (36,4 “paradoxal 30–7 307 (30–7 90,9 (90,9 (36 (64 71,5 (71,5 54,5 (54,5 11, (11, (7 27– (27– 63, (63, 36, (36, 30– (30– 90, (90, (3 (6 71, (71, 54, (54, (11 ( (27 (63 (30 (90 (71 (54 (1 (2 (9 (5

Abstract Background Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) - immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) has been rarely described in low- and middle-income countries. Objective To describe the prevalence of PML-IRIS among PLWHA with PML and its main features in a tertiary hospital in Brazil. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study. We included PLWHA with PML-IRIS patients admitted at Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, Brazil, between 2011 and 2021. We retrieved information on neurological manifestations, neuroimaging findings, treatments, and outcomes. Results We identified 11 (11.8%) PML-IRIS cases among 93 patients with definite PML. Eight (73%) cases were men and had a median (IQR) age of 41 (27–50) years. Seven (63.6%) patients developed unmasking PML-IRIS and 4 (36.4%) had paradoxical PML-IRIS. The median (IQR) time from initiation of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) to IRIS diagnosis was 49 (30–70) days. Ten (90.9%) patients received corticosteroids. There were 4 (36%) in-hospital deaths and 3 were associated with hospital-acquired pneumonia. Among the 7 (64%) patients who survived, 5 (71.5%) had sequelae at discharge. One year after the PML-IRIS diagnosis, 6 (54.5%) patients were alive. Conclusion The prevalence of PML-IRIS was 11.8%. Most patients had unmasking PML-IRIS. In-hospital mortality and morbidity were high. One-year survival was similar to that described in some high-income countries. (PML (IRIS HIVAIDS HIV AIDS (PLWHA low middleincome middle income countries PMLIRIS Brazil study Ribas Paulo 201 2021 manifestations findings treatments outcomes 1 11.8% 118 8 (11.8% 9 73% 73 (73% IQR (IQR 27–50 2750 27 50 (27–50 years 63.6% 636 63 (63.6% 36.4% 364 36 (36.4% PMLIRIS. IRIS. cART (cART 30–70 3070 30 70 (30–70 days 90.9% 909 90 (90.9% corticosteroids 36% (36% inhospital hospitalacquired acquired pneumonia 64% 64 (64% survived 71.5% 715 71 (71.5% discharge 54.5% 545 54 (54.5% alive Inhospital In high Oneyear highincome 20 202 11.8 (11.8 (73 27–5 275 2 (27–5 63.6 (63.6 36.4 (36.4 30–7 307 (30–7 90.9 (90.9 (36 (64 71.5 (71.5 54.5 (54.5 11. (11. (7 27– (27– 63. (63. 36. (36. 30– (30– 90. (90. (3 (6 71. (71. 54. (54. (11 ( (27 (63 (30 (90 (71 (54 (1 (2 (9 (5

Abstract Objective: To evaluate physical and mental health indicators in adolescents with preexisting chronic immunocompromised conditions during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) quarantine. Methods: A cross-sectional study included 355 adolescents with chronic conditions and 111 healthy adolescents. An online self-rated survey was used to investigate socio-demographic features, healthcare routine, and the quarantine impact on physical and mental health. The validated self-reported version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was also applied. Results: The median of age [14 (10–18) vs. 15 (10–18) years, p = 0.733] and frequencies of female (61% vs. 60%, p = 0.970) were similar between adolescents with preexisting chronic conditions and healthy adolescents during quarantine of COVID-19 pandemic. The frequencies of abnormal total difficulties score of SDQ were similar in patients and controls (30% vs. 31%, p = 0.775). Logistic regression analysis showed that being female (OR = 1.965; 95% CI = 1.091–3.541, p = 0.024), fear of underlying disease activity/complication (OR = 1.009; 95%CI = 1.001–1.018, p = 0.030) were associated with severe psychosocial dysfunction in adolescents with chronic conditions, whereas school homework (OR = 0.449; 95% CI = 0.206–0.981, p = 0.045) and physical activity (OR = 0.990; 95% CI = 0.981–0.999, p = 0.030) were protective factors. Further analysis of patients with chronic immunocompromised conditions and previous diagnosis of mental disorders (9%) compared with patients without diagnosis showed higher median of total difficulties score (p = 0.001), emotional (p = 0.005), conduct (p = 0.007), peer problems (p = 0.001) and hyperactivity (p = 0.034) in the former group. Conclusion: Adolescents with preexisting chronic immunocompromised conditions during COVID-19 quarantine were not at higher risk of adverse health indicators. Being female, fear of underlying disease activity/complication, and household members working outside of the home were relevant issues for adolescents with preexisting chronic conditions. This study reinforces the need to establish mental health strategies for teens with chronic conditions, particularly during the pandemic.

