Abstract Computational modeling and simulation represents a competitive and functional tool that effectively supports the study of thermochemical behavior in combustion optimization, guaranteeing reliable results through modeling, design and allowed the validation of excess thermodynamic properties applied for combustion. of the biomass of Piptocoma discolor (pigüe) from the Amazonian region of Ecuador and Latin America. The model parameters were physical, chemical and thermal through computational fluid dynamics in combustion optimization. And the mathematical model of combustion was obtained under the transport method of the species. In the simulation, the variables of primary air flow and moisture content were observed. The variable of the combustion parameters were N2, O2, CO, H, pressure, temperature, humidity, total energy and burning time of the biomass particles. The geometric configuration was developed according to the fundamental principles of CFD within Ansys Fluent to obtain the behavior of speed, turbulence, pressure, etc. of the composition of the optimal fuel 91.75% of a complete combustion and compared to other species that show 86% of the reactions of the combustion of the species.

Resumen La modelación y simulación computacional representan una herramienta competitiva y funcional que apoya eficazmente al estudio del comportamiento termoquímico en la optimización de la combustión. Garantiza resultados confiables a través de la modelación y diseño, y permitió la validación de las propiedades termodinámicas en exceso aplicados para la combustión de la biomasa del Piptocoma discolor (pigüe) de la región amazónica del Ecuador y América Latina. Los parámetros del modelo fueron físicos, químicos y térmicos a través de los fluidos dinámicos computacionales en optimización de la combustión. Se obtuvo el modelo matemático de la combustión bajo el método de transporte de la especie. En la simulación se consideró las variables del flujo de aire primario, contenido de humedad. Las variables de los parámetros de la combustión fueron N2, O2, CO, H, presión, temperatura, humedad, energía total y tiempo de quemado de las partículas de biomasa. La configuración geométrica fue desarrollada según los principios fundamentales de CFD dentro de Ansys Fluent para obtener el comportamiento de la velocidad, turbulencia, presión, etc. de la composición del combustible óptimo 91.75 % de una combustión completa y frente a otras especies que arrojan el 86 % de las reacciones de la combustión de las especies.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a prevalência de doenças durante a gravidez e a associação entre a exposição fetal às doenças maternas mais prevalentes e o risco de recém-nascidos prematuros (PP) e/ou pequenos para a idade gestacional (PIG) em uma amostra não selecionada de mulheres que deram à luz em países da América do Sul. Métodos: Estudo descritivo transversal que incluiu 56.232 mães de crianças não malformadas nascidas entre 2002 e 2016, utilizando dados do Estudo Colaborativo Latino-americano de Malformações Congênitas (ECLAMC). Foram identificadas as doenças com maior número de casos observado/esperado de PP/PIG. O esperado foi obtido dos controles sem doenças. Odds ratios para variáveis de confusão de doença e eventos ao nascimento foram calculadas usando regressão logística multivariada. Resultados: Das 14 doenças mais referidas, hipertensão, infecção geniturinária, epilepsia, hipotireoidismo, diabetes e HIV/AIDS apresentaram maiores frequências de PP e/ou PIG. Idade materna nos dois extremos, perda fetal prévia, baixo nível socioeconômico e ascendência afro-americana foram associados a PP, enquanto idade materna avançada, primigravidez, perda fetal prévia, baixo nível socioeconômico e ascendência afro-americana foram associados a PIG. Após ajuste para as variáveis associadas, as doenças identificadas mantiveram associação com PP e todas, exceto epilepsia, com PIG. Conclusão: A descrição de uma população não selecionada de gestantes possibilitou identificar as doenças mais frequentes e seu impacto nos resultados adversos na gravidez. Seis doenças foram associadas a PP e duas a recém-nascidos PIG. Até onde sabemos, não há relatos semelhantes sobre mulheres não selecionadas intencionalmente por doenças específicas durante a gravidez em populações sul-americanas.

