Abstract Qualitative research has traditionally relied on specific methodologies for data collection, with interviews being the predominant and preferred approach. Vast quantities of information have been published regarding traditional mechanisms for collecting qualitative data, but few studies have addressed more unconventional mechanisms such as body mapping. This is a distinctive technique commonly used in health sciences. It offers a versatile alternative that encourages participant creativity, reflexivity, and protagonism. It was adapted for use in an educational study with the aim of eliciting participants' constructivist experiences and emotions related to a particular social phenomenon. It was used as part of a descriptive case study which employed two other triangulation techniques, namely semi-structured virtual interviews, and document collection. After the researchers’ reflective processes, it was concluded that body mapping represented an ideal means to facilitate the data collection process. The primary objective of the study, grounded in qualitative research, was to explore the perceptions of five primary English teachers in the Sarapiquí Regional Directorate of Education in Costa Rica regarding the return to in-person education amid the COVID-19 public health crisis. For the body mapping technique, three participants engaged in a face-to-face session, structured into seven phases: map outlining, reflections on distance education, reflections on combined education, reflections on in-person education, finalization of body maps, testimony giving, and concluding reflections on the technique. Although the focus was on in-person education (2022), the distance and combined modalities (2020-2021) were used to activate participants’ prior knowledge and to provide context for the study. This paper demonstrates the procedure followed in applying the body mapping technique for qualitative data collection in a study on the perspective and experiences of teachers, and highlights the valuable insights gained through its use.

Abstract In the community in La Virgen de Sarapiquí, community outreach projects have been carried out from 2018 to 2024. The projects had the purpose of providing the participants with professional skills for the potential tourist visitation in the area due to the opening of El Ceibo of the Braulio Carrillo National Park. In the last three years, English courses have been taught in the community with the aim of promoting linguistic competences in their tourism ventures. This qualitative research evidences the lived experiences and perceptions of two participants in the process of learning and Practicing English in socio-productive activities, developed under this community outreach framework. For this descriptive case study, data were collected through semi-structured interviews, collages, and reflective narratives. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis and using NVivo as software for data coding. The results obtained include the context of the participants before taking the English courses, the perceptions of these people about the English courses, the experiences lived in the implementation of the language and job projections in relation to English. It was concluded that the learning of English was effective and its use in the socio-productive activities of the participants. Also, extension projects are key in the development of rural communities along with the implementation of project management principles such as quality, complexity, adaptability, and resilience; In addition, rigorous qualitative research allows a systematization with perspectives from the experiences and perceptions of the participants.

Resúmen La comunidad en La Virgen de Sarapiquí ha sido parte de un proceso de extensión universitaria desde el 2015 hasta el 2024. Los proyectos tuvieron como propósito proveer a la población meta de habilidades profesionales para atender una potencial visitación turística en la zona debido a la apertura del puesto operativo El Ceibo del Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo. En los últimos tres años, se han impartido cursos de inglés con el objetivo de promover competencias lingüísticas en las personas de la comunidad que tienen emprendimientos turísticos. La presente investigación cualitativa evidencia las experiencias vividas y las percepciones de dos personas participantes del proceso de aprendizaje y puesta en práctica del inglés en actividades socioproductivas, desarrollado bajo este marco de extensión universitaria. Para este estudio de caso descriptivo, se recolectaron datos mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas, y se elaboraron collages y narrativas reflexivas. Los datos se analizaron empleando el análisis temático y utilizando NVivo como software para la codificación de datos. Los resultados obtenidos incluyen el contexto de las personas participantes antes de llevar los cursos de inglés, las percepciones de estas personas sobre los cursos de inglés, las experiencias vividas en la puesta en práctica del idioma y las proyecciones laborales en relación con el inglés. Se concluyó que el aprendizaje del inglés fue efectivo y se usó en las actividades socioproductivas de las personas participantes. Así mismo, los proyectos de extensión son clave en el desarrollo de comunidades rurales junto con la implementación de los principios de dirección de proyectos como calidad, complejidad, adaptabilidad y resiliencia, además de que la investigación cualitativa rigurosa permite una sistematización con perspectivas desde las experiencias y percepciones de las personas participantes.