Abstract Objective To evaluate whether there is a significant difference in somatostatin analog uptake in meningiomas treated or not with radiation therapy. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed comparing measurements of somatostatin analog (68Ga-DOTATATE) uptake in two independent groups of ten patients each - one consisting of patients with meningiomas previously treated with radiation therapy and another comprising patients who had never been submitted to radiation therapy. All patients underwent PET/CT and MRI scans in an interval shorter than 24 hours between exams. Results A total of 32 meningiomas from 20 patients were analyzed, all presenting significant somatostatin analog uptake in different degrees. The uptake levels of somatostatin analog were similar between the lesions treated or not with radiation therapy, and the mean values of SUVmax were 27.62 and 24.82, respectively (p=0.722). For SUVmean, the values were 16.20 and 14.82, respectively (p=0.822). Conclusion Comparative analysis between the groups showed no significant differences in degree of somatostatin analog uptake in successfully irradiated and non-irradiated meningiomas.

Résumé: Dans cet article, on fait le rapport d'une expérience réalisée avec des étudiants du lycée d'après la théorie de la socioépistémologie et en adoptant l'ingénierie didactique comme méthode de recherche. L'objectif a été de susciter une ambiance spéciale qui permettrait l'émergence du logarithmique en utilisant du matériel maniable et en récupérant les arguments originaires de Stiffer, Napier et Briggs. L'analyse des argumentations des étudiants, individuelles et en groupe, qui ont émergé de la découverte de la règle de multiplier en additionnant en tant qu'outil pour rendre plus facile les calculs et en l'utilisant pour construire plus de fiches et la fiche générale du jeu ; met en évidence une approche a la « covariación » et les propriétés logarithmiques.

Resumo: Neste texto relatamos uma experiência realizada com alunos do ensino médio com base no Socioepistemologia e adotando engenharia didática como metodologia de pesquisa. O objetivo foi criar um ambiente particular favorecendo o aparecimento do logarítmo usando material manipulável resgatando alguns argumentos primários de Stiffer, Napier y Briggs. A análise dos argumentos individuais e grupais dos alunos, que emergem ao descobrir a regra da multiplicar adicionando como uma ferramenta para facilitar os cálculos e a sua utilização para construir mais peças do jogo bem como as peças gerais, revela uma aproximação à covariância e propriedades dos logaritmos.

Abstract: In this article we report an experience carried out with senior high school students based on Socioepistemology and adopting didactic engineering as research methodology. The purpose was to generate a particular environment that would favor the emergence of the logarithmic using manageable materials, rescuing primordial arguments by Stiffer, Napier y Briggs. The analysis of the students' individual and collective argumentations which arise when discovering and using the rule of multiply by summing as a tool to facilitate operations in order to construct more charts as well as the game's general chart, demonstrates an approach to the covariation and the logarithmic properties.