ABSTRACT Objective: Our aim was to describe the prevalence of diseases during pregnancy and the association between fetal exposure to the most frequent maternal diseases and the risk of preterm (PTB) and/or small for gestational age (SGA) newborns in an unselected sample of women who gave birth in South American countries. Methods: We conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional study including 56,232 mothers of non-malformed infants born between 2002 and 2016, using data from the Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC). Diseases with higher- than-expected PTB/SGA frequencies were identified. Odds ratios of confounding variables for diseases and birth outcomes were calculated with a multivariable logistic regression. Results: Of the 14 most reported diseases, hypertension, genitourinary infection, epilepsy, hypothyroidism, diabetes, and HIV/AIDS showed higher PTB and/or SGA frequencies. Advanced and low maternal age, previous fetal loss, low socioeconomic level, and African-American ancestry were associated with PTB, while advanced maternal age, primigravidity, previous fetal loss, low socioeconomic level, and African-American ancestry were associated with SGA. After adjusting for the associated variables, the identified illnesses maintained their association with PTB and all, except epilepsy, with SGA. Conclusion: The description of an unselected population of mothers allowed identifying the most frequent diseases occurring during gestation and their impact on pregnancy outcomes. Six diseases were associated with PTB and two with SGA newborns. To the best of our knowledge, there are no similar reports about women not intentionally selected by specific diseases during pregnancy in South American populations.

ABSTRACT Objective: Our aim was to describe the prevalence of diseases during pregnancy and the association between fetal exposure to the most frequent maternal diseases and the risk of preterm (PTB) and/or small for gestational age (SGA) newborns in an unselected sample of women who gave birth in South American countries. Methods: We conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional study including 56,232 mothers of non-malformed infants born between 2002 and 2016, using data from the Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC). Diseases with higher- than-expected PTB/SGA frequencies were identified. Odds ratios of confounding variables for diseases and birth outcomes were calculated with a multivariable logistic regression. Results: Of the 14 most reported diseases, hypertension, genitourinary infection, epilepsy, hypothyroidism, diabetes, and HIV/AIDS showed higher PTB and/or SGA frequencies. Advanced and low maternal age, previous fetal loss, low socioeconomic level, and African-American ancestry were associated with PTB, while advanced maternal age, primigravidity, previous fetal loss, low socioeconomic level, and African-American ancestry were associated with SGA. After adjusting for the associated variables, the identified illnesses maintained their association with PTB and all, except epilepsy, with SGA. Conclusion: The description of an unselected population of mothers allowed identifying the most frequent diseases occurring during gestation and their impact on pregnancy outcomes. Six diseases were associated with PTB and two with SGA newborns. To the best of our knowledge, there are no similar reports about women not intentionally selected by specific diseases during pregnancy in South American populations.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a prevalência de doenças durante a gravidez e a associação entre a exposição fetal às doenças maternas mais prevalentes e o risco de recém-nascidos prematuros (PP) e/ou pequenos para a idade gestacional (PIG) em uma amostra não selecionada de mulheres que deram à luz em países da América do Sul. Métodos: Estudo descritivo transversal que incluiu 56.232 mães de crianças não malformadas nascidas entre 2002 e 2016, utilizando dados do Estudo Colaborativo Latino-americano de Malformações Congênitas (ECLAMC). Foram identificadas as doenças com maior número de casos observado/esperado de PP/PIG. O esperado foi obtido dos controles sem doenças. Odds ratios para variáveis de confusão de doença e eventos ao nascimento foram calculadas usando regressão logística multivariada. Resultados: Das 14 doenças mais referidas, hipertensão, infecção geniturinária, epilepsia, hipotireoidismo, diabetes e HIV/AIDS apresentaram maiores frequências de PP e/ou PIG. Idade materna nos dois extremos, perda fetal prévia, baixo nível socioeconômico e ascendência afro-americana foram associados a PP, enquanto idade materna avançada, primigravidez, perda fetal prévia, baixo nível socioeconômico e ascendência afro-americana foram associados a PIG. Após ajuste para as variáveis associadas, as doenças identificadas mantiveram associação com PP e todas, exceto epilepsia, com PIG. Conclusão: A descrição de uma população não selecionada de gestantes possibilitou identificar as doenças mais frequentes e seu impacto nos resultados adversos na gravidez. Seis doenças foram associadas a PP e duas a recém-nascidos PIG. Até onde sabemos, não há relatos semelhantes sobre mulheres não selecionadas intencionalmente por doenças específicas durante a gravidez em populações sul-americanas.

