Resumen Introducción: Aunque la vena subclavia ofrece ventajas significativas sobre otros abordajes para el acceso venoso central guiado por ultrasonido, no se considera la primera opción en la población pediátrica, principalmente debido a su proximidad con la pleura y la arteria subclavia. Objetivo: Evaluar las características sonoanatómicas de la vena subclavia y sus estructuras adyacentes utilizando el abordaje supraclavicular en la población pediátrica. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional de corte transversal durante el periodo intraoperatorio, desde junio de 2021 hasta marzo de 2022. Participaron niños ASA I, II y III sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos no emergentes bajo anestesia general. Se realizaron las imágenes bajo anestesia general, utilizando un transductor lineal de alta frecuencia para identificar la vena subclavia y medir características anatómicas. Resultados: Se reclutaron 67 niños, con una mediana de 6 años (RIQ 2-12 años), predominando el sexo masculino (61 %). La mediana de peso fue de 22 kg (RIQ12,2-34 kg) y la de estatura fue de 115 cm (RIQ 88-142 cm). Las mediciones del vaso mostraron una distancia media de la piel al vaso de 0,70 cm (DE: 0,18 cm) y una de la piel a la pleura de 1,31 cm (DE: 0,28 cm). El diámetro de la vena tuvo una mediana de 0,49 cm (RIQ 0,40-0,63 cm). El ángulo hipotético de aproximación al vaso presentó una media de 22,09 grados (DE: 4,37 grados), mientras que el ángulo de aproximación a la pleura fue de 39 grados (DE: 5,31 grados). No se documentó la visualización simultánea de la arteria y la vena en ninguna de las ventanas sonoanatómicas registradas. Las pruebas indicaron una diferencia promedio de 0,61 cm en la profundidad del vaso respecto a la pleura, y 16,91 grados menos en el ángulo de aproximación al vaso comparado con el ángulo pleural (p < 0,001). Conclusiones: Mediante esta técnica, el abordaje supraclavicular para punción de la vena subclavia en niños es seguro y viable, con una distancia promedio de la piel al vaso de 0,70 cm, minimizando el riesgo de punción pleural. Se requieren estudios adicionales para optimizar esta técnica en la población pediátrica.

Abstract Introduction: Although the subclavian vein offers significant advantages over other approaches for ultrasound-guided central venous access, it is not the first choice in the pediatric population, mainly due to its proximity to the pleura and the subclavian artery. Objective: To assess the sonoanatomical characteristics of the subclavian vein and adjacent structures using the supraclavicular approach in a pediatric population. Materials and methods: Observational, intraoperative, cross-sectional study, between June 2021 and March 2022. The population consisted of ASA I, II and III children taken to non-emergent surgical procedures under general anesthesia. Images were acquired with the patients under general anesthesia, using a high-frequency linear probe to identify the subclavian vein and measure the anatomical landmarks. Results: A total of 67 children were recruited; mean age was 6 years (IQR: 2-12 years), with male sex predominance (61%). Median weight was 22 kg (IQR: 12.2-34 Kg) and median height was 115 cm (IQR: 88-142 cm). Measurements in relation to the vessel showed a mean distance from the skin of 0.70 cm (SD: 0.18 cm), while mean distance from the skin to the pleura was 1.31 cm (SD: 0.28 cm). Mean vein diameter was 0.49 cm (IQR: 0.40-0.63 cm). The mean hypothetical approach angle to the vessel was 22.09 degrees (SD: 4.37 degrees), while the approach angle to the pleura was 39 degrees (SD: 5.31 degrees). No concurrent visualization of the vein and artery was documented in any of the recorded sonoanatomy windows. The tests pointed to an average difference of 0.61 cm in vessel depth in relation to the pleura, and the angle of approach to the vessel was 16.91 degrees smaller when compared with the angle of approach to the pleura (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Using this technique, the supraclavicular approach to the subclavian vein in children is safe and feasible, with an average skin-to-vessel distance of 0.70 cm, minimizing the risk of pleural puncture. Additional studies are required to optimize this technique in the pediatric population.

