ABSTRACT. Agroforestry systems may show low CO2 efflux, and CO2 efflux contributes to sustainability. This work aimed to evaluate the soil CO2 efflux in coffee plantations cultivated in agroforestry and full-sun systems during the winter in high-altitude tropical climate regions. The work was carried out at three family farms (RO, GI, and PA) in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Two treatments were established: coffee with and without trees, and 20 sampling spots for soil and gases. The air and soil temperatures in the agroforestry systems were lower than in the full-sun systems. The soil moisture content in agroforestry systems was higher than full-sun only on the GI. Except for the agroforestry systems in PA, all the other systems showed an increase in CO2 efflux with increasing soil moisture. This increase was more pronounced in agroforestry systems (RO), followed by full sun (RO). On the GI farm, this correlation was lower in the agroforestry system. Soil CO2 efflux was positively correlated with soil temperature and negatively correlated with total nitrogen, labile carbon and total organic carbon. Therefore, despite the microclimate stability promoted by the agroforestry systems in the winter, no decrease in the soil CO2 efflux was observed when compared to full sun systems. ABSTRACT CO sustainability fullsun highaltitude high altitude regions RO, RO (RO PA Gerais Brazil established trees 2 gases , (RO) RO. . farm system nitrogen Therefore

ABSTRACT There has long been a discussion about the effects of soil management on its structure. Since changes can occur due to management and time of use, more accurate assessments can be achieved if carried out in long-term experiments. This study investigated the long-term effects of soil management on the physical quality of a Cerrado Oxisol (Latossolo Vermelho), focusing on microstructural changes. Micromorphology and computed tomography techniques were used to assess the soil's microstructure. The study compared areas under long-term and different soil management practices, including disc plowing, no-tillage, and disc harrow+subsoiler. A native Cerrado area was considered as the reference. Micromorphology revealed some changes in the pedological features of soil aggregates, but the granular structure showed good resistance even after two decades of use and management. It also indicated a decrease in larger pores and an increase in the surface soil layer micropores for the disc plowing and no-tillage treatments. These results were consistent with traditional laboratory evaluations of soil porosity. Computed tomography was limited due to increased soil bulk density in the cultivated treatments, but it showed potential for assessing soil porosity and pore connectivity. We concluded that micromorphology effectively identifies microstructural changes in Oxisols with small and strong granular structures, and the granular soil aggregates displayed resilience even after long-term management. The micromorphometric evaluation corroborates with traditional methods and suggests loss of pores associated with the disc harrow+subsoiler treatment. longterm term experiments Latossolo Vermelho, Vermelho , Vermelho) soils s microstructure practices notillage, notillage no tillage, tillage harrowsubsoiler harrow subsoiler reference treatments connectivity structures treatment

Resumen: Se realizó un estudio para evaluar la variación en el pH, la disponibilidad y las asociaciones químicas de Cd en dos Latosoles previamente contaminados, modificados con enmiendas minerales y orgánicas. Los Latosoles fueron contaminados con Cd y enmendados con vermicompost, torta de filtro de caña de azúcar, torta de palmiste, cal, roca fosfórica y zeolita. La disponibilidad de cadmio se evaluó mensualmente en las mezclas de suelo contaminadas / enmienda de suelo, empleando los extractantes DTPA y Mehlich-3 durante doce meses de incubación. Al final de este período, se realizó un procedimiento de extracción secuencial en las mezclas para identificar las formas de Cd presentes en las diversas fracciones geoquímicas. La cal inmovilizó el Cd en una extensión mayor (60%), siendo el metal transferido a las fracciones menos disponibles. El extractante Mehlich-3 tuvo una alta correlación (0.96 **) con la fracción disponible examinada por el procedimiento de extracción secuencial. En general, las enmiendas orgánicas produjeron pequeños efectos sobre el pH final de las mezclas suelo / enmiendas del suelo, en comparación con el pH inicial del suelo. Las enmiendas minerales mejoraron el pH del suelo y el efecto más pronunciado se produjo con el uso de cal.