Resumen El nuevo coronavirus del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave de tipo 2 (SARS-CoV-2), virus que se ha expandido por todo el mundo, produce una infección respiratoria aguda capaz de producir la muerte; sin embargo, el daño en otros órganos también es frecuente. Diversos estudios han evidenciado alteraciones en pruebas de lesión hepáticas, las cuales se han asociado con enfermedad grave y mayor estancia hospitalaria; así mismo, en la infección por el virus en pacientes con enfermedad hepática preexistente se observó una elevación significativa de las aminotransferasas durante el curso de la enfermedad y mayor riesgo de enfermedad grave. La explicación fisiopatológica de la afectación hepática en estos pacientes abarca el efecto citopático directo producido por la unión del virus a la enzima convertidora de la angiotensina II (ECA-II) a los hepatocitos y colangiocitos, una respuesta inmunitaria desproporcionada y, en algunos casos, la hepatotoxicidad por medicamentos.

Abstract The new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a virus that has spread around the world, causes an acute respiratory infection and it may also cause death. The damage that can cause in other organs is frequent. Many studies had also shown alterations in liver function tests, that are then related to serious illness and with hospitalization requirements. Moreover, in patients infected with the virus that had underlying liver disease, a significant increase in the level of aminotransferases was observed in the course of the disease. A greater risk of serious illness was also detected. The pathophysiological explanation of liver injury in those patients covers the direct cytopathic effect produced by binding the virus, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) to the hepatocytes and the cholangiocytes, excessive immune response, and in some cases, drug-induced hepatotoxicity.

La Sección de Sueño, Oxigenoterapia y Otros Tratamientos Crónicos Domiciliarios, de la Asociación Argentina de Medicina Respiratoria (AAMR) se planteó desarrollar en nuestro país un documento formal que exponga la base científica y costo económica de la cobertura del tratamiento del síndrome de apneas e hipopneas obstructivas durante el sueño (SAHOS). Esta iniciativa se basó en la necesidad de analizar la visión de expertos locales que se desempeñan en la realidad coyuntural cotidiana de nuestro país, para elaborar un documento informativo para miembros del equipo de salud. A su vez, exhorta a los diferentes actores del sistema a determinar pautas claras que sirvan de referencia para la generación de políticas públicas. La agenda se inició en septiembre de 2018 en un grupo de redacción. Luego, revisores de cinco provincias argentinas efectuaron una extensa valoración de la evidencia publicada. Para la edición final se realizó una reunión presencial de discusión y generación de consenso. Se plantearon como objetivos; actualizar la base científica que define al SAHOS como problema de salud de proporciones epidémicas con consecuencias demostrables en la salud, analizar los datos de costo-efectividad del tratamiento con CPAP para las formas moderadas a severas y leves con síntomas y unificar conceptos en relación con la calidad mínima necesaria en los tratamientos que se ofrecen. Finalmente, se analiza la situación en la Argentina sobre la base a datos publicados y se presenta una propuesta de mejora en tres niveles: social y económico, logístico-administrativo y clínico.

The Sleep, Oxygen Therapy and Other Home Chronic Treatments Section of the Argentinian Association of Respiratory Medicine (AAMR, for its acronym in ish) proposed the development in our country of a formal document exposing the scientific and cost-economical foundation of the coverage for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). This initiative was based on the need to analyze the vision of local experts who work in the daily current reality of our country, in order to create an informative document for the members of the medical staff. In turn, it encourages the different members of the system to determine clear guidelines that could be used as reference for generating public policies. The agenda began in September, 2018 within a writing staff. Then, editors from five Argentinian provinces made a thorough assessment of published evidence. For the final edition, a face-to-face meeting was arranged to discuss and reach a consensus. The suggested objectives were: to update the scientific base that defines the OSAHS as a health problem of epidemic proportions with health consequences; to analyze cost-efficacy data of CPAP treatment for moderate to severe and mild-with-symptoms forms of the disease and to unify concepts in relation to the minimum necessary quality of treatments to be offered. Finally, the situation in Argentina is analyzed basing on published data, and a proposal is presented for improvement in three levels: social and economic, logistic-administrative and clinical.