Resumen: En este artículo reportamos una experiencia realizada con estudiantes de bachillerato fundamentada en la Socioepistemología y tomando elementos de la Ingeniería didáctica como metodología de investigación. El propósito fue generar un ambiente particular que favoreciera la emergencia de lo logarítmico utilizando material manipulable rescatando argumentos primigenios de Stiffer, Napier y Briggs. El análisis de las argumentaciones individuales y grupales de los estudiantes que emergen al descubrir la regla de multiplicar sumando como herramienta para facilitar cálculos y utilizarla para construir más fichas y la ficha general del juego, evidencia un acercamiento a la covariación y propiedades logarítmicas.

The municipality of San Juan Colorado is located in the southwestern part of the state of Oaxaca and has an approximate area of 86 km2. The aim of this study was to elaborate a checklist of the monocots present in the zone, a place that has never been botanically explored before. Conventional methods of botanical collection were used. Specimens were collected at random in different places in the area. As a result, 23 families, 81 genera and 139 species of monocots were found, the families best represented are Orchidaceae, Poaceae and Cyperaceae. With this study we contribute with new floristic information for the municipality, including 14 new records for Oaxaca (12 species, one subspecies and one variety). This work is the first floristic study in the municipality, and we report 50% of the monocot families known to the country (23 of 46) and 55% to the state (23 of 42).

El municipio de San Juan Colorado se encuentra en la parte sudoccidental del estado de Oaxaca y cuenta con una superficie aproximada de 86 km2. El objetivo de este estudio fue elaborar un listado florístico de las monocotiledóneas presentes en el municipio, lugar que nunca antes había sido explorado botánicamente. Se utilizaron los métodos convencionales de recolección de ejemplares botánicos al azar en diferentes localidades de la zona. Como resultado, se ubicaron en la zona 23 familias, 81 géneros y 139 especies de monocotiledóneas, siendo las mejor representadas las Orchidaceae, Poaceae y Cyperaceae. Con este estudio aportamos nuevos datos para el municipio, además de 14 nuevos registros para Oaxaca, de los cuales 12 corresponden a especies, uno a subespecie y uno a una variedad. Este es el primer trabajo florístico realizado en la zona. La lista florística generada incluye el 50% de las familias de monocotiledóneas registradas para el país (23 de 46) y el 55% de las registradas en el estado (23 de 42).

