European eel and chub samples were analyzed to determine the levels of non-dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls (NDL-PCBs), polychlorodibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like PCBs (DL-PCBs), and brominated polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in order to evaluate the extent of contamination of the river Tiber along the urban tract through the city of Rome (Italy). All samples presented detectable levels of the chemicals analyzed, and exhibited species-specific differences in terms of congener composition and total concentrations. On average the European eel presented the highest values. In this species the dioxin-like compound sums (WHO-TEQs) exceeded the pertinent maximum levels (MLs). Non-ortho PCBs constituted approximately 80% of WHO-TEQ toxicological potential whereas NDL-PCB and PBDE concentrations appeared to match values determined in other polluted aquatic ecosystems where non-point contamination sources were present. The contamination patterns determined in fish tissues seemed to reflect the impact of generic contamination source(s).

In questo studio sono stati analizzati esemplari di anguilla europea e cavedano per la determinazione dei livelli di policlorobifenili ad azione non diossina-simile (NDL-PCBs), policloridibenzo-p-diossina (PCDDs) e policlorodibenzofurani (PCDFs), PCB ad azione diossina-simile (DL-PCB), difenil eteri bromurati (PBDE), al fine di valutare la contaminazione del fiume Tevere lungo il tratto urbano della città di Roma. Tutti i campioni presentano livelli distinguibili delle sostanze chimiche analizzate, ed esibiscono differenze specie-specifiche in termini di composizione di congeneri e livelli totali. In media, l'anguilla europea presenta i valori più elevati. In questa specie la somma dei composti ad azione diossina-simile supera il livello massimo previsto dalla normativa comunitaria. I PCBs non-orto costituiscono approssimativamente l'80% del potenziale tossicologico.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of occupational blood and body fluids exposure (OBBFE) among the nursing staff at the Dr. Diego Paroissien Hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina; analyze the possible risk factors associated; and assess the level of knowledge regarding universal precautions and control procedures following exposure. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed using a voluntary and anonymous survey administered between April and May 2005. In addition to personal and professional data, information was collected on knowledge and practice of universal precautions and procedures, OBBFE experienced, barriers to following the standards, and whether or not the Hepatitis B vaccine had been received. The dependent variable in the analysis was ever having experienced an OBBFE accident. RESULTS: Of the 186 responses analyzed, 77.7% were female, the mean age was 44.6 ± 8.9 years, and the institution was 13.3 ± 6.4 years old. Of those surveyed, 91 (48.9%) indicated that at some time they had an OBBFE, with 33 (17.7%) of these having occurred during the previous year; 73.0% confirmed that the tools necessary for complying with universal precautions were available always or almost always; 76.2% felt they had complete information, although 56.3% said they had not received adequate training; and, 94.1% claimed to have been vaccinated against Hepatitis B. Being overworked (54.5%), insufficient training (21.8%), and a lack of protective tools (18.8%) were the reasons most often identified as impeding compliance with universal precaution guidelines. Not having received training during the preceding year and having recently started work in a clinical or adult intensive-care unit were significantly associated with having experienced an OBBFE. CONCLUSIONS: These results signal a risk alert for OBBFE among health care workers and underscore the need for improving standards and surveillance.

OBJETIVOS: Determinar la frecuencia de la exposición ocupacional a sangre y fluidos corporales (EOSFC) en el personal de enfermería del Hospital Dr. Diego Paroissien, de Buenos Aires, Argentina, analizar los posibles factores de riesgo asociados y evaluar el nivel de conocimientos sobre las normas vigentes de prevención y control después de la exposición. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal mediante una encuesta voluntaria y anónima aplicada entre abril y mayo de 2005. Además de los datos personales y profesionales, se recabó información acerca de los conocimientos y la capacitación sobre las medidas de precaución universales y los procedimientos a seguir, los accidentes de EOSFC sufridos, los factores que atentaban contra el cumplimiento de las normas y si estaban vacunados contra la hepatitis B. La variable dependiente para el análisis fue haber sufrido alguna vez una EOSFC. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 186 encuestas, de ellas 77,7% correspondían a mujeres; la edad promedio era de 44,6 ± 8,9 años y la antigüedad en la institución de 13,3 ± 6,4 años. De los encuestados, 91 (48,9%) refirieron haber sufrido alguna vez una EOSFC y 33 (17,7%) de ellas ocurrieron el año previo; 73,0% afirmó disponer de los elementos adecuados para cumplir con las normas de precaución universal siempre o casi siempre, 76,2% consideró tener la información adecuada, aunque 56,3% afirmó no haber recibido una capacitación adecuada; 94,1% refirió estar vacunado contra la hepatitis B. La sobrecarga de trabajo (54,5%), la insuficiente capacitación (21,8%) y la carencia de los elementos de protección necesarios (18,8%) fueron las situaciones señaladas con mayor frecuencia que atentaban contra el cumplimiento de las precauciones universales. No haber recibido capacitación el año previo y desempeñarse en una unidad de cuidados clínicos o intensivos de adultos se asociaron significativamente con haber presentado alguna EOSFC. CONCLUSIONES: Estos resultados constituyen una alerta del riesgo de EOSFC en los trabajadores de la salud y confirman la necesidad de mejorar los estándares de prevención y vigilancia.

Occupational exposure to Hepatitis C virus is an area of growing concern due to a lack of prophylaxis and limited knowledge regarding prevalence in hospital environment. Between 1999 and 2003, a total of 128 occupational exposures to this virus were registered in Diego Paroissien Hospital, eight of which led to hepatitis (6.3%) and one case to serum conversion (0.8%). Currently there is no preventive therapy and great interest is focused on acute infection therapy the effectiveness of which is still controversial. This study reinforces the fact that adherence to the Universal Precautions is still the most important preventive measure for health care workers, and the most cost beneficial.

La transmisión ocupacional de virus de hepatitis C (VHC) es un área de creciente preocupación dada la falta de profilaxis y la poca información de su prevalencia en el medio hospitalario. Sobre 128 exposiciones ocupacionales ocurridas en el Hospital Diego Paroissien entre 1999 y 2003 hubieron 8 casos de exposición a VHC (6.3%) y un caso de seroconversión posterior a la exposición (0.8%). No existiendo en la actualidad terapia preventiva para VHC resulta de gran interés la posibilidad de tratamiento de la infección aguda. La mayor parte de los autores coincide en recomendar el tratamiento del episodio agudo de hepatitis por VHC basado en la evidencia actual, aunque aún no está bien definida la mejor estrategia diagnóstica y terapéutica. El acatamiento de las Normas de Precauciones Universales sigue siendo en la actualidad la más importante medida preventiva para evitar la infección ocupacional por VHC en el personal de salud y la de mejor equilibrio costo-beneficio.