Abstract An analysis of work accident was carried out to identify the risks associated with the process of piloting, excavation and casting used in 118 injured workers, without fatalities in six companies of the construction sector in the city of Cartagena de Indias, Colombia. The research is descriptive, as it specifies the activities of people, groups, and environment regarding the phenomenon of work accident. In addition, it uses the observation and documentary analysis of previous research, as the method to gather information on what was occurring in the construction companies. Blows (hit by and hit against) had the highest prevalence with frequencies of 50%, 45% and 52% in the respective years in which the study was developed (2014-2016). The year 2014 reported a greater number of accidents with fracture (14%), being these the most incapacitating in the group of accident events analyzed.

Resumen Se realizó un análisis de accidentalidad laboral identificando los riesgos asociados al proceso de pilotaje, excavaciones y fundición de placas utilizado en 118 trabajadores accidentado, sin fatalidades, de seis empresas del sector de la construcción de la ciudad de Cartagena de indias, en Colombia. La investigación es de tipo descriptiva, ya que especifica las actividades de personas, grupos, y entorno respecto al fenómeno de accidente de trabajo. Además, utiliza la observación y análisis documental de investigaciones anteriores como método para reunir información sobre lo que acontecía en las empresas constructoras. Los golpes (golpeado por y golpeado contra) tuvieron la mayor prevalencia con frecuencias del 50%, 45% y 52% en los respectivos años en que se desarrolló el estudio (2014-2016). El año 2014 reportó mayor cantidad de accidentes con fractura (14%), siendo estos los más incapacitantes del grupo de eventos de accidente analizados.

Biosecurity conditions were diagnosed in the health sector of the department of Bolívar, in the Colombian Caribbean. The study was qualitative, cross - sectional, carried out in 33 institutions providing health services that detailed the biosecurity conditions through the use of checklists related to biological risk, documentary review and accident statistics. An average of 262856 man hours were found, with 2012 and 2013 being the years with more injured cases with biological risk, with 37 and 30 accidents respectively. In the 33 institutions that were evaluated, an average of 262856 man hours were found, between the years 2011 and 2013 an average of 7.6 accidents were generated, being the year 2013 the most critical among the evaluated institutions.

Se diagnosticó las condiciones de bioseguridad en el sector sanitario del departamento de Bolívar, en el Caribe Colombiano. El estudio fue cualitativo, transversal, realizado en 33 instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud donde se detallaron las condiciones de bioseguridad mediante el uso de listas de chequeo relacionadas con el riesgo biológico, revisión documental y estadísticas de accidentalidad. Se encontraron en promedio 262856 horas hombre trabajadas, siendo los años 2012 y 2013 los más accidentados con riesgo biológico, al registrar 37 y 30 accidentes respectivamente. En las 33 instituciones evaluadas se encontraron en promedio 262856 horas hombre trabajadas, entre los años 2011 y 2013 se generó un promedio de 7.6 accidentes con riesgo biológico, siendo el año 2013 el más accidentado entre las instituciones evaluadas.

Objetivo. Determinar prevalência de hipoacusia neurosensorial inducida por ruido en los trabajadores expuestos a ruido en cuatro empresas dedicadas al procesamiento de madera en la ciudad de Cartagena. Métodos. Sé realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en cuatro empresas de aserríos del sector madera de la ciudad de Cartagena, dedicadas a la transformación de la troza de madera en tablas y listones a través de operaciones de corte, cepillado y canteado de la madera. La población objeto de estudio fue de veinte trabajadores del área de maquinado expuestos a ruido. Se hizo una evaluación preliminar para conocer en forma detallada el ambiente de trabajo y las circunstancias bajo las cuales se exponen los trabajadores al ruido, las características del ruido y sus fuentes. Resultados. La prevalencia de hipoacusia neurosensorial inducida por ruido fue del 20%. Se encontró en el grupo objeto de estudio un 5 % con hipoacusia entre trabajadores de 41 a 45 años de edad y un 15% en trabajadores de más de 46 años de edad. En cuanto al tiempo de servicio en las distintas empresas, los trabajadores de 1 a 30 años presentaron el 20% de hipoacusia neurosensorial inducida por el ruido. En la medición de la exposición al ruido basada por puesto de trabajo en las distintas empresas seleccionadas se determinó el nivel continuo equivalente que oscila entre 95,7 dB(A) a 101,9 dB(A) el cual sobrepasa los valores límites permisibles de acuerdo a los criterios de ACGIH de USA. El nivel de riesgo es alto en una de las empresas mientras se encontró un nivel de riesgo medio en las otras empresas seleccionadas