Summary: A study was performed to evaluate the variation in pH, availability, and chemical associations of Cd in two previously contaminated Latosols amended with mineral and organic amendments. The Latosols were contaminated with Cd and amended with vermicompost, sugarcane filter cake, palm kernel pie, lime, phosphate rock, or zeolite. Cadmium availability was evaluated monthly in the contaminated soil/soil amendment mixtures with the DTPA and Mehlich-3 extractants for twelve months of incubation. At the end of this period, a sequential extraction procedure was performed in the mixtures to identify the Cd forms present in the several geochemical fractions. Lime immobilized Cd at a larger extension (60%), being the metal transferred to less available fractions. The Mehlich-3 extractant had a high correlation (0.96**) with the available fraction examined by the sequential extraction procedure. In general, organic amendments produced small effects on the final pH of soil/soil amendment mixtures as compared with the initial soil pH. Mineral amendments caused enhancement of soil pH and the most pronounced effect occurred with the use of lime.

ABSTRACT Studies related to climate change and agricultural value chains have in common the growing concern on conserving water resources. Thus, the concept of the water footprint stands out, which measures the amount of water (in volume) necessary to produce a unit (in mass) of a given product. Among Brazilian agricultural activities, coffee farming emerges as one of the most important, even though the crop is sensitive to potential climatic changes, especially to the increase in temperature and periods of drought. An alternative to mitigate the effects of climate change is shade management, which is common in agroforestry systems. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of shade management on the water footprint of coffee activity in the region of “Matas de Minas”. The water footprint was calculated for the field and product processing phase. Despite reducing the evapotranspiration of the coffee plant, shade management provided an increase in the water footprint, since it decreased the crop yield. The water footprint data obtained are expressive, with a calculated value of 13,862 m3 t-1 for full sun management and 16,895 m3 t-1 for shade management, in which both are the most recommended for the agricultural sector.

Abstract Coffee crop in Brazil is typically grown as a monoculture. However, we hypothesized that agroforestry system is favorable association for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), affecting its community structure and potentially impacting crop productivity and agroecosystem health. This study evaluated how the microclimate, soil depth, macauba field spacing and distance between coffee plants and palms affect the structure of the AMF community. The structure of the AMF community was influenced by the soil depth, microclimate features, soil moisture, maximum air temperature, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The distance at which coffee-macauba influences ecological diversity indices of AMF, and higher diversity are related to the proximity between plants. AMF diversity (Richness and Shannon) in the agroforestry system exceeded that observed in the full-sun coffee in the 0-20 soil depth layer. Our results showed that the microclimate, soil depth, plant density, and distance between coffee from macauba affected the AMF community structure.

ABSTRACT The practice of green manuring is fundamental in agroecological agriculture systems for improved soil quality, nutrient cycling, organic matter input, and protection against soil erosion. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the perceptions of agroecological farmers in Southeastern Minas Gerais regarding the use of green manuring, to enable identification of the criteria guiding its selection, handling, and the limitations of its use. Fifteen agroecological farmers from the area were interviewed, in order to characterize farmers, farms, and green manure usage and management characteristics within their farms. The joint action of farmers and researchers/extensionists contribute to the introduction of green manuring practices in properties. Intercropping with the main crop system is the most common practice, along with weeding and cropping at flowering onset. Labor costs and difficulty in handling some species used in green manure were the main factors identified that limited the adoption and maintenance of this practice.

RESUMEN El uso del abono verde es fundamental en sistemas agroecológicos para aumentar la materia orgánica, mejorar la estructura del suelo, una mayor disponibilidad de nutrientes y la protección contra la erosión del suelo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la percepción de productores agroecológicos del sureste de Minas Gerais sobre el uso del abono verde, para identificar los criterios que guían su selección, manejo y las limitaciones de su utilización. Se entrevistó a 15 agricultores que usan estas prácticas para caracterizarlos y describir el manejo que hacen del sistema. La acción conjunta de agricultores e investigadores/extensionistas contribuye a la introducción y manejo del abono verde en los sistemas productivos. Los cultivos intercalados con abono verde y su deshierbe al inicio de la floración son la práctica más común. El aumento del costo de mano de obra y la dificultad en el manejo de algunas especies utilizadas en el abono verde fueron los principales factores que limitaron la adopción de esta práctica.