Resumen Introducción. Estudios de defoliación en caña de azúcar en México son escasos, se desconoce a qué edad de la planta y en qué época del año se deben realizar. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la defoliación artificial en caña de azúcar en diferentes etapas de cultivo y su respuesta sobre parámetros de calidad y rendimiento. Materiales y métodos. El experimento se llevó a cabo en la zafra 2020-2021 entre los meses de abril y mayo, en una parcela ubicada en una soca del cultivar COLPOSCTMEX 06-039, dentro de la zona de abastecimiento del Ingenio Presidente Benito Juárez de la Chontalpa, Tabasco. Se utilizó un diseño experimental de bloques completamente al azar, donde los tratamientos de defoliación consistieron en eliminar las hojas completas del tallo hasta dejar la hoja +5 (H5). Los tratamientos de defoliación se aplicaron a los 8, 9 y 10 meses de edad del cultivo, más un testigo sin defoliación, con cinco repeticiones por tratamiento. Los parámetros de crecimiento evaluados fueron altura y diámetro de planta, número de tallos e índices de área foliar (IAF) y de vegetación de las diferencias normalizada (NDVI). Al momento de la cosecha se midieron los °Brix y los rendimientos agrícolas de la caña de azúcar. Resultados. Se encontró que los parámetros de crecimiento y calidad fueron disminuidos por los tratamientos de defoliación total. El tratamiento 2 mostró los mayores valores de altura y diámetro de planta, menor NDVI y rendimiento de tallos al momento de la cosecha y la defoliación afectó el IAF. Los °Brix no se vieron afectados por los diferentes tratamientos de defoliación. Conclusión. La defoliación a los nueve meses de edad aumentó el rendimiento agrícola y no afectó la calidad de los jugos.

Abstract Introduction. Defoliation studies on sugarcane in Mexico are scarce, and it is unknown at what age of the plant and in which season of the year it should be carried out. Objective. To evaluate the effect of artificial defoliation in sugarcane at different stages of growth and its response on quality and yield parameters. Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted during the 2020-2021 harvest between the months of April and May, in a plot located in a ratoon of the cultivar COLPOSCTMEX 06-039, within the supply area of the Ingenio Presidente Benito Juárez in the Chontalpa region, Tabasco. A completely randomized block design was used, where the defoliation treatments consisted of removing the entire leaves of the stem until leaving the +5 leaf (H5). Defoliation treatments were applied at 8, 9, and 10 months of crop age, plus a control without defoliation, with five replicates per treatment. Growth parameters evaluated were plant height and diameter, number of stalks, and leaf area index (IAF) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). At harvest, °Brix and sugarcane yields of sugarcane were measured. Results. It was found that growth and quality parameters were reduced by total defoliation treatments. Treatment 2 showed the highest values of plant height and diameter, lower NDVI, and stalk yield at harvest, and defoliation affected the IAF. °Brix were not affected by different defoliation treatments. Conclusion. Defoliation at nine months of age increased agricultural yield and did not affect juice quality.

RESUMO Este estudo analisou um biomaterial substituto ósseo recentemente desenvolvido feito de óxido de quitosana- xantana-hidroxiapatita-grafeno (CXHAG). As partículas CXHAG observaram caracterização estrutural e morfológica in vitro. Foi testado in vivo, com ou sem meio condicionado osteogênico de células-tronco mesenquimais. Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar se o novo biomaterial CXHAG, suplementado com meio condicionado de células-tronco mesenquimais, poderia ser útil para a regeneração óssea. Materiais e Método Para o estudo in vitro, as células foram incubadas com 20mg de grânulos de CXHAG por 24 horas e foi realizado ensaio de MTT para verificar a citotoxicidade. Para o estudo in vivo, foram criados defeitos ósseos de tamanho crítico na calvária em vinte e cinco ratos. Um animal teve o defeito não preenchido (Grupo Controle – GC) e foi eutanasiado após 42 dias. Doze ratos receberam as partículas CXHAG (Grupo 1 – G1) e os outros doze receberam as partículas CXHAG suplementadas com o meio condicionado (Grupo 2 – G2). Todos os enxertos G1/G2 foram cobertos com membrana CXHAG. Os animais do G1/G2 foram eutanasiados após 14 dias (T1) ou 42 dias (T2). Os espécimes foram processados e avaliados histologicamente. Resultados A análise SEM das partículas CXHAG mostrou grânulos de 300-400μm, com superfície áspera e irregular. Eles não foram citotóxicos para células-tronco da polpa dentária in vitro. As amostras CG mostraram tecido conjuntivo imaturo frouxo e nenhuma formação óssea no centro do defeito. G1 e G2 apresentaram partículas remanescentes de biomateriais em ambos os momentos, mas apenas G2 apresentou formação óssea no centro do defeito. Conclusões O meio condicionado teve repercussões positivas na regeneração óssea em defeitos críticos de calvária de ratos quando associado ao novo biomaterial substituto ósseo.