Objective. To find out prevalence of noise-induced sensorineural hearing loss in workers exposed to noise in four companies implicated in wood processing in the city of Cartagena. Method. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in four companies sawmills the timber sector of the city of Cartagena, dedicated to the transformation of the log wooden board and batten through cutting, brushing and chamfering wood. The study population was twenty machining area workers exposed to noise. A preliminary evaluation was done to know in detail the work environment and the circumstances under which workers are exposed to noise, noise characteristics and sources. Results. The prevalence of noise-induced sensorineural hearing loss was 20%. It was found in the study group that 5% with hearing loss among workers 41 to 45 years old and 15% in workers over 46 years old. As for the time of service in the various companies, workers from 1 to 30 years had 20% of sensorineural hearing loss induced by noise. In the measurement of noise exposure per job based on the different selected companies the equivalent continuous level of between 95.7 dB (A) to 101.9 dB (A) which exceeds the permissible limit values determined according to the US ACGIH criteria. The risk level is high in one of the companies as a medium risk was found in the other selected companies

El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar la prevalencia de anticuerpos anti-Leishmania en perros del departamento de Sucre, Colombia. Se analizaron 122 perros del área rural de los municipios de Ovejas, Sampués y Sincelejo, mediante la técnica de inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI). Anticuerpos anti-Leishmania fueron detectados en el 69,6 % (IC95 % = 61,1 - 78,2) de la población canina estudiada. En el municipio de Sincelejo la seropositividad fue del 72 % (IC95 % = 61,1 - 82,8), en el municipio de Sampués del 68,4 % (IC95 % = 52,3 - 84,5) y en el municipio de Ovejas del 55,5 % (IC95 % = 21,2 - 86,3). Los animales seropositivos fueron principalmente caninos jóvenes y adultos. El 17,6 % de los perros seropositivos mostró signos clínicos compatibles con leishmaniasis canina, entre los cuales la onicogrifosis, alopecia y caquexia fueron los más comunes. La alta frecuencia de caninos con anticuerpos a Leishmania detectada en el presente estudio, pone de manifiesto la hiperendemicidad de la leishmaniasis canina en esta zona del país, así como el alto riesgo de brotes epidémicos de la enfermedad.

The aim of this survey wasto determine prevalence of antibodies against Leishmania in dogs from Sucre, Colombia. We analyzed 122 dogs in rural areas from municipalities of Sampués, Ovejas and Sincelejo, by indirect immunofluorescence (IFA). Anti-Leishmania antibodies were detected in 69.6 % (95 % CI = 61.1 to 78.2) of the selected canine population. In the municipality of Sincelejo, Sampues and Ovejas, the seropositivities were 72 % (95 % CI = 61.1 to 82.8), 68.4 % (95 % CI = 52.3 to 84.5) and 55.5 % (95 % CI = 21.2 to 86.3) respectively. Seropositive animals were mainly young and adult dogs. The 17.6 % of seropositive dogs showed clinical signs compatible with canine leishmaniasis; onychogryphosis, alopecia and cachexia were the most common ones. The detected high frequency of canines with antibodies against Leishmania in the present study, highlights the hyperendemicity status of canine leishmaniasis in this area of the country and the high risk of disease outbreaks.