Editorial |EN The latest trends in qualitative research clamor to include practices that are ever more creative, more visual, more critical, more reflective, more collaborative, and even more multimodal. Rethinking and validating qualitative research as a more integral practice revives the original celebratory feeling related to qualitative research in its most intimate dimension: humanity. Why do we undertake qualitative research? Essentially, we engage in qualitative research to understand more and to understand better. In becoming closer to our humanity and the constructivist experiences that shape us on a daily basis, we forge ourselves as qualitative researchers in the constant search for the very meaning of the social phenomena relevant to our realities. Human, ever more human. Part of this human reality must bring with it significant doses of individual and collective reflection, of closeness to other latitudes, of constant criticality, of the systematic questioning as to the what, how and why of our qualitative research. We must investigate more on upcoming future trends so that they can form part of the conversation in the present. This conversation must include discussion about the effective and ethical use of communication and information technologies. It must question our data collection and analysis processes. Are we promoting free, safe, artistic, and symbolic spaces for our participants to explore their experiences and perceptions? Should we rethink the interview as an official mechanism for the collection of in-depth data? Could we think about other data collection techniques in which the participants can become the true protagonists of their own realities? Do we dare to rethink new trends that could guide participants in representing their realities more organically? As qualitative researchers, we must open ourselves to more participatory processes at community and regional levels; we must open the door to internationalization. We must, in turn, internalize conductive practices of reflective and critical questioning to challenge our own biases. Could the ethical and conscientious driving force in our work revolve around our self-awareness, our taking into account our own positioning in qualitative research studies? Could we celebrate open mindedness, embracing difference and embodying humility as fundamental pillars for those of us who dare to do qualitative research? Humble, ever more humble. Volume 20, Issue 1, of the journal New Trends in Qualitative Research, presents an enriching collection of these trends in qualitative research. Mohd Anis and Olisa (2024) present a pilot study that uses artificial intelligence in focus group processes as a mechanism to rethink data collection in a way that guarantees depth and scalability. Along similar lines, De Almeida et al. (2024) problematize pedagogical practices for teacher training and to guarantee the right to education in Brazil. Veras Meira and Fernandes (2024) reflect on decolonization and the need to institute new beliefs for a more emancipatory education. Picolo Gimenes et al. (2024) show how the use of the Drawing-Story Procedure promotes graphic expression through therapeutic play, and humanizes the collection of qualitative data, establishing ludic-affective links between children and nursing staff. Another study seeks to identify appropriate practices and strategies to minimize risks and impacts for patients who suffered from COVID-19 (Miranda et al., 2024). From Peru, an article reflects on the semantic and conceptual distinctions between theses, thesis reporting and scientific articles as academic practices in higher education, while another reflects on effective marketing strategies along with the challenges faced by some exporting companies in this nation. A research team from the University of Aveiro conducted a bibliometric and systematized study asking what is meant by plagiarism and self-plagiarism. In addition, a study carried out in Canada exemplifies creativity in qualitative research by using teaching innovation and research on primary school Social Science teachers. The authors Araújo-Oliveira et al. (2024) used socio-spatial analysis and the evaluation of musical works to promote professional development in teachers. Similarly, considerations rethinking the training of teachers in teacher-training colleges are presented, such that teachers can learn about the ontological, epistemological, and methodological dimensions of their educational research. Summers et al. (2024) make a reflective call for the collection of qualitative data on online contexts. Finally, presentation is made of an exploratory compilation of arts-based methods to assist in understanding the experiences of people working in care provision for the elderly. Techniques found in the compilation include the visual arts, photoelicitation and storytelling, among others. Such techniques deepened understanding of the emotional, psychological, and social perspectives of caregivers, while also promoting processes of self-reflection and dialogue in these. Such arts-based methods promise to position themselves as integral processes in qualitative research. The articles presented in this issue position qualitative research as a driving force focusing on reflection and the constant rethinking of the what, how and why of what we do. We hope that on reading this issue, you find more questions than you do answers, because we all owe ourselves this constant questioning, knowing that the conversation arising from qualitative research will always lead on to more. Reflective, ever more reflective.

Editorial |PT As novas tendências na investigação qualitativa clamam pela inclusão de práticas mais criativas, visuais, críticas, reflexivas, colaborativas e até mesmo multimodais. Repensar e validar a investigação qualitativa como uma prática mais integral é reviver o sentimento original de celebrar a investigação qualitativa desde a sua dimensão mais íntima: a humanidade. Porque fazemos investigação qualitativa? Essencialmente, fazemos investigação qualitativa para entender mais e melhor. Ao estarmos mais próximos da nossa humanidade e das experiências construtivistas que nos moldam dia após dia, forjamo-nos como investigadores qualitativos em busca constante do próprio significado dos fenómenos sociais relevantes para as nossas realidades. Humanos, ainda mais humanos. Parte desta realidade humana deve trazer consigo uma dose significativa de reflexão individual e coletiva, de proximidade com outras latitudes, de uma criticidade constante, de um questionamento sistemático sobre o quê, como e porquê fazemos investigação qualitativa. Devemos explorar mais as novas tendências para o futuro, para que sejam a conversa do presente. Esta conversa deve incluir o uso efetivo e ético das tecnologias de comunicação e informação, deve levantar questões sobre os nossos processos de recolha e análise de dados. Estamos a promover, nas nossas “personas” participantes, espaços livres, seguros, artísticos e simbólicos sobre as suas experiências e perceções? Será que devemos repensar a entrevista como o mecanismo oficial para a recolha de dados aprofundados? Pensamos noutras técnicas de recolha de dados onde as participantes sejam as verdadeiras protagonistas das suas realidades? Atrevemo-nos a repensar novas tendências que guiem as participantes a representar as suas realidades de uma forma mais orgânica? Como investigadores qualitativos, devemos abrir-nos a processos mais participativos a nível comunitário e regional; devemos abrir a porta à internacionalização. Devemos, por sua vez, internalizar práticas que conduzam a questionamentos reflexivos e críticos para desafiar os nossos próprios preconceitos. Será que o motor ético e de responsabilidade gira em torno da consciência que temos, tendo em conta o nosso posicionamento nos estudos de investigação qualitativa? Será que celebramos a mente aberta, abraçamos o distintivo e incorporamos a humildade como pilares fundamentais para aqueles que se atrevem a fazer investigação qualitativa? Humildes, ainda mais humildes No volume 20, número 1, da revista New Trends in Qualitative Research, apresenta-se uma coleção enriquecedora destas tendências em investigação qualitativa. Mohd Anis e Mohd (2024) apresentam um estudo piloto que utiliza a inteligência artificial em processos de grupos focais como mecanismo para repensar a forma de recolher dados, garantindo profundidade e escalabilidade. Na mesma linha, De Almeida et al. (2024)problematizam as práticas pedagógicas iniciais para treinar docentes e garantir o direito à educação no Brasil. Veras Meira e Fernandes (2024) refletem sobre a descolonização e a necessidade de instituir novas crenças para uma educação mais emancipadora. Picolo Gimenes et al. (2024) evidenciam como o uso de desenho-história promove a expressão gráfica através do jogo terapêutico e humaniza a recolha de dados qualitativos para estabelecer vínculos lúdico-afetivos entre as crianças e o pessoal de enfermagem. Outro estudo procura identificar práticas e estratégias apropriadas para minimizar riscos e impactos em pacientes que sofreram de COVID-19 (Miranda et al., 2024). Dois artigos com contexto peruano refletem sobre as distinções semânticas e conceptuais entre tese, relatório de tese e artigo científico, como práticas académicas no ensino superior, e sobre as estratégias de marketing eficazes, bem como os desafios enfrentados por algumas empresas exportadoras no Peru. Uma equipa de investigação da Universidade de Aveiro abordou a questão do que se entende por plágio e auto-plágio através de um estudo bibliométrico e sistematizado. Além disso, um estudo realizado no Canadá exemplifica a criatividade na investigação qualitativa ao usar a inovação no ensino e na investigação de professores do ensino primário em Ciências Sociais. Os autores Araújo-Oliveira et al.(2024) utilizaram a análise socioespacial e a avaliação de obras musicais para promover o desenvolvimento profissional dos professores. De forma semelhante, são apresentadas considerações revistas na formação de professores em escolas superiores, com o objetivo de que os docentes aprendam sobre as dimensões ontológicas, epistemológicas e metodológicas das suas investigações educativas. Summers et al. (2024) fazem um apelo reflexivo sobre a recolha de dados qualitativos em contextos online. Por último, apresenta-se uma compilação exploratória sobre métodos baseados nas artes para compreender as experiências vividas por pessoas remuneradas que cuidam de idosos. Dentro das técnicas encontradas na compilação, destacam-se as artes visuais, a fotoelicitação e a narração de histórias, entre outras. Estas técnicas aprofundaram as perspetivas emocionais, psicológicas e sociais das pessoas cuidadoras, promovendo nelas processos de autorreflexão e diálogo. Estes métodos baseados nas artes mantêm a promessa de se posicionarem como processos integrais na investigação qualitativa. Os artigos apresentados neste volume posicionam a investigação qualitativa como um motor centrado na reflexão e no constante reexame do quê, como e porquê fazemos o que fazemos. Esperamos que ao ler este volume tenha mais perguntas do que respostas, porque devemos a nós mesmos essa constante inquisição, porque a conversa sobre investigação qualitativa sempre dará para mais. Reflexivos, ainda mais reflexivos.