ABSTRACT This study analyzed a recently developed bone substitute biomaterial made of chitosan-xanthanhydroxyapatite- graphene oxide (CXHAG). The CXHAG particles underwent in vitro structural and morphological characterization, and in vivo testing with or without osteogenic conditioned medium from mesenchymal stem cells. Aim The aim of this study was to determine whether the CXHAG novel biomaterial, supplemented with conditioned medium from mesenchymal stem cells, could be useful for bone regeneration. Materials and Method For the in vitro study, cells were incubated with 20mg of CXHAG granules for 24 hours and a MTT assay was performed to tests for cytotoxicity. For the in vivo study, critical size calvarial bone defects were created in twenty-five rats. One animal had the defect unfilled (Control Group–CG) and was euthanized after 42 days. Twelve rats received the CXHAG particles (Group 1–G1) and the other twelve received the CXHAG particles supplemented with the conditioned medium (Group 2–G2). All G1/G2 grafts were covered with a CXHAG membrane. G1/G2 animals were euthanized after 14 days (T1) or 42 days (T2). The specimens were processed and histologically evaluated. Results SEM analysis of the CXHAG particles showed granules of 300-400μm, with a rough irregular surface. They were not cytotoxic to dental pulp stem cells in vitro. The CG specimen showed loose immature connective tissue and no bone formation at the center of the defect. G1 and G2 presented remnant biomaterial particles at both time points, but only G2 had bone formation at the center of the defect. Conclusions The conditioned medium had a positive effect on bone regeneration in rat calvarial critical size defects when associated with the novel bone substitute biomaterial.

Abstract Introduction The Dark Winged Fungus Gnat, Bradysia impatiens Johannsen, is a significant pest in modern forest nurseries in Mexico, as it causes plant mortality. However, studies on adult monitoring are scarce. Objectives Determine the most suitable trap for monitoring B. impatiens, characterize its population levels and identify associated organisms, including its natural enemies. Materials and methods The attraction effect of B. impatiens to two types of yellow sticky traps (circular and flag paper trap) and a colorless trap was evaluated. After selecting the best trap, the capture of B. impatiens and associated organisms was compared across four forest nurseries to determine the species' population levels. Capture data were analyzed using generalized linear models with negative binomial regression. Results and discussion Flag paper trap was the most efficient for capturing adults. Based on weekly captures, three population levels were subjectively rated: low (<30 adults), medium (30-60 adults), and high (>60 adults). Coenosia attenuata Stein was found as a natural enemy of the pest; however, the capture percentage was low (1.78 %), so the traps do not pose a threat to their populations. Kleidotoma sp., a possible parasitoid of the pest and C. attenuata, was also found. Conclusions An integrated pest management plan for B. impatiens is necessary, including flag paper trap and the predator C. attenuata as biological control in nurseries. C. attenuata, a predator of B. impatiens, is recorded for the first time in Tlaxcala.