Resumen El ñame Criollo (Dioscorea alata) y el ñame Espino (Dioscorea rotundata) se constituyen como las dos especies mayormente cultivadas en el departamento de Sucre, Colombia. Por esta razón en la Universidad de Sucre se han implementado técnicas para lograr su conservación mediante la propagación in vitro, sin embargo esta metodología conserva las accesiones por un periodo no mayor a los 4 meses, provocando continuos subcultivos, aumento de costos y mano de obra. Por ello la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo establecer medios de cultivo óptimos para la conservación in vitro por crecimiento mínimo de diferentes accesiones (D. alata y D. rotundata) pertenecientes al banco de germoplasma de la Universidad de Sucre, durante un periodo de 8 meses. Esto mediante la modificación del medio de cultivo base MS; con los siguientes osmolitos: sacarosa, manitol y sorbitol. Se avaluaron 8 tratamientos (T) en los siguientes porcentajes T1 (control) (3:0:0), T2 (0:1,5:0), T3 (0:0:2), T4 (0:1,5:2), T5 (0:0:1) y T6 (0:0:3), T7 (0:1,5:1) y T8 (0:1,5:3). Cada 30 días se evaluó: supervivencia (%), hojas expandidas (%), longitud del tallo y raíz, número de nudos y raíces, oxidación (%), senescencia foliar (%) y callo (%). Los resultados mostraron que las especies D. alata y D. rotundata, se conservan de forma óptima, en la combinación T4 (0:1,5:2), donde se evidencia un alto porcentaje de supervivencia, un mínimo porcentaje de senescencia foliar y un desarrollo restringido en el resto de variables. Garantizando así la disponibilidad y el desarrollo normal de las accesiones en un periodo superior a 4 meses.

Abstract Dioscorea alata cv. "Criollo" and Dioscorea rotundata cv. "Espino" are constituted as the two cultivars mostly cultivated in the department of Sucre, Colombia. For this reason the University of Sucre has been implementing tissue culture techniques for their multiplication throughout in vitro propagation. However, this methodology support accessions for a period about 4 months, causing continuous subcultures, increased costs and labor. Therefore the objective of the present investigation was to establish an optimal culture media for in vitro minimal growth conservation of different accessions (D. alata and D. rotundata) from the University of Sucre yam's genebank , for a period of 8 months by modifying the basic MS culture medium. The following osmolytes were used: sucrose, mannitol and sorbitol in different percentages (S:M:S). Eight treatments (T) in the following percentages were evaluated: T1 (control) (3:0:0), T2 (0:1,5:0), T3(0:0:2), T4 (0:1,5:2), T5 (0:0:1) y T6 (0:0:3), T7 (0:1,5:1) y T8 (0:1,5:3). Every 30 days data was recorded for: survival (%), expanded leaves (%), length of stem and roots, number of leaves and roots, phenolization (%), leaf senescence (%) and callus presence (%). The best results for D. alata and D. rotundata, were observed in treatment T4 (0:1,5:2), where a high percentage of survival evidence, a minimum percentage of leaf senescence and a limited response for the other variables. Therefore, these results indicate the potential of this media, to increase 100% in vitro growth conservation over the conventional media, and ensuring the viability and normal development of the accessions for more than four months period.

Introducción. En Colombia, la diversidad de flebotomíneos es alta, con 162 especies registradas que incluyen especies vectoras de Leishmania spp. Objetivo. Identificar las especies de flebotomíneos de importancia médica dentro del área de influencia del Proyecto Hidroeléctrico del río Amoyá, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Los flebotomíneos fueron recolectados con trampas de luz de tipo CDC,Shannon y adhesivas, en 15 veredas del municipio de Chaparral, departamento de Tolima. Resultados. Un total de 1.077 especímenes adultos de flebotomíneos fueron recolectados e identificados como pertenecientes a 13 especies del género Lutzomyia França, 1924 y una especie del género Warileya Hertig, 1948. Entre las especies del género Lutzomyia recolectadas, Lu. longiflocosa (Morales, Osorno y Muñoz, 1970), Lu. columbiana (Ristorcelli y Van Ty, 1941)yLu. nuneztovari (Ortiz, 1954) son importantes por sus historiales epidemiológicos. Se resalta por primera vez la presencia de Lu. suapiensis (Le Pont, Torrez-Espejo y Dujardin, 1997) en Colombia y de Warileyarotundipennis (Fairchild y Herting, 1951) en el departamento de Tolima. Conclusión. Este estudio contribuye al conocimiento de la distribución geográfica de la subfamilia Phlebotominae en Colombia y favorece localmente a la comprensión de la riqueza y taxonomía de estos insectos, para un mejor entendimiento de la transmisión de la leishmaniasis en el municipio de Chaparral.