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Resumen Introducción: La tasa de cesáreas es importante para cualquier centro de atención hospitalaria. Es un indicador de calidad utilizado en muchas publicaciones y, aunque no es una estadística vital, se ha reconocido como un indicador de la calidad de atención. Objetivo: Conocer la tasa de cesáreas en una institución utilizando los grupos de Robson. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de bases de datos de la maternidad. Se consideraron las variables de paridad, cesárea anterior, trabajo de parto, inducción, para poder clasificar la población según los grupos de Robson. El análisis consideró los nacimientos desde octubre del 2014 hasta junio del 2021. Resultados: Se observó una tasa de 27,9% en el periodo de estudio. El grupo 5 de Robson, que considera pacientes con una o más tasa de cesáreas, mostró una elevada tasa (68%), contribuyó con el 36% de todas las cesáreas, siendo solamente el 15% de la población. El grupo 3, de multíparas con trabajo de parto espontáneo, tuvo una tasa del 1,8%, contribuyó al 0,4% de las cesáreas, siendo el 20% de la población de estudio. Se encontró una correlación significativa entre uso de parto instrumental y menor tasa de cesáreas, al realizar análisis por operador (Spearman rho: –0,45; IC95%: –0,788 a –0,0190; p = 0,043). Conclusión: La tasa de cesáreas observada fue 27,9%, y las pacientes con cesárea anterior son un grupo donde pueden concentrarse mayores esfuerzos para bajar la tasa global. Entre los operadores, los usuarios de parto instrumental tuvieron menor proporción cesáreas.

Abstract Introduction: The cesarean section rate is important for any hospital care center. It is a quality indicator used in many publications, and although not a vital statistic, it has been recognized as an indicator of the quality of care. Objective:: To know the cesarean section rate in an institution using Robson groups. Methods: Retrospective study of maternity databases. The variables of parity, previous cesarean section, labor, induction was considered in order to classify the population according to Robson groups. The analysis considered births from October 2014 to June 2021. Results: A rate of 27.9% was observed in the study period. Robson’s group 5, which considers patients with one or more rate of cesarean sections, showed a high rate (68%), contributing to 36% of all cesarean sections, being only 15% of the population. Group 3, multiparas with spontaneous labor, had a rate of 1.8%, contributing to 0.4% of cesarean sections, making up 20% of the study population. A significant correlation was found between the use of instrumental delivery and a lower rate of cesarean sections, when analyzing by operator (Spearman rho: –0.45; IC95%: –0.788 to –0.0190; p = 0.043). Conclusion: The observed cesarean section rate was 27.9%, and patients with a previous cesarean section are a group where greater efforts can be concentrated to lower the overall rate. Among the operators, users of instrumental delivery had a lower proportion of cesarean sections.