Resumen Introducción El mosco fungoso negro Bradysia impatiens Johannsen es una plaga de importancia en los viveros forestales tecnificados de México, debido a que ocasiona mortalidad de la planta; sin embargo, los estudios sobre monitoreo de adultos son escasos. Objetivos Determinar la trampa más adecuada para el monitoreo de B. impatiens, caracterizar sus niveles poblacionales e identificar organismos asociados, entre ellos sus enemigos naturales. Materiales y métodos Se evaluó el efecto de atracción de B. impatiens a dos tipos de trampas pegajosas amarillas (circulares y bandera) y una incolora. Después de la selección de la mejor trampa, se comparó la captura de B. impatiens y organismos asociados en cuatro viveros forestales para determinar niveles poblacionales de la especie. Los datos de captura se analizaron con modelos lineales generalizados mediante regresión binomial negativa. Resultados y discusión La trampa bandera fue la más eficiente para la captura de adultos. Con base en la captura semanal, se calificaron subjetivamente tres niveles poblacionales: baja (<30 adultos), media (30-60 adultos) y alta (>60 adultos). Se encontró a Coenosia attenuata Stein como enemigo natural de la plaga; sin embargo, el porcentaje de captura fue bajo (1.78 %), por lo que las trampas no representan amenaza para sus poblaciones. También se encontró a Kleidotoma sp., posible parasitoide de la plaga y de C. attenuata. Conclusiones Es necesario un plan de manejo integrado de plagas para B. impatiens, que incluya la trampa bandera y el depredador C. attenuata como control biológico en viveros. La mosca C. attenuata, depredadora de B. impatiens, se registra por primera vez en Tlaxcala.

RESUMEN Trichoderma, un género de hongos filamentosos es ampliamente utilizado en la agricultura debido a sus propiedades y usos diversos, destacando su habilidad para funcionar como un agente biocontrolador contra diversos fitopatógenos. El éxito de Trichoderma se basa en múltiples mecanismos de acción, que incluyen antibiosis, micoparasitismo, competencia por espacio y nutrientes, producción de enzimas y metabolitos secundarios con actividad antimicrobiana y la estimulación de la respuesta de defensa de las plantas ante los patógenos. Esta mini revisión se centra en los mecanismos de acción de Trichoderma como biocontrolador y sus potencialidades para el uso en la agricultura. Este género de hongos filamentosos con capacidad para inhibir el crecimiento de patógenos, estimular el crecimiento de las plantas y mejorar la calidad del suelo lo convierten en un recurso valioso para los agricultores. El conocimiento de estos mecanismos puede ayudar a mejorar aún más su uso en la agricultura y promover prácticas agrícolas sostenibles.

ABSTRACT Trichoderma, a genus of filamentous fungi, is widely used in agriculture due to its various properties and uses, particularly its ability to function as a biocontrol agent against various phytopathogens. The success of Trichoderma is based on multiple mechanisms of action, including antibiosis, mycoparasitism, competition for space and nutrients, production of enzymes and secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity, and stimulation of the plant defense response against pathogens. This mini review focuses on the mechanisms of action of Trichoderma as a biocontrol agent and its potential for use in agriculture. Its ability to inhibit the growth of pathogens, stimulate plant growth, and improve soil quality makes it a valuable resource for farmers. Understanding these mechanisms can further improve its use in agriculture and promote sustainable agricultural practices.

Abstract This paper presents the preliminary results obtained in the conformation of the Ibero-American Atlas on Bioethics developed by the Anahuac Center for Strategic Development in Bioethics (CADEBI) regarding the identification and analysis of the existing Bioethics institutions in the Region. A documentary review was carried out through search engines, databases, social networks, and other sources. The information obtained was grouped into six different categories according to the structure, objectives and activities developed. In this way, an initial diagnosis was made based on the documentary sources available on the Web. As part of the results, 157 institutions in 25 countries were identified, as well as the variation in institutional density, concentrated mainly in Spain (29 institutions), Mexico (26 institutions), Argentina (17 institutions), Brazil (13 institutions), Chile (11 institutions) and Colombia (8 institutions). It also highlights the importance of national bioethics commissions in institutional development, pointing out the relationship between the scientific and technological progress of countries and the development of bioethics. The text concludes with a proposal to create an Observatory of the Ibero-American Bioethics Network to document and promote institutional and scientific exchange in the Region, as well as some recommendations derived from the development of this work.