RESUMO Os rejeitos da lavagem da bauxita produzidos em Porto Trombetas, Pará, no interior da Amazônia brasileira, possuem características químicas e físicas limitantes ao desenvolvimento de plantas, o que dificulta a revegetação dos tanques onde são depositados. Este trabalho, realizado em condições de campo, avaliou a qualidade física desses rejeitos após uma década de práticas de recuperação. Três tratamentos foram avaliados: sem aplicação de insumos e plantio de mudas (T1) e dois níveis de fertilização, um com as menores (T2) e outro com as maiores (T3) doses de calcário e adubos associadas ao plantio de mudas de espécies arbóreas. Decorridos dez anos de experimentação, a resistência à penetração (RP) e a umidade do substrato, até 60 cm de profundidade, foram avaliadas e o Intervalo Hídrico Ótimo (IHO), curva de retenção de água (CRA) e distribuição de poros por classes de diâmetro foram determinados e calculados. Após uma década de recuperação ambiental, foi possível verificar diferenças nas características físicas do rejeito em função das diferentes formas de revegetação. A umidade no perfil do substrato, o IHO, a CRA e a distribuição de poros foram indicadores sensíveis às variações na qualidade física dos substratos. A calagem, a adubação e o plantio de mudas são necessários para a revegetação e melhoria da qualidade física do rejeito. O tratamento T3 é a melhor intervenção identificada até o momento para a revegetação dos tanques. A ausência de adubação e plantio impossibilita a revegetação, mesmo existindo fontes de propágulos nas proximidades.

ABSTRACT Tailings from bauxite washing produced in Porto Trombetas, Pará state, a Brazilian Amazon region, have chemical and physical characteristics limiting the development of plants, which hinders to revegetate the tanks where they are deposited. This study was carried out under field conditions, and aimed to assess the physical quality of these tailings after a decade of recovery practices. Three treatments were assessed: no application of inputs and planting of seedlings (T1) and two levels of fertilization, one with lower (T2) and other with higher (T3) doses of limestone and fertilizers associated with planting tree seedlings. After ten years of experimentation, penetration resistance (PR) and substrate moisture up to 60 cm depth were assessed and the least limiting water range (LLWR), water retention curve (WRC), and pore size distribution were determined and calculated. After a decade of environmental recovery, differences in physical characteristics were observed in the tailings due to different revegetation modes. Moisture in the substrate profile, LLWR, WRC, and pore size distribution were sensitive indicators to variations in substrate physical quality. Liming, fertilization, and planting of seedlings are necessary for revegetation and improvement of the physical quality of tailings. Treatment T3 was the best intervention identified so far for tank revegetation. The absence of fertilization and planting precludes revegetation even with sources of propagules nearby.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of soil management on water, sediment and P losses in slope plots in east-central Illinois, USA. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted. The soil management studied were: tillage in contour (CT), tillage in downhill (DT), no-tillage (NT) and bare soil (BS). After collecting the field data, WEPP model was used to model the erosion process. The NT and BS management resulted in low (152.35 mm field; 28.51 mm laboratory) and high (315.25 mm field; 63.67 mm laboratory) water loss respectively. For soil losses, similar behavior was observed for NT (0.45 t ha-1 field; 0 t ha-1 laboratory) and BS (87.27 t ha-1 field; 0.86 t ha-1 laboratory) managements. In case of P losses, CT management resulted in the lowest loss (216.26 g ha-1) while high values were found in the BS management (1806.06 g ha-1). The modeled results obtained from WEPP model did not show a good agreement with the data collected at field overestimated and underestimated the soil and water losses. The enrichment rate of runoff with sediment was influenced by soil management practices and the DT (34.48 g L-1 min-1) management showed the high peak. The adoption of NT management in agriculture areas with high slope (32%) can be beneficial to reduce erosion process. The total removal of vegetation cover leaving the soil exposed, similar to the BS management and soil preparation along the slope (DT management) should be avoided.

RESUMO O Governo de Angola tem a intenção de recuperar sua alta produção de café da década de 1970, por meio de programas de financiamento agrícola direcionados especialmente aos agricultores familiares. Objetivou-se realizar o zoneamento agroclimático para a cultura do cafeeiro em território angolano. Dados ou estimativas de temperatura anual, precipitação efetiva e total, balanço hídrico climático e déficit de água anual foram avaliados para todos os 163 municípios angolanos. Os dados de precipitação efetiva e total foram utilizados para o zoneamento agroclimático da cultura do cafeeiro no país. Com o uso da precipitação efetiva, 1 %, 20 % e 79 % do território de Angola foram considerados adequado, marginal e inapto para o café Arábica, respectivamente, enquanto, para o café Robusta, esses mesmos percentuais foram de 1 %, 8 % e 91 %. Com a utilização da precipitação total, esses mesmos valores foram de 2 %, 27,5 % e 70,5 % para o café Arábica e 1 %, 11,8 % e 87,2 % para o Robusta. As áreas marginais e inaptas para a produção de café em Angola estão associadas às condições de déficit hídrico, principalmente na região sudoeste do país e ao longo da faixa costeira. Os resultados obtidos a partir do balanço hídrico climático indicam que a maior parte do território angolano é marginal ou inapta para a cultura do cafeeiro.