Abstract The structural integrity is generally given by the mechanical behavior of the joints, and among these are the welded joints. During service, variable loads may appear over time, so it is necessary to know data to predict the fatigue failure of welds. This article aims to determine the S-N curve of an AISI 1015 steel butt-welded joint, manufactured by the flux-cored arc welding process. The filler material is the ER71-T wire and the protection gas was carbon dioxide. The fatigue tests were carried out according to the ASTM 739-91 standard in a MTS810 universal testing machine. Rectangular cross section specimens were used. The load cycle was asymmetric in tensile, with an asymmetry ratio of 0,1. It was obtained that the fatigue strength limit 01 for the tested joint is equal to 161,4 MPa, at a cut point of 1 500 000 cycles.

Resumen La integridad estructural generalmente está dada por la resistencia mecánica de las uniones, y entre estas se encuentran las uniones soldadas. Durante el servicio pueden aparecer cargas variables en el tiempo, por lo que es necesario conocer datos que permitan predecir el fallo por fatiga de las soldaduras. Este artículo tuvo como objetivo determinar la curva S-N de una unión soldada a tope de acero AISI 1015, fabricada mediante el proceso de soldadura por arco con núcleo fundente. El material de aporte fue el alambre ER71-T y el gas de protección fue dióxido de carbono. Los ensayos a fatiga se realizaron de acuerdo a la norma ASTM 739-91 en una máquina universal MTS810. Se utilizaron probetas de sección transversal rectangular. El ciclo de carga fue asimétrico a tracción, con un coeficiente de asimetría de 0,1. Se obtuvo que el límite de resistencia a la fatiga 01 para la unión ensayada es igual a 161,4 MPa, a un punto de corte de 1 500 000 ciclos.

Resumen Introducción. La emergencia sanitaria de COVID-19 suspendió los procesos de educación a nivel mundial. El Ministerio de Educación Pública de Costa Rica no fue la excepción y en marzo de 2020 se propuso trabajar bajo la modalidad de educación a distancia. Propósito. Este artículo se centra en los resultados referentes a los sentimientos expresados por las personas participantes, como parte de una investigación principal derivada de un estudio de caso descriptivo que se basó en la investigación cualitativa inductiva y tuvo como propósito describir las percepciones de cuatro docentes de inglés de primaria de la Dirección Regional de Educación San Carlos con respecto a la educación a distancia llevada a cabo durante la crisis sanitaria del COVID-19. Metodología. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas a profundidad, planeamientos didácticos y grabaciones de videos sobre procesos de mediación pedagógica y contextos profesionales, y fueron analizados mediante categorías semánticas del análisis de contenido (Hatch, 2002) a través de la plataforma digital WebQDA (Costa et al., 2019). Resultados. Los resultados sugieren sentimientos antes y durante la pandemia, tal como fueron experimentados por el cuerpo docente y se enfocaron en sentimientos negativos en su mayoría. Entre algunos destacan incertidumbre, estrés, confusión, sobrecarga laboral, dificultad, tristeza y preocupación. Otros sentimientos vividos fueron discriminación, impotencia e irrespeto, tomando en cuenta los contextos del profesorado y las familias. Este estudio presenta al personal docente desde su dimensión humana como profesionales que sobrevivieron a una pandemia en sus propios escenarios educativos, y evidencia la importancia de una comunicación efectiva y la toma en consideración de un acompañamiento psicológico para fortalecer la integridad emocional del cuerpo docente.

Resumo Introdução. A emergência de saúde do COVID-19 suspendeu os processos educacionais em todo o mundo. O Ministério da Educação Pública da Costa Rica não foi exceção e, em março de 2020, propôs a adoção da modalidade de educação a distância. Propósito. Este artigo baseia-se nos resultados relacionados aos sentimentos expressos pelos participantes, como parte de uma pesquisa principal derivada de um estudo de caso descritivo que se fundamentou em pesquisa qualitativa indutiva, com o objetivo de descrever as percepções de quatro professores de inglês da Direção Regional de Educação de San Carlos, Costa Rica, sobre a educação a distância durante a crise sanitária do COVID-19. Metodologia. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas em profundidade, planos de aula e gravações em vídeo sobre processos de mediação pedagógica e contextos profissionais. Os dados foram analisados utilizando categorias semânticas de análise de conteúdo (Hatch, 2002) por meio da plataforma digital WebQDA (Costa et al., 2019). Resultados. Os resultados indicam os sentimentos vivenciados pelos professores antes e durante a pandemia, predominantemente negativos. Dentre eles estão incerteza, estresse, confusão, sobrecarga de trabalho, dificuldade, tristeza e preocupação. Além disso, foram observados sentimentos de discriminação, impotência e desrespeito em relação aos contextos dos professores e familiares. Este estudo apresenta os professores a partir de sua dimensão humana como profissionais que sobreviveram a uma pandemia em seus ambientes educacionais, ressaltando a importância da comunicação eficaz e do apoio psicológico para fortalecer a integridade emocional do corpo docente.

Abstract Introduction. COVID-19’s health crisis put a hold on all educational processes worldwide. This was not the exception for Costa Rica at the Ministry of Education. In March 2020, it was proposed that distance education was going to be put into practice. Purpose. This paper focuses on the feelings the participants communicated during the study. This was part of a principal investigation that used a case study methodology based on inductive qualitative research. It had the purpose of describing the perceptions of four English primary school teachers from the Dirección Regional de Educación San Carlos (San Carlos Regional Education Office) regarding distance education during the sanitary emergency of COVID-19. Methodology. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, lesson plans, and video recordings of pedagogical mediation and professional contexts. The data were analyzed using semantic categories from content analysis (Hatch, 2002) and the Web Qualitative Data Analysis (webQDA) software (Costa et al., 2019). Results. Results suggest that teachers reported experiencing a range of emotions before and during the pandemic, with the majority being negative in nature. Among the most notable were uncertainty, stress, confusion, overwork, a sense of difficulty, sadness, and worry. Other feelings included discrimination, impotence, and disrespect towards the teachers and the families’ specific contexts. This study presents the teachers from their human dimension as professionals who endured the pandemic within their own educational contexts. The study also shows the importance of effective communication and taking into consideration psychological support to strengthen the emotional integrity of the teachers.

