RESUMO: Introdução: A mielopatia cervical degenerativa é a principal causa não traumática de disfunção medular em adultos. São utilizadas escalas e escores para avaliação neurológica baseada na funcionalidade, como a escala de Nurick e a Japanese Orthopaedic Association Score (JOA). O objetivo deste estudo é traduzir, validar transculturalmente e avaliar a reprodutibilidade da escala de Nurick para o português brasileiro em pacientes com mielopatia degenerativa cervical. Material e Métodos: O presente estudo foi dividido em duas fases: primeira, tradução, retradução, avaliação da versão final e avaliação da prova de aplicação. No total foram avaliados 70 indivíduos, 36 pertenciam ao grupo de pacientes com mielopatia cervical e 34, ao grupo controle. Tanto a versão traduzida do Nurick-BR quanto o mJOABR-17, previamente foram aplicados em ambos os grupos e os dados foram coletados. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de testes de Mann-Whitney e testes de correlação de Spearman. As análises foram realizadas utilizando o pacote estatístico R e o nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: A partir dos testes de comparação de Mann-Whitney que verificaram as diferenças entre os grupos controle e pacientes. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas na escala NURICK-BR entre os grupos. A correlação entre as escalas NURICK-BRASIL e mJOABR-17 foi medida através do coeficiente de correlação de Spearman que apresentou forte correlação negativa. Esses resultados sugerem que a escala Nurick adaptada para o português brasileiro (NURICK-BRASIL) pode ser validada para avaliação de pacientes com mielopatia cervical degenerativa. Conclusão: A tradução, adaptação e validação da versão original da escala Nurick para o português brasileiro (NURICK-BR) mostrou similaridade, aplicabilidade, boa compreensão e grande potencial de universalização desta valiosa ferramenta para avaliação clínica e científica de pacientes com mielopatia cervical. Nível de evidência III; Estudo de caso-controle. RESUMO Introdução adultos funcionalidade JOA. JOA . (JOA) traduzir Métodos fases primeira tradução retradução aplicação 7 indivíduos 3 34 NurickBR BR mJOABR17, mJOABR17 mJOABR 17, 17 coletados MannWhitney Mann Whitney 5 5% Resultados NURICKBR NURICK NURICKBRASIL BRASIL mJOABR-1 negativa (NURICK-BRASIL Conclusão (NURICK-BR similaridade aplicabilidade III casocontrole. casocontrole caso caso-controle (JOA mJOABR1 1 mJOABR-

ABSTRACT Introduction: Degenerative cervical myelopathy stands as the primary non-traumatic cause of spinal cord dysfunction in adults. Neurological assessment tools rooted in functionality, such as the Nurick scale and the Japanese Orthopaedic Association Score (JOA), are commonly employed. The latter was revised and culturally adapted to Western norms by Chiles et al. in 1999, resulting in the modified JOA score (mJOA). This study aims to translate, cross-culturally validate, and assess the reproducibility of the Nurick scale into Brazilian Portuguese among patients with cervical degenerative myelopathy. Material And Methods: This study comprised two phases: initial translation, back-translation, final version assessment, and application test evaluation. A total of 70 individuals were evaluated, with 36 in the cervical myelopathy group and 34 in the control group. Subsequently, both groups underwent assessment using the mJOA and the NURICK-BRAZIL version, with data collection following. Data analysis employed Mann-Whitney tests and Spearman’s correlation tests. Analyses were executed using the statistical package R, with a significance level set at 5%. Results: Mann-Whitney comparison tests revealed significant differences in the NURICK-BRAZIL scale between the control and patient groups. Spearman’s correlation coefficient indicated a robust negative correlation between the NURICK-BRAZIL and mJOA scales. These findings suggest that the adapted Nurick scale in Brazilian Portuguese (NURICK-BRAZIL) holds potential for validation in evaluating patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy. Conclusion: The translation, adaptation, and validation of the original Nurick scale in Brazilian Portuguese (NURICK-BRAZIL) demonstrate similarity, applicability, good comprehension, and significant potential for widespread utilization as a valuable clinical and scientific evaluation tool for cervical myelopathy patients. Level of evidence III; Case-control study. Introduction nontraumatic non traumatic adults functionality JOA, , (JOA) al 1999 mJOA. . (mJOA) translate crossculturally cross validate Methods phases translation backtranslation, backtranslation back back-translation 7 evaluated 3 Subsequently NURICKBRAZIL NURICK BRAZIL following MannWhitney Mann Whitney Spearmans Spearman s R 5 5% Results scales (NURICK-BRAZIL Conclusion adaptation similarity applicability comprehension III Casecontrol Case (JOA 199 (mJOA 19 1