ABSTRACT The Angolan Government intends to recover its 1970s expressive production of coffee by means of agricultural financing programs, mainly directed to family farmers. This study aimed to perform the agroclimatic zoning for the coffee crop in the Angolan territory. Data or estimates of annual temperature, effective and total rainfall rates, climatic water balance and annual water deficit were evaluated for all the 163 Angolan municipalities. The effective and total precipitation data were used for the agroclimatic zoning of the coffee crop in the country. Based on the effective precipitation data, 1 %, 20 % and 79 % of the Angolan territory were respectively considered suitable, marginal and unsuitable for the Arabica coffee, while, for the Robusta coffee, the same rates were, respectively, 1 %, 8 % and 91 %. Based on the total precipitation data, these rates were 2 %, 27.5 % and 70.5 % for the Arabica coffee and 1 %, 11.8 % and 87.2 % for the Robusta coffee. The areas considered marginal and unsuitable for the coffee crop in Angola are related to water deficit conditions, mainly in the southwestern region and along the coastal strip. The results obtained from the climatic water balance show that most part of the Angolan territory is marginal or unsuitable for the coffee crop.

ABSTRACT The application of wastewater to irrigate soils may be an attractive option for paper mills, especially when the effluents can also provide nutrients to plants. Since there could be negative environmental effects, such activity must be preceded by a thorough evaluation of the consequences. The changes in soil quality of a Neossolo Flúvico Distrófico (Typic Udifluvent) were evaluated over a period of six years of irrigation with treated effluent from a wood pulp company. Although effluent application for six years did not affect soil resistance to penetration and soil hydraulic conductivity, it promoted a decrease in the mean size of aggregates and an increase in clay dispersion. Effluent application increased soil pH but did not change exchangeable Ca and Mg contents and organic carbon. After a full rotation of eucalyptus cultivation common in Brazil (six years), no negative effects in tree growth were found due to effluent irrigation. However, effluent addition caused higher values of Na adsorption ratio and intermediate electrical conductivity in the soil, which indicates a possible negative effect on soil quality if the application continues over a longer period. Therefore, a monitoring program should be carried out during subsequent crop rotations, and alternatives must be studied to obtain better effluent quality, such as adding Ca and Mg to the wastewater and using gypsum in the soil.

The present study aims to determine the effects of soil management practices on soil surface roughness and the consequences of these phenomena on water and sediment losses. Laboratory experiment was conducted on a Chernozems clayey soil subjected to a sequence of two 30 min simulated rainfall of 50.8 mm h-1 and 114.3 mm h-1and four soil management practices: contourtillage (CT), downhill tillage (DT), no-tillage simulated (NTs) and bare soil (BS). Soil surface roughness was evaluated using a laser distance meter. Results showed that the soil tillage in downhill or contour increased soil roughness by 2.90 and 2.76, respectively, reducing the water losses under low rain intensity by 12.8% and 6.4%. Soil surface roughness quickly changed after the onset of rain, and higher values of changes in soil roughness were observed for contour (22.73%) and downhill tillage (21.05%) managements. Soil coverage factor and the direction of tillage were the most important characteristics in contrast with soil surface roughness to reduce the sediment losses. No-tillage simulated (0.59 tha-1) and contourtillage (1.30 t ha-1) were the soil management practices with lower sediment losses compared to other managements studied. The principal theoretical implication of this study is that land use planning with agriculture, livestock must be designed to prevent the soil from being exposed, or if exposed, tillage in contour should be adopted. The input of litter on soil surface had an important role in reducing the sediment and water losses.