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Abstract Introduction: In Mexico, cardiac rehabilitation (CR) as an interdisciplinary intervention with therapeutic impact in patients with heart disease is growing. There is the need to know actual conditions of CR in our country. Objectives: The objective of this National Registry is to follow-up those existing and new CR units in Mexico through the comparison between the two previous registries, RENAPREC-2009 and RENAPREC II-2015 studies. This is a descriptive study focused on diverse CR activities such as assistance training, and certification of health professionals, barriers, reference, population attended, interdisciplinarity, permanence over time, growth prospects, regulations, post-pandemic condition, integrative characteristics, and scientific research. Results: Data were collected from 45 CR centers in the 32 states, 75.5% are private practice units, 67% are new, 33% were part of RENAPREC II-2015, and 17 have continued since 2009. With a better distribution of CR units along the territory, the median reference of candidates for CR programs is 9% with a significant reduction into tiempo of enrollment to Phase II admission (19 ± 11 days). Regarding to previous registries, the coverance of Phases I, II, and III is 71%, 100%, and 93%, respectively; and a coverance increases in evaluation, risk stratification, and prescription, more comprehensive attendance and prevention strategies. Conclusions: CR in Mexico has grown in the past 7 years. Even there is still low reference and heterogeneity in specific processes, there are strengths such as interdisciplinarity, scientific professionalization of specialists, national diversification, and an official society that are consolidated over time.

Resumen Los servicios ecosistémicos de los humedales son fundamentales para la sustentabilidad de las sociedades por su aporte alimentario y regulación del clima; su gradual deterioro agudiza la crisis ambiental y disminuye la calidad del agua. Los sitios Ramsar fueron creados para la protección de los humedales del Planeta, con el objetivo de preservar la integridad y el mantenimiento de sus características biológicas. Este estudio describe la situación del Sitio Ramsar Núm. 1981 ubicado al noreste de México. Con apoyo de imágenes con vista satelital y mapas de uso de suelo, se contabilizó el cambio de uso de suelo por un periodo de 44 años, analizado en tres instantáneas temporales: 1975, 2003 y 2019. Se comprobó una reducción substancial del humedal y su zona de influencia. Se registró una pérdida de 84 % en área inundable, el matorral decreció 36 % y la zona agrícola y el pastizal incrementaron su superficie en 547 % y 284 %, respectivamente. Dicho aumento ocurrió a expensas del área inundable, posiblemente causado por los prolongados periodos de sequía durante las últimas décadas. Es importante reconocer que en México no se ha legislado específicamente para la protección de los humedales, por lo que decretar un sitio Ramsar no es suficiente para frenar o revertir los procesos de deterioro ambiental. Es necesario mejorar la gestión de las leyes vigentes y desarrollar un plan de manejo adaptativo sujeto a los cambios hídricos provocados por el cambio climático, el manejo inadecuado de las cuencas y la falta de cobertura natural.

Abstract The ecosystem services provided by wetlands are central to the sustainability of societies through their contribution to food supply and climate regulation. The gradual deterioration of these ecosystems exacerbates the environmental crisis and the deterioration of water quality. Ramsar Sites were created for the protection of the world's wetlands, with the aim of preserving the integrity and maintenance of their biological character. This study presents the situation of Ramsar Site No. 1981 which is in north-eastern Mexico, using satellite images and land use maps, land use change is accounted for a period of 44 years analysed in three temporal snapshots: 1975, 2003 and 2019. The flooded area decreased by 84 %, scrubland decreased by 36 % and agricultural area increased by 547 %, and grassland by 284 %. The area increased at the expense of floodplain cover, possibly caused by prolonged periods of drought over the last few decades. It is essential to recognise that Mexico has not legislated specifically for the protection of Wetlands, therefore decree a system of Ramsar is not enough to stop or reverse the processes of environmental degradation. It is necessary to improve the management of existing laws and develop an adaptive management plan subject to hydrological changes due climate change, inadequate watershed management and lack of natural cover.

Resumen: Las especies vegetales, condiciones regionales y prácticas de manejo tienen efectos sobre la absorción de nutrientes, pero su estudio es complejo ya que todos estos efectos ocurren al mismo tiempo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar el contenido foliar de nutrientes en árboles de Brosimum alicastrum (perenne), Cordia dodecandra (caducifolio) y Spondias purpurea (caducifolio) creciendo en huertos familiares y selvas en dos regiones. Se muestrearon 20 individuos por especie y sus suelos asociados. Se analizó el pH del suelo, la conductividad eléctrica, los porcentajes de arena, limo y arcilla, así como los contenidos edáficos y foliares de C, N, P, K, Na y Ca. Los niveles de nutrientes en los suelos asociados a cada especie fueron significativamente diferentes (λ Wilks = 0.61, F12,372 = 8.70; p <0.0001). Los suelos de selva tuvieron mayores contenidos de C y N, mientras que los suelos de los huertos familiares tuvieron un pH más alto y más limo y fósforo. El contenido de nutrientes foliares de las tres especies fue significativamente diferente (λ Wilks = 0.11, F12,458 = 77.71; P < 0,0001). B. alicastrum tuvo mayores contenidos de Na y K; C. dodecandra tuvo más Ca, y S. purpurea tuvo más N y P. El P fue tres veces mayor en los árboles de huertos que en los individuos de selva. El manejo determina el contenido de P; el C y N dependen de la especie y la región; y la especie y el manejo determinan los contenidos de K, Na y Ca foliares.