Several studies have been conducted in recent years to elucidate the structure, function and significance of AcrB, MarA, SoxS and RamA in Salmonella enterica. In this study, the relative quantification of acrB, soxS, marA and ramA genes expression was evaluated in 14 strains of S. enterica, with or without accompanying mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of the gyrA gene, that were exposed to ciprofloxacin during the exponential growth phase. The presence of ciprofloxacin during the log phase of bacterial growth activated the genes marA, soxS, ramA and acrB in all S. enterica strains analyzed in this study. The highest expression levels for acrB were observed in strains with gyrA mutation, and marA showed the highest expression in the strains without mutation. Considering only the strains with ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentration values < 0.125 [1]g/mL (sensitive to ciprofloxacin), the most expressed gene in the strains both with and without mutations was acrB. In the strains with ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentration values > 0.125 [1]g/mL (low susceptibility), with and without mutations in gyrA, the most expressed gene was marA. In this study, we observed that strains resistant to nalidixic acid may express genes associated with the efflux pump and the expression of the AcrAB-TolC pump genes seems to occur independently of mutations in gyrA.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Anemia e transfusões sanguíneas são comuns em terapia intensiva. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a epidemiologia e resultados em pacientes críticos sob o regime de transfusão restritiva. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo de coorte, prospectivo e observacional em unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital terciário. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos todos adultos admitidos na unidade durante um ano e que permaneceram internados por mais de 72 horas, exceto pacientes com lesão coronariana aguda, isquemia cerebral aguda, hemorragia aguda, transfusão anterior, mulheres grávidas e testemunhas de Jeová. A estratégia restritiva consiste na transfusão indicada com a hemoglobina inferior ou igual a 7.0 g/dl. RESULTADOS: Totalizando 167 pacientes incluídos, APACHE II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health disease II) foi de 28,9 ± 6,5. O valor da hemoglobina basal foi de 10,6 ± 2.2 g/dl e no 28º dia foi de 8,2 ± 1.3 g/dl (P < 0,001). 35% dos pacientes receberam transfusões. No grupo de transfusão 61,1% não sobreviveram versus 48,6% do grupo não transfusão (P = 0,03). A transfusão foi fator de risco independente de mortalidade (P = 0,011; odds ratio, OR = 2,67; intervalo de confiança, IC 95% = 1,25-5,69). A internação na unidade de terapia intensiva e hospitalar foi maior no grupo de transfusão: 20,0 (3,0-83,0) versus 8,0 (3,0-63,0) dias (P < 0,001); e 24,0 (3,0-140,0) versus 14,0 (3,0-80,0) dias (P = 0,002). CONCLUSÕES: Em pacientes graves, observou-se redução da hemoglobina com a progressão da permanência na UTI. Além disso, a transfusão foi associada com piores prognósticos.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Anemia and blood transfusions are common in intensive care. This study aimed to evaluate epidemiology and outcomes among critically ill patients under a restrictive transfusion strategy. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective observational cohort study in an intensive care unit (ICU) at a tertiary hospital. METHODS: All adults admitted to the ICU over a one-year period who remained there for more than 72 hours were included, except those with acute coronary syndrome, ischemic stroke, acute hemorrhage, prior transfusion, pregnant women and Jehovah's Witnesses. The restrictive strategy consisted of transfusion indicated when hemoglobin levels were less than or equal to 7.0 g/dl. RESULTS: The study enrolled 167 patients; the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) score was 28.9 ± 6.5. The baseline hemoglobin level was 10.6 ± 2.2 g/dl and on day 28, it was 8.2 ± 1.3 g/dl (P < 0.001). Transfusions were administered to 35% of the patients. In the transfusion group, 61.1% did not survive, versus 48.6% in the non-transfusion group (P = 0.03). Transfusion was an independent risk factor for mortality (P = 0.011; odds ratio, OR = 2.67; 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.25 to 5.69). ICU stay and hospital stay were longer in the transfusion group: 20.0 (3.0-83.0) versus 8.0 (3.0-63.0) days (P < 0,001); and 24.0 (3.0-140.0) versus 14.0 (3.0-80.0) days (P = 0.002), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In critically ill patients, there was a reduction in hemoglobin with increasing length of ICU stay. Moreover, transfusion was associated with worse prognoses.

A hybrid, named tricepiro, was obtained in 1972, by crossing a hexaploid triticale (2n=6x=42) and an octoploid trigopiro (2n=8x=56). The lines achieved include the tricepiro Don René INTA, which has shriveled kernels, and FA-L2, which has smooth ones. The relationship between the heterochromatin content of the rye chromosomes, the seed weight, the presence of meiotic abnormalities and the kernel shriveling has been documented previously in other intergeneric hybrids. The purpose of this study was to determine the average percentage of heterochromatin content in the rye chromosomes of the two tricepiro lines mentioned above and to relate this feature to some characteristics of the meiosis and seeds. We confirmed that the two lines have the same total chromosome number (2n=42) and the same number of rye chromosomes (14). We found that both lines have a complete chromosome mating until late diakinesis, but differ in the percentage of cells with univalents outside the equatorial plate in Metaphase I (Don René 42.85% and FA-L2 14.00%). In addition, the two lines differed in their meiotic index (Don René 66.47% and FA-L2 87.90%) and seed weight (Don René 0.029 ± 0.000 g and FA-L2 0.038 ± 0.001 g). The C-banding in rye chromosomes in mitotic metaphase indicated that the average percentage of heterochromatin content did not differ significantly between the two lines. In contrast to our expectations, the meiotic behavior and seed characteristics were not related to the heterochromatin percentage of the rye chromosomes of the tricepiro lines studied.