RESUMO Os impactos do uso e do manejo na qualidade física do solo têm sido quantificados, utilizando-se o intervalo hídrico ótimo e a densidade crítica do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o intervalo hídrico ótimo (IHO) e a densidade crítica de um Latossolo Amarelo coeso, dos Tabuleiros Costeiros do Recôncavo da Bahia, submetido a diferentes usos e manejo do solo. Foram selecionadas três áreas, sobre solo coeso típico, submetidas aos seguintes usos e manejos: mata nativa (Mata Atlântica); pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf, em estado de degradação, e cana-de-açúcar, com subsolagem no sulco de plantio. Foram retiradas em cada área 40 amostras com estrutura indeformada, na porção central de cada horizonte (A e AB). Foram determinados nessas amostras, após serem submetidas a dez valores de tensão e pressão, a umidade, a resistência à penetração e a densidade do solo. Na área cultivada com cana, a coleta das amostras foi feita nas linhas de plantio, onde foi realizada a subsolagem. O intervalo hídrico ótimo do horizonte A, da mata, e do Ap, da cana-de-açúcar foram semelhantes e, ambos, maiores que na pastagem. Já no horizonte AB, o IHO da cana-de-açúcar foi maior que o da mata e, o desta, maior que o da pastagem. Os horizontes A e Ap apresentaram valores de densidade crítica maiores que os de AB para todos os usos avaliados. O uso que apresentou maior frequência de valores de densidade do solo acima da densidade crítica foi a pastagem.

ABSTRACT The impacts of the use and management on soil physical quality have been quantified using the least limiting water range and the critical density of the soil. The critical soil bulk density obtained by the least limiting water range (LLWR) assists in making decisions on the management conditions adopted or to be adopted in certain soil. This study aimed to determine the LLWR and the critical soil bulk density of a cohesive Oxisoil from Coastal Tablelands Reconcavo of Bahia subjected to different uses and soil management. We selected three areas on typical cohesive soil, subjected to the following uses and management: native forest (Mata Atlântica), Brachiaria decumbens Stapf in a state of degradation and sugar cane, with subsoiling at planting. Forty samples, for each area, were taken with undisturbed in the central portion of each horizon (A and AB). In the area cultivated with sugarcane, the sample collection was done in the rows. The LLWR in the A horizon of the forest and the sugar cane were similar, and both were greater than the pasture on the horizon AB. The LLWR for cane sugar was higher than the forest and that this increased for grazing. Horizons A and Ap presented higher critical density values than AB for all evaluated uses. The use that showed values of bulk density greater than the critical density was pasture.

RESUMO A palmeira Juçara é uma das espécies da Floresta Atlântica ameaçadas de extinção, a qual apresenta baixo percentual de germinação e crescimento lento de mudas. Os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) são reconhecidos pela simbiose com plantas, favorecendo o aumento da absorção de água e nutrientes. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inoculação de FMA no crescimento inicial (6 meses) e nutrição de mudas de palmeira Juçara. Os tratamentos consistiram da inoculação de sementes pré-geminadas com esporos de FMA coletados em três ambientes (mata, Juçara e cultivo agrícola), bem como de controle não inoculado. Foram analisados o crescimento das mudas, número de esporos de FMA no substrato e absorção dos macronutrientes N, P, K, Ca e Mg nos tecidos vegetais. A inoculação com FMA melhorou o desenvolvimento inicial das mudas, independentemente da origem do inóculo utilizado, e a inoculação com material coletado na rizosfera incrementou a biomassa seca da parte aérea e da raiz das mudas em 43 % e 61 %, respectivamente. A inoculação com FMA proporcionou maior acúmulo de todos os nutrientes avaliados na parte aérea e no sistema radicular das mudas, principalmente quando se utilizaram esporos coletados no ambiente Juçara. A inoculação com FMA é uma estratégia promissora para melhorar a propagação dessa espécie.

ABSTRACT Euterpe edulis Martius is one of the endangered species of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest which presents low germination rate and slow seedling growth. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known by their symbiosis with plants, promoting an increase of water and nutrientes uptake. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of AMF inoculation on the initial growth (6 months) and nutrients uptake in E. edulis seedlings. Treatments consisted of the inoculation of pre-germinated seeds with AMF spores collected from three sites (forest, Juçara and crop), as well as a control with no inoculation. Seedlings growth, number of AMF spores in the substrate and uptake of the N, P, K, Ca and Mg macronutrients in plant tissues were analyzed. Inoculation with AMF improved the initial growth of seedlings, regardless of the source of inoculum used in the experiment, and the inoculation with material collected from rhizosphere increased the shoot and root dry biomass of seedlings by 43 % and 61 %, respectively. Inoculation with AMF provided a greater accumulation of all nutrients assessed in the shoot and root of seedlings, especially when spores were collected at the Juçara site. Inoculation with AMF is a promising strategy to improve the spread of this species.