Abstract: Plant species, regional conditions and management practices have effects on plant nutrient uptake; however, its study is complex as their effects occur all at the same time. This study compares the foliar nutrient contents of Brosimum alicastrum (evergreen), Cordia dodecandra (deciduous), and Spondias purpurea (deciduous) tree individuals growing in homegardens and forest at two climate regions. 20 individuals per species and their associated soils were sampled. Soil pH, electrical conductivity, sand, silt, and clay percentages, as well as edaphic and foliar C, N, P, K, Na, and Ca contents were analyzed. Nutrient levels in soils associated with each species were significantly different (λ Wilks = 0.61, F12,372 = 8.70; p < 0.0001). Forest soils had higher contents of C and N; homegarden soils had higher pH, and more silt and phosphorus. The foliar nutrient contents of the three species were significantly different (λ Wilks = 0.11, F12,458 = 77.71; P < 0.0001). B. alicastrum had greater contents of Na and K; C. dodecandra had more Ca, and S. purpurea had higher levels of N and P. Foliar P content was three times higher in homegarden trees than in forest individuals. Our results suggest that management primarily determines foliar P content; C and N levels depend on species and region; and both, the species and management determine K, Na, and Ca contents.

Resumen En este artículo se presenta un sistema experto piloto difuso como una medida alterna complementaria, con el objetivo de diagnosticar de una manera expedita el estado de salud de un paciente que pueda tener o desarrollar complicaciones asociadas al Covid-19. Para el caso de esta investigación, se utilizó una metodología descriptiva mixta. En primera instancia, se desarrolló un Sistema Experto (SE) para recopilar información del Covid-19, posteriormente mediante una red semántica se visualizó el conocimiento sobre esta enfermedad para que, a partir de la declaración de conocimientos al lenguaje natural, definir las variables y realizar un proceso de parametrización para la creación del Sistema Difuso (SD). Para el diseño de los ítems del cuestionario, se consultó a un médico especialista y se aplicó a una población aleatoria de 72 pacientes que habían presentado los síntomas del Covid-19. Los resultados obtenidos al aplicar el SE arrojaron una eficiencia del 86% en el diagnóstico realizado a la muestra poblacional, justificando la hipótesis supuesta de un diagnóstico mayor del 80%. Se concluye que al ser el Covid-19 una enfermedad pandémica con variantes y manifestación de múltiples síntomas en los pacientes que la han adquirido, la generación de nuevas metodologías de diagnóstico como la que aquí se presenta, posibilitan un rápido diagnóstico ante la alta demanda de atención médica. Esta modalidad de diagnóstico a través de un SE, en la medida que se siga retroalimentando y se aplique a un mayor número de pacientes, ayudará a detectar con mayor eficiencia y en tiempo si el paciente presenta o no Covid-19.

Abstract This article presents a fuzzy pilot expert system as a complementary alternative measure with the objetive to quickly diagnose the health status of a patient who may have or develop complications associated with Covid-19. For the case of this research, a mixed descriptive methodology was used. In the first instance, an Expert System (ES) was developed to collect information on Covid-19, later, through a semantic network, the knowledge about this disease was visualized so that, from the declaration of knowledge to natural language, define the variables and perform a parameterization process for the creation of the Fuzzy System (FS). For the design of the questionnaire items, a medical specialist was consulted and the instrument was applied through a Google form to a random population of 72 patients who had presented the symptoms of Covid-19. The results obtained by applying the ES showed an efficiency of 86% in the diagnosis made to the population sample, justifying the supposed hypothesis of a diagnosis greater than 80%. It is concluded that since Covid-19 is a pandemic disease with variants and manifestation of multiple symptoms in patients who have acquired it, the generation of new diagnostic methodologies such as the one presented here, allow a rapid diagnosis in the face of the high demand for medical care. This diagnostic modality through an ES, to the extent that feedback continues and is applied to a greater number of patients, will help to detect more efficiently and in time whether or not the patient has Covid-19.

Resumo Neste artigo, é apresentado um sistema pericial piloto fuzzy como medida complementar alternativa, com o objetivo de diagnosticar de forma expedita o estado de saúde de um paciente que possa ter ou desenvolver complicações associadas à Covid-19. No caso desta pesquisa, foi utilizada uma metodologia descritiva mista. Em uma primeira instância, foi desenvolvido um Sistema Especialista (SE) para coletar informações sobre a Covid-19, posteriormente, por meio de uma rede semântica, foi visualizado o conhecimento sobre essa doença para que, com base na declaração de conhecimento em linguagem natural, defina as variáveis e realizar um processo de parametrização para a criação do Sistema Fuzzy (SD). Para o desenho dos itens do questionário, foi consultado um médico especialista e aplicado a uma população aleatória de 72 pacientes que apresentaram os sintomas da Covid-19. Os resultados obtidos com a aplicação do SE mostraram uma eficiência de 86% no diagnóstico feito à amostra populacional, justificando a hipótese de um diagnóstico superior a 80%. atenção médica. Esta modalidade de diagnóstico através de SE, na medida em que o feedback continua e é aplicado a um maior número de doentes, vai ajudar a detetar de forma mais eficiente e atempada se o doente tem ou não Covid-19.