Al cruzar un triticale hexaploide (2n=6x=42) y un trigopiro octoploide (2n=8x=56) se obtuvo, en 1972, un híbrido denominado tricepiro. Entre las líneas que se lograron están tricepiro Don René INTA que posee semillas arrugadas y FA-L2 con semillas lisas. El contenido de heterocromatina de los cromosomas de centeno en otros híbridos intergenéricos ha sido relacionado con la rugosidad y peso de las semillas, así como con la presencia de anormalidades meióticas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar, en ambas líneas mencionadas anteriormente, el porcentaje promedio de heterocromatina presente en los cromosomas de centeno y relacionar este valor con características de la meiosis y de las semillas. Confirmamos que las dos líneas tienen el mismo número cromosómico (2n=42) y el mismo número de cromosomas de centeno (14). Encontramos que ambas presentan un apareamiento completo de los cromosomas hasta diacinesis tardía, pero difieren en el porcentaje de células con univalentes fuera de la placa ecuatorial en Metafase I (Don René 42,.85 % y FA-L2 14,00 %). Además, ambas líneas difieren en el Índice Meiótico (Don René 66,47 % y FA-L2 87,90 %) y en el peso de las semillas (Don René 0,029 ± 0,000 g y FA-L2 0,038 ± 0,001 g). El análisis de las bandas C, hecho en metafases mitóticas, indicó que el porcentaje promedio del contenido de heterocromatina presente en los cromosomas de centeno, no difiere significativamente entre las dos líneas. Contrariamente a nuestras expectativas, el comportamiento meiótico y las características de las semillas no mostraron relación con el porcentaje de heterocromatina presente en los cromosomas de centeno de las líneas híbridas estudiadas.

We studied three different tricepiros: (Don Santiago x Don Noé), (Cumé x Horovitz) and (Cumé x Don Noé). The tricepiro (Don Santiago x Don Noé) was obtained by crossing the triticale Don Santiago INTA (AABBRR, 2n = 6x = 42) with the trigopiro Don Noé INTA (AABBDDJJ, 2n = 8x = 56). The number of chromosomes for the F1 was 2n = 49, the most frequent meiotic configuration being 14 bivalents and 21 univalents. The univalents were situated in the periphery of the equatorial plane, whereas the bivalents were located in the central zone. The chromatids in some of the univalents split when bivalents underwent reductional division in anaphase I. There were few laggard chromosomes or chromatids at this phase. The number of chromosomes (2n = 48-58) was high and variable, and the number of bivalents per cell (18-23) also high in F3 individuals. In all F8 tricepiros (Don Santiago x Don Noé), F12 tricepiros (Cumé x Horovitz) and F12 tricepiros (Cumé x Don Noé), the number of chromosomes (2n = 42) was the same, these retaining the rye genome, as demonstrated by GISH and FISH. These new synthesized allopolyploids constitute interesting models for investigating the evolutionary changes responsible for diploidization, and the chromosomal and genomic re-ordering that cannot be revealed in natural allopolyploids.

En adoptant un point de vue socioépistémologique, il est possible de parler d'une trame constituée par les pratiques sociales _et les représentations sociales que ces dernières génèrent_ qui serait à la base d'un dialogue différent du discours éducatif dominant. Dans cet article, notre réflexion portera sur les arguments développés par les étudiants en licence de mathématiques lorsqu'ils abordent la construction géométrique des fonctions quadratiques et logarithmiques et qu'ils se servent de la géométrie dynamique pour les reconnaître et les définir. Ce travail a pour base théorique l'ingénierie didactique en tant que méthode d'investigation, raison pour laquelle nous y incluons certaines réflexions faites à partir d'un discours mathématique éducatif et d'autres à partir de l'épistémologie de la fonction logarithme ainsi qu'un bref état de l'art qui porte sur ces notions.