RESUMO O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a variabilidade espacial de atributos físicos do solo para áreas de Latossolo, Argissolo e Cambissolo ocupadas por pastagens. O conhecimento dessa variabilidade é importante, pois ela influencia a qualidade das pastagens e a recarga de água subterrânea. Foram coletadas 154 amostras georreferenciadas para cada área de estudo. Para analisar os dados foi usada a estatística descritiva e a geoestatística. A dependência espacial ocorreu para a maioria dos atributos físicos: condutividade hidráulica em solo saturado e densidade do solo para as três classes de solos; microporosidade, macroporosidade e porosidade total para as áreas de Cambissolo e Latossolo. Os resultados da estatística descritiva e o fato do padrão da dependência espacial não ter se mantido constante indicam que as classes de solo, juntamente com a declividade e o uso da terra influenciaram a variabilidade espacial dos atributos físicos do solo analisadas e que a média não é suficiente para representar a distribuição espacial das variáveis analisadas. A malha de amostragem usada é adequada, pois permitiu captar a dependência espacial da maioria das variáveis analisadas.

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to evaluate the spatial variability of the physical attributes of the soil in areas of a Latosol, Argisol and Cambisol under pasture. Knowledge of such variability is important, as it influences the quality of the pasture and groundwater recharge. For each study area, 154 georeferenced samples were collected. To analyse the data both descriptive statistics and geostatistics were used. Spatial dependence was seen for most of the physical attributes; saturated hydraulic conductivity and bulk density for the three soil classes; and microporosity, macroporosity and total porosity in the areas of Cambisol and Latosol. The results of the descriptive statistics, and the fact that the pattern of spatial dependence did not remain constant, show that the class of soil, together with the slope and land use, influenced the spatial variability of the physical attributes of the soil being analysed, and that an average value is not enough to represent the spatial distribution of the analysed variables. The sample grid that was used is adequate, making it possible to capture the spatial dependence of most of the variables being analysed.

RESUMOCom o objetivo de comparar três métodos de determinação de carbono orgânico (CO) do solo e de frações das substâncias húmicas, foram avaliadas amostras de dezessete solos do Brasil, de diferentes classes e texturas. Os conteúdos de CO nas amostras foram medidos pelo método da oxidação com dicromato, com e sem aquecimento externo (bloco digestor, 130 oC, 30 min); pelo método de perda por ignição (450 oC/5 h e 600 oC/6 h); e pelo método de combustão a seco. Este último foi usado como referência para medir a eficiência dos demais. Na análise do CO do solo, o método do dicromato com aquecimento externo apresentou maior eficiência e resultados mais próximos do método de referência. No entanto, quando não foi utilizado aquecimento, sua taxa de recuperação caiu para 71%. O conteúdo de CO foi superestimado pelos métodos de perda por ignição. Equações de regressão entre os resultados do método de referência e dos demais mostraram bons ajustes, mas com os interceptos diferentes de zero (p < 0,01), sugerindo que maior exatidão pode ser alcançada considerando toda a equação e não apenas um único fator de correção. Nas substâncias húmicas, o método Walkley-Black subestimou os conteúdos de CO, o que foi associado à oxidação parcial da fração humina. Quando o aquecimento externo foi utilizado, melhores resultados foram obtidos. Nas frações orgânicas, se o método de referencia não está disponível, o CO nos ácidos húmicos e fúlvicos pode ser determinado sem aquecimento externo. Para a fração humina, o aquecimento externo é requerido.

ABSTRACTAiming to compare three different methods for the determination of organic carbon (OC) in the soil and fractions of humic substances, seventeen Brazilian soil samples of different classes and textures were evaluated. Amounts of OC in the soil samples and the humic fractions were measured by the dichromate-oxidation method, with and without external heating in a digestion block at 130 °C for 30 min; by the loss-on-ignition method at 450 °C during 5 h and at 600 °C during 6 h; and by the dry combustion method. Dry combustion was used as reference in order to measure the efficiency of the other methods. Soil OC measured by the dichromate-oxidation method with external heating had the highest efficiency and the best results comparing to the reference method. When external heating was not used, the mean recovery efficiency dropped to 71%. The amount of OC was overestimated by the loss-on-ignition methods. Regression equations obtained between total OC contents of the reference method and those of the other methods showed relatively good adjustment, but all intercepts were different from zero (p < 0.01), which suggests that more accuracy can be obtained using not one single correction factor, but considering also the intercept. The Walkley-Black method underestimated the OC contents of the humic fractions, which was associated with the partial oxidation of the humin fraction. Better results were obtained when external heating was used. For the organic matter fractions, the OC in the humic and fulvic acid fractions can be determined without external heating if the reference method is not available, but the humin fraction requires the external heating.