Resumen Este trabajo presenta los resultados preliminares obtenidos en la conformación del Atlas Iberoamericano en Bioética que ha desarrollado el Centro Anáhuac de Desarrollo Estratégico en Bioética (CADEBI) respecto a la identificación y análisis de las instituciones de Bioética existentes en la Región. Se realizó una revisión documental a través de motores de búsqueda, bases de datos, redes sociales y otras fuentes. La información obtenida se agrupó en seis diferentes categorías de acuerdo con la estructura, objetivos y actividades que desarrollan. De esta manera, se realizó un diagnóstico inicial con base en las fuentes documentales disponibles en la Web. Como parte de los resultados, se identificaron 157 instituciones en 25 países; así como la variación en la densidad institucional, concentrándose principalmente en España (29 instituciones), México (26 instituciones), Argentina (17 instituciones), Brasil (13 instituciones), Chile (11 instituciones) y Colombia (8 instituciones). Además, se resalta la importancia de las comisiones nacionales de bioética en el desarrollo institucional, señalando la relación entre el avance científico y tecnológico de los países y el desarrollo de la bioética. El texto concluye con la propuesta de crear un Observatorio de la Red Iberoamericana de Bioética para documentar y promover el intercambio institucional y científico en la Región, así como algunas recomendaciones derivadas del desarrollo de este trabajo.

RESUMEN La cáscara de arroz se ha empleado sin procesar como desgrasante de pastas cerámicas, pero no se ha investigado su empleo de forma micronizada, opción que podría facilitar la homogenización y cohesión de sus componentes, ahorrando la utilización de otros materiales convencionales. El trabajo persiguió como objetivo evaluar la influencia del empleo de cáscara de arroz micronizada como desgrasante en las propiedades de ladrillos cerámicos. La investigación se desarrolló en dos etapas: una primera, en que se diseñaron briquetas cocidas en mufla determinando el porcentaje óptimo de cáscara de arroz micronizada; y una segunda etapa, el control de calidad de la dosificación del ladrillo cocido en horno industrial con adición de cascara de arroz micronizada. Se evaluaron formulaciones con 10 % y 20 % de cáscara de arroz, llegando a la conclusión que con la primera es factible producir ladrillos cerámicos para tabiques, cumpliendo estos las propiedades especificadas.

ABSTRACT Rice husk has been used unprocessed as a degreaser in ceramic pastes, but its use in micronized form has not been investigated. This option could facilitate the homogenization and cohesion of its components, reducing the need for other conventional materials. The objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of using micronized rice husk as a degreaser on the properties of ceramic bricks. The research was conducted in two stages: the first stage involved designing sintered briquettes in a muffle furnace to determine the optimal percentage of micronized rice husk; in the second stage, the quality control of the brick formulation was carried out in an industrial kiln with the addition of micronized rice husk. Formulations with 10% and 20% rice husk were evaluated, concluding that with the former, it is feasible to produce ceramic bricks for partitions, meeting the specified properties.

Abstract (Introduction): The productive capacity of a forest plantation depends mainly on the physicochemical characteristics of the soil, as well as the necessary silvicultural management for optimal tree development. (Objective): The objective of this research was the evaluation of the effect of fertilization on clonal forest plantations of Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm. 3 years old, in the North and South Pacific of Costa Rica. (Methodology): The study was carried out in 2 experimental trials of the Forestry Research and Services Institute located in La Esperanza, Cóbano (trial 1) and in Rancho Quemado, Drake Bay (trial 2). Five complete blocks were established at random with four fertilization treatments with the fertilizer 19-4-19-2-0.1(B)-1.8(S)-.1(Zn). An analysis of variance and comparison of means of the mean annual increments of DBH, height and total volume of the trees was carried out, using the Tukey test. (Results): The results show that the site with the highest natural fertility presents a greater growth of the trees, however, there are no statistically significant differences between all the treatments applied. The site with the lowest natural fertility is located in Bahía Drake and it did present statistically significant differences in some treatments in terms of total volume. (Conclusions): Continuous fertilization have a positive impact on the dasometric growth in G. arborea plantations that present low calcium contents (< 4.5 cmol L-1), low values of effective cation exchange capacity (<7.8 cmol L-1) and high acidity saturation (> 19.4 %).