Abstract: The objective of the research was to compare emotional intelligence in three stages of development, considering gender and whether they perform physical activity. Emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive and express emotions. A non-experimental cross-sectional design was carried out. The participants were 325 young people between 18 and 25 years of age (214 women and 111 men); 303 adults between 30 and 59 years old (187 women and 116 men); and 299 older adults aged 65 or over (173 women and 126 men). Participation was voluntary. The TMMS24 was applied to them, which evaluates attention, emotional clarity and repair of emotions, they have a total Cronbach’s alpha of .84. The data was processed through SPSS version 25. According to the results, women have greater attention and repair to their emotions.

Resumen: El objetivo de la investigación fue comparar la inteligencia emocional en tres etapas de desarrollo, considerando el sexo y si realizan o no actividad física. La inteligencia emocional es la habilidad para percibir y expresar las emociones. Se llevó a cabo un diseño no experimental transversal. Los participantes fueron 325 jóvenes entre 18 y 25 años de edad (214 mujeres y 111 hombres); 303 adultos entre 30 y 59 años (187 mujeres y 116 hombres); y 299 adultos mayores con 65 años o más (173 mujeres y 126 hombres). La participación fue voluntaria. Se les aplicó el TMMS24 el cual evalúa la atención, claridad emocional y reparación de las emociones, tienen un alfa de Cronbach de ,84 total. Los datos se procesaron a través del SPSS versión 25. De acuerdo con los resultados las mujeres poseen mayor atención y reparación a sus emociones.

Resumo: O objetivo da pesquisa foi comparar a inteligência emocional em três estágios de desenvolvimento, considerando o gênero e a prática ou não de atividade física. A inteligência emocional é a capacidade de perceber e expressar emoções. Foi realizado um desenho transversal não experimental. Os participantes foram 325 jovens entre os 18 e os 25 anos (214 mulheres e 111 homens); 303 adultos entre os 30 e os 59 anos (187 mulheres e 116 homens); e 299 idosos com 65 anos ou mais (173 mulheres e 126 homens). A participação foi voluntária. A eles foi aplicado o TMMS24, que avalia atenção, clareza emocional e reparação de emoções, eles têm um alfa de Cronbach de 0,84 total. Os dados foram processados através do SPSS versão 25. De acordo com os resultados, as mulheres apresentam maior atenção e reparação às suas emoções.

Abstract Breast pathology throughout pregnancy and lactation represents a challenge because the physiological changes of mammary tissue during this period may affect the interpretation of clinical and imaging findings. The objective of this presentation is to review the differential diagnosis of breast diseases during pregnancy and lactation. Most of breast pathology during pregnancy and lactation is benign and can be further classified into three categories: 1) those related to physiological changes, 2) inflammatory diseases, and 3) benign tumors. Only 3% of breast cancers will develop during pregnancy. Risk factors for worst prognosis, such as negative hormonal receptors or HER2/neu positive, in pregnant women have similar prevalence than in non-pregnant women of the same age. Early diagnose is of the outmost prognostic importance, therefore it`s important to maintain screening schedule as recommended. It is important to be familiarized with the physiological changes of the breast during pregnancy and lactation, and to know the most prevalent diseases affecting women during this period.

Resumen La patología mamaria durante el embarazo y la lactancia representa un desafío debido a que los cambios fisiológicos del tejido mamario durante este periodo pueden afectar la interpretación de los hallazgos clínicos e imagenológicos. El objetivo de esta revisión es conocer el diagnóstico diferencial de las enfermedades mamarias durante el embarazo y la lactancia. La mayoría de las patologías mamarias durante el embarazo y la lactancia son benignas y pueden ser clasificadas en tres categorías: 1) aquellas relacionadas con cambios fisiológicos, 2) enfermedades inflamatorias y 3) tumores benignos. Solo el 3% de los cánceres mamarios se desarrollan durante el embarazo. Los factores de mal pronóstico, como receptores hormonales negativos o HER2/neu positivo, en las mujeres embarazadas tienen una prevalencia similar a la observada en no embarazadas de la misma edad. El diagnóstico precoz es de crucial importancia pronóstica, por lo que es necesario mantener los esquemas de tamizaje recomendados. Es importante estar familiarizado con los cambios fisiológicos durante el embarazo y la lactancia, y conocer las patologías más prevalentes que afectan a las mujeres durante este periodo.

Abstract: Conventional agriculture with the establishment of monocultures and the indiscriminate use of pesticides negatively impacts soil fertility. Legume cultivation is an alternative to improve soil conditions and produce food. Therefore, the physical and chemical properties of the soil were determined before and after cultivation of Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna unguiculata and Vigna radiata. Before starting the crop, the producer evaluated the quality of the soil using qualitative visual indicators. Three treatments were established under a randomized complete block design and with analysis of variance the physicochemical properties were compared before and after cultivation. The quality of the soil was moderate both by the visual evaluation and by the chemical analysis carried out. Treatment effects were observed in CIC and Ca values, which decreased after cultures. The polyculture of leguminous species contributes to improving soil conditions.