Introduction. In Colombia, the diversity of phlebotomine sand flies is high, with 162 recorded species, and which include vectors of Leishmania spp. Objective. To identify the sand fly species of medically importancein the area of influence from Amoyá River Hydroelectric Project, Colombia. Materials and methods. Sand flies were collected with CDC lighttraps, Shannon traps and sticky traps, from 15 villages in Chaparral County,Tolima. Results. A total of 1,077 adult sand fly specimens were collected. Thirteen species were found in the genus Lutzomyiaand one species in the genusWarileya.Among the Lutzomyia species, three species--Lutzomyia longiflocosa, Lutzomyia columbianaandLutzomyia nuneztovari--are important for their epidemiological history.Lutzomyiasuapiensiswas a new record for Colombia, and Warileya rotundipennis was recorded for the first time in Tolima. Conclusions. This study contributed to an increased knowledge of Colombian sand flies in terms of (1) expanding the geographical distribution of members of the subfamily Phlebotominae, (2) gaining estimates of species-richness and species associations in central Colombia, and (3) providing a better understanding of epidemiology of leishmaniasis in theChaparral area.

Lutzomyia trinidadensis (Newstead, 1922), L. bettinii Feliciangeli, Ramírez-Pérez & Ramírez, 1988, L. flaviscutellata (Mangabeira, 1942), L. yuilli Young & Porter, 1972, L. saulensis (Floch & Abonnenc, 1944), L. runoides (Fairchild & Hertig, 1953), L. ayrozai (Barretto & Coutinho, 1940), L. claustrei Abonnenc, Leger & Fauran, 1979, L. walkeri (Newstead, 1914), L. preclara Young & Arias, 1984, L. (geniculata) sp., L. (squamiventris) sp., and L. (Evandromyia) sp., are recorded for the first time in the department of Vichada, Colombia. In addition, the presence of L. antunesi (Coutinho, 1939) and L. aragaoi (Costa Lima, 1932) in this department is confirmed. Sand flies were collected in the municipalities of Puerto Carreño, Cumaribo, and La Primavera, using CDC light traps, Shannon trap, and human bait, and by active search in resting places. The epidemiological importance of these sand fly species is discussed in relation with the cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Se informa el primer hallazgo de Lutzomyia trinidadensis (Newstead, 1922), L. bettinii Feliciangeli, Ramírez-Pérez & Ramírez, 1988, L. flaviscutellata (Mangabeira, 1942), L. yuilli Young & Porter, 1972, L. saulensis (Floch & Abonnenc, 1944), L. runoides (Fairchild & Hertig, 1953), L. ayrozai (Barretto & Coutinho, 1940), L. claustrei Abonnenc, Leger & Fauran, 1979, L. walkeri (Newstead, 1914), L. preclara Young & Arias, 1984, L. (geniculata) sp., L. (squamiventris) sp., y L. (Evandromyia) sp., en el departamento de Vichada, Colombia. También se confirma la presencia de L. antunesi (Coutinho, 1939) y L. aragaoi (Costa Lima, 1932) en este departamento. Los flebotomíneos fueron recolectados en los municipios de Puerto Carreño, Cumaribo, y La Primavera, con trampas de luz tipo CDC, trampa Shannon y atrayente humano, y mediante búsqueda activa en lugares de reposo. Se discute la importancia epidemiológica de estas especies de flebotomíneos en relación con la leishmaniosis cutánea.

The effects of soybean bran, a residue of soybean oil extraction, rich in dietary fiber-both soluble and insoluble -on fat distribution, plasmatic and liver lipids, glycemia and glycemic load, were studied on adult male obese diabetic 0 rats. Two hundred days old ft rats were fed two diets with 15% sodium caseinate as protein source and 10% dietary fiber from soybean bran (S) or cellulose (C) during 30 and 60 days. Significant diminutions in blood cholesterol levels were registered in group S on day 30 as well as on day 60. Diet S significantly attenuated the characteristic increase in blood triacylglycerols levels and the usual progressive increase in blood glucose levels expressed in this line of rats. Diet S decreased significantly liver total lipids, cholesterol and triacylglycerols compared with C. No differences were registered between groups neither in food intake nor in biomass. These effects are attributed to the combined effects of the soluble and insoluble fiber fractions present in soybean bran. In conclusion, soybean bran may be considered as a useful component of functional foods designed for human nutrition.