Resumen (Introducción): La capacidad productiva de una plantación forestal depende principalmente de las características fisicoquímicas del suelo, así como del manejo silvicultural necesario para un óptimo desarrollo de los árboles. (Objetivo): El objetivo de esta investigación fue la evaluación del efecto de la fertilización sobre plantaciones forestales clonales de Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm., de tres años, en el Pacífico Norte y Sur de Costa Rica. (Metodología): El estudio se realizó en 2 ensayos experimentales del Instituto de Investigación y Servicios Forestales ubicados en La Esperanza, Cóbano (ensayo 1) y en Rancho Quemado, Bahía Drake (ensayo 2). Se establecieron 5 bloques completos, al azar, con 4 tratamientos de fertilización con el abono 19-4-19-2-0,1(B)-1,8(S)-,1(Zn). Se realizó un análisis de varianza y comparación de medias de los incrementos medios anuales del DAP, la altura y el volumen total de los árboles utilizando la prueba de Tukey. (Resultados): Los resultados muestran que el sitio con mayor fertilidad natural presenta aumento en el crecimiento de los árboles; sin embargo, no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre todos los tratamientos aplicados. El sitio de menor fertilidad natural se ubica en Bahía Drake y presentó diferencias estadísticamente significativas en algunos tratamientos en términos de volumen total. (Conclusiones): La fertilización continua tienen un impacto positivo en el crecimiento dasométrico en plantaciones de G. arborea que presenten bajos contenidos de calcio (< 4.5 cmol L-1), valores bajos en capacidad de intercambio catiónico efectiva (< 7.8 cmol L-1) y alta saturación de acidez (> 19.4 %).

ABSTRACT • Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem) is a tree native to India that, due to its multiple properties, is currently widely distributed throughout the world, mainly in tropical and semi-arid areas, being able to withstand adverse conditions such as high temperatures and soils. arid, infertile, stony or acid. Insect repellents and insecticides, fungicides and fertilizers of extraordinary value for integrated or organic agriculture are made from this plant. The objective of this research is the determination of quality parameters of the physical-chemical variables of the oil from the seeds of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem). The oil was extracted, by artisanal cold pressing, from the seeds of fruits collected from specimens cultivated in the San Antonio del Sur municipality of the Guantánamo province. The quality parameters were determined: density, acidity index, pH, refractive, iodine and saponification indices. The values of the oil quality parameters of the neem seeds were shown to be similar to the results of other researchers and to be within the ranges required by the Codex. Of all the parameters, the only one that is above the required values is the acidity index. The Neem oil from trees located in Guantánamo could be an alternative to replace imported vegetable oils for industrial use, although with previous refining processes