Do ponto de vista socioepistemológico, a rede de práticas sociais e de representações que as mesmas geram, estabelecem um diálogo distinto do discurso escolar vigente. Neste artigo, reflectiremos sobre os argumentos que os alunos da licenciatura em matemática utilizaram, perante a construção geométrica das funções quadrática e logarítmica utilizando o ambiente de geometria dinâmica, para reconhecer e descrever as funções mencionadas. Este trabalho desenvolveu-se utilizando a engenharia didáctica como metodologia de investigação, portanto incluímos algumas reflexões a partir do discurso matemático escolar, da epistemologia da função logaritmo e um breve estado da arte destas noções.

From a socioepistomological view, the intertwined social practices and self-generated social representations, establish a dialog different from the prevailing school discourse. In this report, we reflect about mathematics majors' argumentations about the geometric construction of the quadratic and logarithm functions using a geometric dynamic system. This work has been developed using the engineering didactic as a research method hence we include some reflections from the mathematical school discourse, from the epistemology of the logarithm function, and a brief state of the art about these notions.

Desde una visión socioepistemológica, el entramado de prácticas sociales y representaciones sociales que las mismas generan, establecen un diálogo diferente al discurso escolar imperante. En este reporte, reflexionaremos sobre los argumentos que los alumnos de licenciatura en matemáticas utilizaron, ante la construcción geométrica de las funciones cuadrática y logarítmica utilizando el ambiente de geometría dinámica, para reconocer y describir las funciones mencionadas. Este trabajo se ha desarrollado utilizando la ingeniería didáctica como metodología de investigación por tanto incluimos algunas reflexiones desde el discurso matemático escolar, desde la epistemología de la función logaritmo y un breve estado de arte de estas nociones.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Hipotermia inadvertida no perioperatório é freqüente durante anestesia subaracnóidea e após a administração de midazolam. O objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos do aquecimento da pele no intra-operatório, associado ou não ao aquecimento da pele durante o período de 45 minutos no pré-operatório, na prevenção de hipotermia intra- e pós-operatória determinada pela anestesia subaracnóidea em pacientes com medicação pré-anestésica com midazolam. TIPO DE ETUDO E LOCAL: Estudo prospectivo e aleatório, realizado no Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Botucatu, SP. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado em 30 pacientes com estado físico ASA (da Sociedade Norte-americana de Anestesiologistas) I e II submetidos à cirurgia eletiva do abdômen. Como medicação pré-anestésica, utilizou-se o midazolam, 7,5 mg via intramuscular (IM) e anestesia subaracnóidea padrão. Em 10 pacientes (Gcontrole) utilizou-se isolamento térmico passivo; 10 pacientes (Gpré+intra) foram submetidos a aquecimento ativo no pré- e intra-operatório; e 10 pacientes (Gintra) foram aquecidos ativamente somente no intra-operatório. RESULTADOS: Após 45 minutos de aquecimento no pré-operatório, os pacientes do Gpré+intra apresentaram temperatura central mais elevada em relação aos dos grupos não aquecidos antes da anestesia (p < 0,05) mas não no início da cirurgia (p > 0,05). Os pacientes que receberam aquecimento no intra-operatório apresentaram temperatura central mais elevada no final da cirurgia em relação aos de Gcontrole (p < 0,05). Todos os pacientes estavam hipotérmicos na admissão da sala de recuperação pós-anestésica (temperatura central < 36º C). CONCLUSÕES: 45 minutos de aquecimento no pré-operatório combinado com aquecimento no intra- operatório não evita, mas minimiza a ocorrência de hipotermia determinada pela anestesia subaracnóidea em pacientes que receberam midazolam como medicação pré-anestésica.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Inadvertent perioperative hypothermia is common during spinal anesthesia and after midazolam administration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of intraoperative skin-surface warming with and without 45 minutes of preoperative warming in preventing intraoperative and postoperative hypothermia caused by spinal anesthesia in patients with midazolam premedication. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective and randomized study at Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu. METHODS: Thirty patients presenting American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I and II who were scheduled for elective lower abdominal surgery were utilized. The patients received midazolam premedication (7.5 mg by intramuscular injection) and standard spinal anesthesia. Ten patients (Gcontrol) received preoperative and intraoperative passive thermal insulation. Ten patients (Gpre+intra) underwent preoperative and intraoperative active warming. Ten patients (Gintra) were only warmed intraoperatively. RESULTS: After 45 min of preoperative warming, the patients in Gpre+intra had significantly higher core temperatures than did the patients in the unwarmed groups (Gcontrol and Gintra) before the anesthesia (p < 0.05) but not at the beginning of surgery (p > 0.05). The patients who were warmed intraoperatively had significantly higher core temperatures than did the patients in Gcontrol at the end of surgery (p < 0.05). All the patients were hypothermic at admission to the recovery room (T CORE < 36° C). CONCLUSIONS: Forty-five minutes of preoperative warming combined with intraoperative skin-surface warming does not avoid but minimizes hypothermia caused by spinal anesthesia in patients with midazolam premedication.