RESUMEN: Introducción: La mielopatía cervical degenerativa es la principal causa no traumática de disfunción medular en adultos. Se utilizan escalas y puntajes para la evaluación neurológica basada en la funcionalidad, como la escala de Nurick y la Japanese Orthopaedic Association Score (JOA). El objetivo de este estudio es traducir, validar transculturalmente y evaluar la reproducibilidad de la escala de Nurick al portugués brasileño en pacientes con mielopatía degenerativa cervical. Materiales y Métodos: El estudio se dividió en dos fases: primero, traducción, retrotraducción, evaluación de la versión final y evaluación de la prueba de aplicación. En total, se evaluaron 70 individuos, 36 pertenecían al grupo de pacientes con mielopatía cervical y 34 al grupo de control. Tanto la versión traducida de Nurick-BR como el mJOABR-17 previamente se aplicaron en ambos grupos y se recopilaron los datos. El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante pruebas de Mann-Whitney y pruebas de correlación de Spearman. Los análisis se llevaron a cabo utilizando el paquete estadístico R y el nivel de significancia adoptado fue del 5%. Resultados: A partir de las pruebas de comparación de Mann-Whitney que verificaron las diferencias entre los grupos de control y los pacientes, se encontraron diferencias significativas en la escala NURICK-BR entre los grupos. La correlación entre las escalas NURICK-BRASIL y mJOABR-17 se midió a través del coeficiente de correlación de Spearman, que mostró una correlación negativa fuerte. Estos resultados sugieren que la escala de Nurick adaptada al portugués brasileño (NURICK-BRASIL) puede ser validada para la evaluación de pacientes con mielopatía cervical degenerativa. Conclusión: La traducción, adaptación y validación de la versión original de la escala de Nurick al portugués brasileño (NURICK-BR) mostró similitud, aplicabilidad, buena comprensión y gran potencial de universalización de esta valiosa herramienta para la evaluación clínica y científica de pacientes con mielopatía cervical. Nivel de evidencia III; Estudio de casos y controles. RESUMEN Introducción adultos funcionalidad JOA. JOA . (JOA) traducir Métodos fases primero traducción retrotraducción aplicación total 7 individuos 3 NurickBR BR mJOABR17 mJOABR 17 mJOABR-1 MannWhitney Mann Whitney Spearman 5 5% Resultados NURICKBR NURICK NURICKBRASIL BRASIL fuerte (NURICK-BRASIL Conclusión (NURICK-BR similitud aplicabilidad III controles (JOA mJOABR1 1 mJOABR-