RESUMEN • Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem) es un árbol originario de la India que, por sus múltiples propiedades, se encuentra en la actualidad distribuido ampliamente en el mundo, principalmente en zonas tropicales y semiáridas, pudiendo soportar condiciones adversas tales como: altas temperaturas y suelos áridos, no fértiles, pedregosos o ácidos. A partir de esta planta se elaboran repelentes de insectos e insecticidas, fungicidas y fertilizantes de extraordinario valor para la agricultura integral o biológica. El objetivo de esta investigación es la determinación de parámetros de calidad de las variables físico-químicas del aceite de las semillas de Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem). El aceite se extrajo, mediante prensado al frío artesanal, de las semillas de frutos recolectados de especímenes cultivados en el municipio San Antonio del Sur de la provincia de Guantánamo. Se determinaron los parámetros de calidad: densidad, índice de acidez, pH, índices de refracción, de yodo y de saponificación. Los valores de los parámetros de calidad del aceite de las semillas de Neem mostraron ser similares a los resultados de otros investigadores y que se encuentran dentro los rangos exigidos por el Códex. De todos los parámetros el único que está por encima de los valores exigidos es el índice de acidez. El aceite de neem de árboles localizados en Guantánamo podría constituir una alternativa en la sustitución de aceites vegetales importados de uso industrial, aunque con previos procesos de refinación.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The effect of weight loss (WL) on histopathological aspects of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) may provide further insights into the dynamics of hepatic recovery after WL. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of pre-operative WL on insulin resistance- and NAFLD-related histology in individuals undergoing bariatric surgery (BS) with or without pre-operative WL. DESIGN AND SETTING: A matched cross-sectional study was conducted at a public university hospital and a private clinic in Campinas, Brazil. METHODS: An analytical, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted using prospectively collected databases of individuals who underwent BS and liver biopsy at either a public tertiary university hospital (with pre-operative WL) or a private clinic (without pre-operative WL). Random electronic matching by gender, age, and body mass index (BMI) was performed and two paired groups of 24 individuals each were selected. RESULTS: Of the 48 participants, 75% were female. The mean age was 37.4 ± 9.6. The mean BMI was 38.9 ± 2.6 kg/m2. Fibrosis was the most common histopathological abnormality (91.7%). Glucose was significantly lower in the WL group (92 ± 19.1 versus 111.8 ± 35.4 mg/dL; P = 0.02). Significantly lower frequencies of macrovesicular steatosis (58.3% versus 95.8%; P = 0.004), microvesicular steatosis (12.5% versus 87.5%; P < 0.001), and portal inflammation (50% versus 87.5%; P = 0.011) were observed in the WL group. CONCLUSION: Pre-operative WL was significantly associated with lower frequencies of macro- and mi- crovesicular steatosis, portal inflammation, and lower glycemia, indicating an association between the recent trajectory of body weight and histological aspects of NAFLD. BACKGROUND (WL nonalcoholic non alcoholic NAFLD (NAFLD OBJECTIVE preoperative pre operative resistance NAFLDrelated related (BS SETTING crosssectional cross sectional Campinas Brazil METHODS analytical observational . gender (BMI 2 selected RESULTS 4 participants 75 female 374 37 37. 96 9 6 9.6 389 38 38. 26 2. kgm2 kgm kg m2 m kg/m2 91.7%. 917 91.7% 91 7 (91.7%) 92 (9 191 19 1 19. 1118 111 8 111. 354 35 35. mg/dL mgdL mg dL 0.02. 002 0.02 0 02 0.02) 58.3% 583 58 3 (58.3 95.8% 958 95 0.004, 0004 0.004 , 004 0.004) 12.5% 125 12 5 (12.5 87.5% 875 87 0.001, 0001 0.001 001 0.001) 50% 50 (50 0.011 0011 011 CONCLUSION Preoperative Pre macro mi glycemia 9. kg/m 91.7 (91.7% ( 11 00 0.0 58.3 (58. 95.8 000 0.00 12.5 (12. 87.5 (5 0.01 01 91. (91.7 0. 58. (58 95. 12. (12 87. (91. (1 (91

ABSTRACT Introduction: The most serious complications of diabetes mellitus are diabetic ketoacidosis and the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state. Clinical and laboratory alterations are often observed that cover both spectrums and which we call a mixed state. They represent close to 50% of hospitalizations in the service. of emergencies in diabetic patients. Objective: To determine in-hospital complications and outcomes of hyperglycemic states in adult patients admitted to the Hospital Nacional, Itauguá, Paraguay, in the period 2015-2022. Methodology: A retrospective cohort design was applied. Male and female patients with diagnoses of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, who were over 18 years of age, were selected and grouped into three cohorts that corresponded to each of the acute decompensations of diabetes mellitus. The sample was made up of 180 patients distributed into three cohort groups with 60 patients each. Results: Fifty one percent were male. A greater development of cardiovascular events, hospital-acquired infections, intensive care requirements and mortality were found in the cohort with hyperosmolar state. Conclusion: the cohort with hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state was characterized by the highest number of complications.

RESUMEN Introducción: las complicaciones más graves de la diabetes mellitus son la cetoacidosis diabética y el estado hiperglucémico hiperosmolar, muchas veces se observan alteraciones clínicas y laboratoriales que abarcan los dos espectros y que denominamos estado mixto, representan cerca del 50% de las hospitalizaciones en el servicio de urgencias en pacientes diabéticos. Objetivo: determinar las complicaciones intrahospitalarias y los desenlaces de los estados hiperglucémicos en pacientes adultos internados en el Hospital Nacional, Itauguá, Paraguay, en el periodo 2015-2022. Metodología: se aplicó un diseño de cohortes retrospectivas. Se seleccionaron pacientes con diagnósticos de diabetes mellitus tipo 1 y tipo 2, mayores de 18 años, de ambos sexos, agrupados en tres cohortes que corresponden a cada una de las descompensaciones agudas de la diabetes mellitus. La muestra estuvo conformada por 180 pacientes distribuidos en tres grupos de cohortes con 60 pacientes cada una. Resultados: 51% correspondió al sexo masculino. Se halló mayor desarrollo de eventos cardiovasculares, infecciones intrahospitalarias, requerimiento de cuidados intensivos y mortalidad en la cohorte con estado hiperosmolar. Conclusión: la cohorte con estado hiperosmolar hiperglucémico se caracterizó por la mayor cantidad de complicaciones.