OBJECTIVES: To improve the quality of care provided to hospitalized children having acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI), to increase the knowledge on this health condition, and to broaden the utilization of health care resources through a program called "Winter Plan". METHODS: The program comprised the use of guidelines for diagnosis and treatment, disease-oriented hospitalizations to provide an increased level of care, management of health care resources and implementation of computerized medical records. Systematic investigation of viral etiology was performed in order to rationalize the use of medications and reduce nosocomial infections. RESULTS: During program implementation (19/V-19/IX/99), 3,317 children were admitted; 1,347 (40.61%) had ALRI, of which 1,096 (81%) were included in the study. Of them, 71% aged less than 1 year. Most ALRI were viral (68%). Admission criteria were: oxygen saturation <95%, tachypnea, retractions or pleural effusion (92.4% of the children). The demand magnitude prevented compliance with isolation guidelines in all cases. Treatment guidelines were followed in a high percentage of cases: 73% of children having bronchiolitis and 72% of those with viral pneumonia received no antibiotics and 96% of children with bacterial pneumonia were put on antibiotics as recommended; use of bronchodilators and corticosteroids was reduced. Medication costs were reduced especially in the corticosteroid group, which meant a greater impact on hospitalization costs. CONCLUSIONS: To decrease ALRI morbidity and mortality there is a need to continue improving the quality of health care during hospitalization and to reinforce health promotion actions and preventive programs at the primary level.

OBJETIVO: Mejorar la calidad de la atención hospitalaria de los niños con infecciones respiratorias agudas bajas, aumentar los conocimientos sobre esa patología y mejorar la eficiencia en el uso de los recursos asistenciales, por medio de una estrategia que se denominó Plan de Invierno.MÉTODOS: La estrategia se basó en la utilización de protocolos de diagnóstico y tratamiento, internación por cuidados progresivos y por enfermedad, adecuación de los recursos asistenciales y creación de un sistema de registro permanente, informatizado. Se incorporó la investigación sistemática de la etiología viral para racionalizar el uso de la medicación y reducir las infecciones intrahospitalarias. RESULTADOS: Durante la aplicación del Plan (19/V-19/IX/99) ingresaron 3.317 niños; 1.347 (40.61%) presentaban infecciones respiratorias agudas bajas. Se captaron 1.096 (81%), de los cuales 71% eran menores de un año. Predominaron las infecciones respiratorias virales (68%). Los criterios de ingreso fueron saturación de oxígeno <95%, polipnea, tiraje o derrame pleural en el 92.4% de los niños. La magnitud de la demanda impidió que las pautas de aislamiento individual o en grupo se cumplieran en todos los casos. El uso de la medicación se ajustó a lo recomendado en un elevado porcentaje: no recibieron antibióticos 73% de las bronquiolitis ni 72% de las neumonías virales, y 96% de las neumonias bacterianas los recibieron según pauta; se redujo el uso de broncodilatadores y de corticoides. El gasto en medicamentos disminuyó fundamentalmente en el grupo de los corticoides y tuvo el mayor impacto en el costo por día/cama de antibióticos. CONCLUSIONES: Disminuir la morbimortalidad por infecciones respiratorias agudas bajas requiere continuar mejorando la calidad de la atención hospitalaria y fortalecer los programas de promoción de salud y de control de las enfermedades prevalentes, en el primer nivel de atención.