Se estudiáronlos efectos de la cascarilla o salvado de la soja, con alto contenido de fibra dietaria, de tipo insoluble y soluble, sobre la distribución del tejido adiposo, el perfil lipídico sanguíneo y hepático, la glicemia basal y post sobrecarga glucídica, en ratas adultas de la línea IIMb/p, obesa y diabética. Ejemplares de 200 días fueron alimentados durante 30 y 60 días con dos dietas con caseinato como fuente proteica y 10 g/100g de fibra de salvado de soja (S) o celulosa microcristalina (C). Tanto a los 30 como a los 60 días de tratamiento se constataron niveles de colesterol sérico significativamente menores en el grupo S con respecto a C. Los valores de C fueron asimismo superiores a los del inicio del experimento. La dieta S atenuó el aumento de los triacilgliceroles séricos, manifestado en el grupo C y el progresivo aumento de la glucemia basal habitual en estos roedores. Se registró una significativa disminución de los lípidos totales, el colesterol y los triacilgliceroles hepáticos en el grupo S. Se atribuyen estos efectos, a los mecanismos fisiológicos combinados de las fracciones de fibra del salvado de la soja. Se concluye que este producto podría evaluarse en humanos como un potencial componente de alimentos funcionales.

Lutzomyia evansi (Núñez-Tovar) is the vector of the parasite Leishmania infantum in rural zones of Northern Colombia. An attempt was made to determine the origin of a recently detected urban population of Lutzomyia evansi by genetically characterizing specimens from seven geographically distinct localities in the Colombian Caribbean. Insect specimens were collected in rural and urban environments of areas endemic for visceral leishmaniasis or free of the disease. Nine polymorphic sites, nine nucleotide haplotypes and a single aminoacid haplotype were found within the 315 bp fragment sequenced, corresponding to the 3' end of the cytochrome b mitochondrial gene. Paired genetic distances between the haplotypes, estimated with the Kimura two-parameters model, varied from 0,0032-0,0194. Analysis revealed low genetic variability between specimens from urban and rural localities. Several of the sand flies collected in the city of Sincelejo (department of Sucre), where autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis cases have appeared in recent years, were genetically similar to those of a rural focus of the disease (El Contento, on the neighboring department of Córdoba). The epidemiological implications of this finding for Leishmania infantum transmission in the Colombian Caribbean are discussed.

Lutzomyia evansi (Núñez-Tovar) es el insecto transmisor del parásito Leishmania infantum en zonas rurales del norte de Colombia. Con el propósito de establecer el probable origen de una población urbana del vector, detectada en años recientes, se caracterizaron genéticamente ejemplares de Lutzomyia evansi de siete localidades geográficas del Caribe Colombiano. Los flebotomíneos fueron recolectados en ambientes rurales y urbanos de zonas endémicas y no endémicas de leishmaniasis visceral. Dentro del fragmento secuenciado de 315 pb correspondiente al extremo 3' del gen mitocondrial citocromo b, se encontraron nueve sitios polimórficos, nueve haplotipos nucleotídicos y un solo haplotipo aminoacídico. Las distancias genéticas pareadas entre los haplotipos, estimadas con el modelo de Kimura de dos parámetros, oscilaron entre 0,0032 y 0,0194. El análisis reveló la existencia de una baja variabilidad genética entre especímenes de localidades urbanas y rurales. Varios de los flebotomíneos recolectados en la zona urbana de la ciudad de Sincelejo, departamento de Sucre, donde en años recientes aparecieron casos autóctonos de leishmaniasis visceral, fueron genéticamente similares a los de El Contento, en el cercano departamento de Córdoba, foco rural de la enfermedad. Se discuten las implicaciones epidemiológicas de este hallazgo para la transmisión de Leishmania infantum en el Caribe Colombiano.