Abstract The tarantula genus Tmesiphantes Simon, 1892 includes 20 valid species distributed in Argentina and Brazil. These spiders are distinguished from other Theraphosinae genera by the presence of an incrassate femur III, more evident in males, urticating hair types III and IV on the abdominal dorsum, few cuspules on the labium (0 to 30), maxillae with a maximum of 200 cuspules and sternum rounded. From recent examination of material from Peru, we discovered specimens that share all the morphological characters of Tmesiphantes, but did not fit with any known species. In the present study T. intiyaykuy sp. nov. is diagnosed, described, and illustrated. This new species resembles T. caymmii in the circular patch with stiff setae on midventral abdomen but can be distinguished by the shape of the palpal bulb and spermathecae. Also, we performed a phylogenetic analysis using morphological characters to infer the taxonomic placement of the new species. The analysis included 26 terminal species and 36 characters. Representatives of Tmesiphantes formed a monophyletic group and T. intiyaykuy sp. nov. is close related with T. caymmii. A dichotomous identification key and a geographic distribution map were constructed for recognized species of Tmesiphantes.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: In a literate society, linguistic/arithmetic performance is highly valued. Based on defined risk factors, strategies for promotion of better performance can be developed. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the risk and protective factors relating to development of language and arithmetic. DESIGN AND SETTING: Observational comparative cross-sectional study at a public elementary school in Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brazil. METHODS: A total of 66 children (41% females) attending first to fifth grades participated in this study. They were divided into two groups: G1, children classified as presenting language or arithmetic deficits; G2, average performance. Language (oral and written) and arithmetic skills were assessed through standardized tests. Variables relating to social skills, home environment resources and behavioral problems were assessed through standardized scales. Data on other variables (pre, peri and postnatal complications, maternal variables and others) were collected through interviews. The logistic regression technique with LASSO was used (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Teenage pregnancy and consumption of psychoactive substances during pregnancy or complications during pregnancy were risk factors for performance regarding arithmetic and language. Higher schooling level for the mother was a protective factor in the development of arithmetic and language. Being female and having a history of otitis were risk factors for language. Altered social skills (responsibility and civility) and complaints of inattention were risk factor for arithmetic. Adequate linguistic development was a protective factor for the development of arithmetic. CONCLUSION: The risk/protective factors included variables relating to the gestational period, mother's age when pregnant, mother's schooling, social skills, behavior and development issues.

ABSTRACT A new species of Bumba Pérez-Miles, Bonaldo & Miglio, 2014 is described and illustrated. This species comprises the first record of the genus for Bolivia. Bumba paunaka sp. nov. differs from the other species in the genus in the black longitudinal band on abdomen, in the long and slender embolus of the palpal bulb and in the thin and long subapical spine of the retrolateral branch of tibial apophysis. Females additionally differ in the spermathecal morphology. Finally, a distribution map for all known species of Bumba is presented.

ABSTRACT A new species of Euathlus Ausserer, 1875 (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), Euathlus vanessae sp. nov. is described and diagnosed. The genus is known from Chile and Argentina, and E. vanessae sp. nov. represents the first record for the genus in Peru, being the new northernmost limit of its known distribution. Distribution and natural history data are provided. Additionally, the conservation status of the new species is discussed and it is proposed as Endangered (EN) according to IUCN criteria.

RESUMEN Se describe y diagnostica una nueva especie de Euathlus Ausserer, 1875 (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae), Euathlus vanessae sp. nov. El género es conocido en Chile y Argentina, y E. vanessae sp. nov. representa el primer registro oficial del género para el Perú, siendo el nuevo límite más septentrional de distribución conocida. Se proporcionan datos de distribución e historia natural, adicionalmente se discute el estado de conservación de la nueva especie y se propone como En Peligro (EN) según los criterios de la UICN.

The first record of the genus Ocnaea Erichson, 1840 (Diptera, Acroceridae) is presented for the Argentine Republic and the first record of this family parasitizing a spider of the genus Catumiri Guadanucci 2004 (Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae). Some observations of the biological cycle of the fly parasitizing the tarantula Catumiri argentinense (Mello-Leitão, 1941) are reported.

Se presenta el primer registro del género Ocnaea Erichson, 1840 (Díptera, Acroceridae) para la República Argentina y el primer registro de esta familia parasitando una araña del género Catumiri Guadanucci 2004 (Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae). Se dan a conocer algunas observaciones del ciclo biológico de la mosca parasitando la tarántula Catumiri argentinense (Mello-Leitão, 1941).

RESUMEN El género Homoeomma presenta trece especies que se distribuyen en Argentina, Brasil, Colombia, Perú y Uruguay. En Argentina, se citan dos especies, Homoeomma elegans en la provincia de Misiones y H. uruguayense en las provincias de Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos y Santa Fe. El objetivo de este trabajo es reportar el primer registro de Homoeomma uruguayense para las sierras centrales de Argentina, lo cual corresponde al registro más occidental del género en este país. Además, se proveen datos sobre la historia natural de la especie, algunas notas sobre el comportamiento sexual y mediante el modelado de distribución de especies se discute sobre la distribución geográfica de la especie y los factores que pudieron conducir a este patrón.