ABSTRACT In Colombia, the evidence of rootstock/scion incompatibility in avocado cv. Hass graft union has been increasing, generating concern among farmers. The objective was to evaluate the photosynthetic response of the avocado trees due to rootstock/scion compatibility in three locations. A split plots design with a blocking factor per locality was used. The main plot corresponded to the type of graft union (compatible and incompatible) and the subplots to leaf age during the 2020 and 2021 seasons. Climatic (water balance) and gas exchange variables (photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, leaf temperature, and efficiency in instantaneous water use) were measured. The results indicate that the photosynthetic performance was not affected when the water balance was negative. Compatibility did not significantly affect gas exchange variables (A, gs, E, Tl, and WUEi) during the main and secondary harvest period. The leaf age/harvest period interaction shows that during the first months of leaf development, A, gs, E, and Tl are greater and are detrimental over time. It is concluded that the rootstock/scion compatibility does not significantly modify the capacity to assimilate CO2. At the same time, the variation in avocado photosynthetic activity depends on the age of the leaves and the harvest season. Colombia rootstockscion rootstock scion cv increasing farmers locations used compatible incompatible 202 seasons photosynthesis, photosynthesis (photosynthesis transpiration conductance temperature use measured negative (A gs E WUEi ageharvest development time CO2 CO season 20 2

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Evidence on the effect of one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) on renal function is limited. OBJECTIVE: To compare the evolution of estimated renal function observed 1 year after OAGB and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) in individuals with obesity. DESIGN AND SETTING: Observational, analytical, and retrospective cohort study. Tertiary-level university hospital. METHODS: This study used a prospectively collected database of individuals who consecutively underwent bariatric surgery. Renal function was assessed by calculating the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), according to the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration. The one-year variation in the eGFR was compared between the procedures. RESULTS: No significant differences in age, sex, obesity-associated conditions, or body mass index were observed among individuals who underwent either OAGB or RYGB. OAGB led to a significantly higher percentage of total (P = 0.007) and excess weight loss (P = 0.026). Both OAGB and RYGB led to significantly higher values of eGFR (103.9 ± 22 versus 116.1 ± 13.3; P = 0.007, and 102.4 ± 19 versus 113.2 ± 13.3; P < 0.001, respectively). The one-year variation in eGFR was 11 ± 16.2% after OAGB and 16.7 ± 26.3% after RYGB (P = 0.3). Younger age and lower baseline eGFR were independently associated with greater postoperative improvement in renal function (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Compared with RYGB, OAGB led to an equivalent improvement in renal function 1 year after the procedure, along with greater weight loss. BACKGROUND oneanastomosis one anastomosis (OAGB limited OBJECTIVE RouxenY Roux en Y (RYGB obesity SETTING Observational analytical Tertiarylevel Tertiary level hospital METHODS surgery eGFR, , (eGFR) Collaboration oneyear procedures RESULTS sex obesityassociated conditions 0.007 0007 0 007 0.026. 0026 0.026 . 026 0.026) 103.9 1039 103 9 (103. 2 1161 116 116. 13.3 133 13 3 1024 102 4 102. 1132 113 113. 0001 001 0.001 respectively. respectively respectively) 162 16 16.2 167 7 16. 263 26 26.3 0.3. 03 0.3 0.3) 0.001. 0.001) CONCLUSION procedure (eGFR 0.00 000 00 002 0.02 02 103. 10 (103 13. 26. 0. 0.0 (10 (1 (