OBJECTIVES: To improve the quality of care provided to hospitalized children having acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI), to increase the knowledge on this health condition, and to broaden the utilization of health care resources through a program called "Winter Plan". METHODS: The program comprised the use of guidelines for diagnosis and treatment, disease-oriented hospitalizations to provide an increased level of care, management of health care resources and implementation of computerized medical records. Systematic investigation of viral etiology was performed in order to rationalize the use of medications and reduce nosocomial infections. RESULTS: During program implementation (19/V-19/IX/99), 3,317 children were admitted; 1,347 (40.61%) had ALRI, of which 1,096 (81%) were included in the study. Of them, 71% aged less than 1 year. Most ALRI were viral (68%). Admission criteria were: oxygen saturation <95%, tachypnea, retractions or pleural effusion (92.4% of the children). The demand magnitude prevented compliance with isolation guidelines in all cases. Treatment guidelines were followed in a high percentage of cases: 73% of children having bronchiolitis and 72% of those with viral pneumonia received no antibiotics and 96% of children with bacterial pneumonia were put on antibiotics as recommended; use of bronchodilators and corticosteroids was reduced. Medication costs were reduced especially in the corticosteroid group, which meant a greater impact on hospitalization costs. CONCLUSIONS: To decrease ALRI morbidity and mortality there is a need to continue improving the quality of health care during hospitalization and to reinforce health promotion actions and preventive programs at the primary level.

OBJETIVO: Mejorar la calidad de la atención hospitalaria de los niños con infecciones respiratorias agudas bajas, aumentar los conocimientos sobre esa patología y mejorar la eficiencia en el uso de los recursos asistenciales, por medio de una estrategia que se denominó Plan de Invierno.MÉTODOS: La estrategia se basó en la utilización de protocolos de diagnóstico y tratamiento, internación por cuidados progresivos y por enfermedad, adecuación de los recursos asistenciales y creación de un sistema de registro permanente, informatizado. Se incorporó la investigación sistemática de la etiología viral para racionalizar el uso de la medicación y reducir las infecciones intrahospitalarias. RESULTADOS: Durante la aplicación del Plan (19/V-19/IX/99) ingresaron 3.317 niños; 1.347 (40.61%) presentaban infecciones respiratorias agudas bajas. Se captaron 1.096 (81%), de los cuales 71% eran menores de un año. Predominaron las infecciones respiratorias virales (68%). Los criterios de ingreso fueron saturación de oxígeno <95%, polipnea, tiraje o derrame pleural en el 92.4% de los niños. La magnitud de la demanda impidió que las pautas de aislamiento individual o en grupo se cumplieran en todos los casos. El uso de la medicación se ajustó a lo recomendado en un elevado porcentaje: no recibieron antibióticos 73% de las bronquiolitis ni 72% de las neumonías virales, y 96% de las neumonias bacterianas los recibieron según pauta; se redujo el uso de broncodilatadores y de corticoides. El gasto en medicamentos disminuyó fundamentalmente en el grupo de los corticoides y tuvo el mayor impacto en el costo por día/cama de antibióticos. CONCLUSIONES: Disminuir la morbimortalidad por infecciones respiratorias agudas bajas requiere continuar mejorando la calidad de la atención hospitalaria y fortalecer los programas de promoción de salud y de control de las enfermedades prevalentes, en el primer nivel de atención.