ABSTRACT The genus Homoeomma has thirteen species distributed in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Uruguay. In Argentina, two species are recorded, Homoeomma elegans in Misiones province and H. uruguayense in Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos and Santa Fe provinces. The objective of this work is to provide the first record of Homoeomma uruguayense in the mountainous system of central Argentina, belonging to western record of the genus in this country. In addition, we provide data on natural history of the species, some notes on its sexual behavior and through the species distribution modeling we discussed about the geographic distribution of the species and factors that could led to this pattern.

Abstract: The male of Stenoterommata uruguaiGoloboff, 1995 is described and illustrated for the first time. A photograph of a female spermathecae collected at the same locality is also presented to confirm the identification, as well as data on the natural history of this species.

Resumen: Se describe e ilustra por primera vez el macho de Stenoterommata uruguaiGoloboff, 1995. También se presenta una fotografía de la espermateca de una hembra recolectada en la misma localidad para confirmar la identificación y se registran datos sobre la historia natural de esta especie.

Se describe Acanthoscurria sacsayhuaman sp. nov. (Araneae: Theraphosidae) en base a un macho proveniente de Cusco, Perú. Esta especie se diferencia del resto de las especies del género por la ausencia de setas estriduladoras en la cara retrolateral del trocánter del pedipalpo. Además, puede separarse por la forma del bulbo del macho y la apófisis tibial del primer par de patas. Se registra por primera vez el género para Perú.

ABSTRACT A new species of Phrixotrichus Simon, 1889, P. pucara sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on a male from Pucará river, Neuquén province, Argentina. Male can be distinguished from all other species of the genus by the presence of a long strong spine on inner face of prolateral branch of tibial apophysis; also, it differs from P. scrofa (Molina, 1788) and P. vulpinus (Karsch, 1880) by a serrated prolateral keel of the male palpal bulb. Male resembles P. jara Perafán & Pérez-Miles, 2014 but can be distinguished by the uniform color on dorsal cephalothorax and by the palpal organ morphology being wider on the bulb base and embolus shorter and thicker, with the tip of embolus not so directed retrolaterally and prolateral keel bearing a serrated edge with three teeth. Additionally, P. vulpinus is reported for the first time for Argentina along with new distributional data.

RESUMEN Se describe e ilustra una nueva especie de Phrixotrichus Simon, 1889, P. pucara sp. nov., basada en un macho del río Pucará, provincia de Neuquén, Argentina. El macho se distingue de las especies restantes del género por la presencia de una espina larga y fuerte en la cara interna de la rama prolateral de la apófisis tibial; además, difiere de P. scrofa (Molina, 1788) y P. vulpinus (Karsch, 1880) por una quilla prolateral aserrada en el bulbo del macho. El macho recuerda a P. jara Perafán & Pérez-Miles, 2014 pero se distingue por el color uniforme en el dorso del caparazón y por la morfología del órgano palpar siendo la base del bulbo más ancha y el émbolo más corto y grueso, con el extremo del émbolo dirigido no tan retrolateralmente y la quilla prolateral lleva un borde aserrado con tres dientes. Adicionalmente, se reporta por primera vez para Argentina la presencia de P. vulpinus junto con nuevos datos en su distribución.

Uma nova espécie de Chaco Tullgren, 1905 é descrita e ilustrada do sopé dos Andes na província de Mendoza, no oeste da Argentina. Esta é a décima espécie do gênero e o primeiro registro de Chaco em Mendoza. Uma chave atualizada é apresentada para todas as espécies de Chaco. Uma análise cladística baseada em uma matriz de caráter morfológico publicada anteriormente resultou na árvore consenso: (C. obscura, C. tucumana, C. castanea, (C. socos + C. tigre) (C. tecka (C. sanjuanina (C. Patagonia + C. ansilta sp. nov.)))).

A new species of Chaco Tullgren, 1905 is described and illustrated from the Andean foothills of Mendoza province, western Argentina. This is the tenth species of the genus and the first record of Chaco in Mendoza. An updated key is presented for all Chaco species. The cladistic analysis based on a previously published morphological character matrix resulted in the consensus tree: (C. obscura, C. tucumana, C. castanea, (C. socos + C. tigre) (C. tecka (C. sanjuanina (C. Patagonia + C. ansilta sp. nov.)))).