Resumen: La agricultura convencional con el establecimiento de monocultivos y el uso indiscriminado de plaguicidas impacta de forma negativa la fertilidad del suelo. El cultivo de especies leguminosas es una alternativa para mejorar las condiciones del suelo y producir alimento. Por ello, se determinaron las propiedades físicas y químicas del suelo, antes y después del cultivo de Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna unguiculata y Vigna radiata. Antes de iniciar el cultivo el productor evaluó la calidad del suelo mediante indicadores visuales cualitativos. Se establecieron tres tratamientos bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar y por medio del análisis de varianza se compararon las propiedades fisicoquímicas, antes y después del cultivo. La calidad del suelo es moderada tanto por la evaluación visual como por el análisis químico. Se observaron efectos del tratamiento en la CIC y Ca, los cuales disminuyeron después de los cultivos. El policultivo de leguminosas contribuye a mejorar las condiciones del suelo.

Abstract The research analyzed the journalistic approach to the adoption of children in Colombia between 2008 and 2020, based on a documentary scan and content analysis carried out from the review of the written media with the greatest coverage and experience in the country. (El Espectador, El Tiempo, El Colombiano and Semana Magazine). 554 newspaper articles were obtained between the years 2014 to 2020, having as the subject of greatest coverage the debates on the proposed referendum to exclude same-sex couples and single people as alleged adoptive parents. It is concluded that the media do not contrast the informative content with social actors directly linked to the process such as children and adoptive families, nor with the governing body of the adoption program - ICBF-, evidencing that the The main source is politics based on the issue being discussed.

Resumen La investigación analizó el abordaje periodístico de la adopción de niños en Colombia entre los años 2008 al 2020, a partir de un rastreo documental y análisis de contenido realizado a partir de la revisión de los medios de comunicación escritos con mayor cobertura y trayectoria en el país (El Espectador, El Tiempo, El Colombiano y Revista Semana). Se obtuvieron 554 artículos periodísticos entre los años 2014 a 2020, teniendo como tema de mayor cobertura los debates del referendo propuesto para excluir a las parejas del mismo sexo y a las personas solteras como pretensos padres adoptantes. Se concluyó que los medios de comunicación no contrastan el contenido informativo con actores sociales directamente vinculados al proceso como los niños, las familias adoptantes y el organismo rector del programa de adopción - ICBF-, poniendo en evidencia que la fuente principal es política a partir de la temática que se discute.

Resumen: Introducción: En la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2, la modificación de la técnica de intubación utilizando dispositivos de barrera (aerosol box) para disminuir la exposición a aerosoles generó ansiedad en los trabajadores de la salud (TS), al incrementar el grado de dificultad y el tiempo de intubación endotraqueal (TI). Los ambientes simulados de intubación incrementan la habilidad para la intubación y disminuye el TI. Objetivo: Medir el TI pre y posmaniobra educativa (sin caja sin entrenamiento -SS-, con caja sin entrenamiento -CS-, con caja con entrenamiento -CC-). Material y métodos: Retrospectivo, comparativo, con médicos capacitados en el ambiente simulado. Resultados: n = 82, clínicos 69.5%, residentes 82.9%. TI: SS 35 s (27-47.25 s), CS 39.5 s (28-56.5 s) y CC 22 s (17.5-30 s), p = 0.0001. Mayores TI de clínicos versus quirúrgicos SS 39 s (30-52 s) versus 32 s (24-34 s), p = 0.004; CS 42 s (33-59 s) versus 28 s (21-43 s), p = 0.016; CC 25 s (20-35 s) versus 19 s (16-21 s), p = 0.018. Mayor TI novatos versus experimentados SS 68 s (39-135 s) versus 34 s (27-46 s), p = 0.058; CS 144 s (84-210 s) versus 38 s (28-54 s), p = 0.001; CC 46 s (30-55 s) versus 22 s (17-30 s), p = 0.030. El uso del dispositivo sin entrenamiento aumentó el TI, pero en todos los grupos hubo disminución del TI posterior a la capacitación -16 s (-26 a -7 s), más notoria entre los novatos -98 s (-163 a -45.5 s) y el grupo clínico -18.5 s (-32 a -7 s). Conclusión: El uso de dispositivos puede ser eficiente en términos de TI con un entrenamiento independientemente de la experiencia y especialidad médica.

Abstract: Introduction: In the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the modification of the intubation technique using the aerosol box, in order to reduce exposure to aerosols generates anxiety in Health Workers (HCWs), by increasing the degree of difficulty and time of endotracheal intubation (IT). Simulated intubation environments allow to measured IT and also increase intubation ability and decrease IT. Objective: To measure IT pre (without box without training -SS-, with box without training -CS-, with box with training -CC-) and post educational maneuver. Material and methods: Retrospective, comparative, before and after; with physicians trained in a simulated environment. Results: n = 82, age 29 years (27 to 31 years), clinicians 69.5%, residents 82.9%. IT: SS 35 s (27-47.25 s), CS 39.5 s (28-56.5 s) and CC 22 seconds (17.5-30 s), p = 0.0001. Higher IT of clinical vs surgical physicians SS 39 s (30-52 s) versus 32 s (24-34 s), p = 0.004; CS 42 s (33-59 s) versus 28 s (21-43 s), p = 0.016; CC 25 s (20-35 s) versus 19 s (16-21 s) p = 0.018. Higher TI novice vs experienced SS 68 s (39-135 s) versus 34 s (27-46 s), p = 0.058; CS 144 s (84-210 s) versus 38 (28-54 s), p = 0.001, CC 46 s (30-55 s) versus 22 s (17-30 s), p = 0.030. Using the device without training increased IT, but post-training IT decreased in all groups -16 s (-26 to -7 s), which was more noticeable among novices -98 s (-163 to -45.5 s) and the clinical group -18.5 s (-32 to -7 s). Conclusion: The use of devices with training can be efficient in terms of IT, regardless the degree of experience and type of medical specialty.