Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effects of application time and addition of diuron to clethodim and diquat on the control of sourgrass. Two experiments were conducted with sourgrass plants, applying spray solutions comprising the herbicide clethodim (216 g a.i. ha-1), clethodim + diquat (216 + 400 g a.i. ha-1), and clethodim + diquat + diuron (216 + 400 + 400 g a.i. ha-1) three times (08:00, 12:00, and 16:00) in addition to the control. Control and mass evaluations of sourgrass plants were performed in both experiments, and the relative rate of linear electron transport by PSII and leaf accumulation of hydrogen peroxide were evaluated in the greenhouse experiment. The results indicated an increase in sourgrass control with the addition of diuron to the mixture, resulting in 100% control in the application performed at 16:00. Spray solutions containing photosystem inhibitors should be applied at 08:00 and 16:00 to improve plant control. These mixtures applied under lower light intensity showed greater inhibition of the relative electron transfer rate and increased H2O2 concentrations with greater accumulation of this reactive oxygen species (ROS; 17894.17 nmol g-1 FM) after the application of clethodim + diquat + diuron at 16:00. The addition of diuron was necessary for total plant control, resulting in greater inhibition of photosynthetic activity and accumulation of ROS. 216 (21 ai a i a.i ha1, ha1 ha 1 , 40 ha-1 0800, 0800 08 00, 00 (08:00 1200, 1200 12 12:00 1600 16 experiment mixture 100 1600. 00. 08:0 16:0 HO H O H2O ROS (ROS 1789417 17894 17 17894.1 g1 g- FM 21 (2 4 ha- 080 0 (08:0 120 12:0 160 10 08: 16: 178941 1789 17894. 2 ( (08: 12: 178 (08 (0

RESUMO A ação de herbicidas inibidores do fotossistema I (FSI) depende da luz para causar estresse oxidativo nas plantas. No entanto, sua translocação é autoinibida devido à sua rápida ação na presença de luz. Objetivou-se avaliar a eficácia do herbicida diquat no controle de plantas de milho submetidas a diferentes períodos de ausência de luz após a aplicação. Foram realizados dois experimentos (campo e casa de vegetação), aplicando diquat (200 g ia ha−1) em plantas de milho em V4. As plantas foram submetidas a 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 e 6 horas de ausência luminosa após a aplicação. Um tratamento sem aplicação de herbicida foi usado como controle. O controle (%) e a biomassa das plantas foram avaliados em ambos os experimentos, e a atividade fotossintética e o acúmulo foliar de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) foram avaliados no experimento em casa de vegetação. Os resultados demonstraram que o diquat necessita de pelo menos 5 horas de ausência de luz após a aplicação para controlar totalmente as plantas. As plantas se recuperaram em períodos mais curtos (4 horas ou menos) de escuro, e as injúrias ficaram restritas aos pontos onde o herbicida teve contato com a planta. A capacidade de recuperação das plantas relacionou-se à maior atividade fotossintética e indução de estresse oxidativo pela exposição precoce à luz. Portanto, a menor produção de H2O2 em plantas mantidas no escuro por maior período após a aplicação do herbicida permite a translocação do herbicida para os meristemas, o que previne a rebrota.

ABSTRACT The action of photosystem I (PSI) inhibiting herbicides depends on light to cause oxidative stress in plants. However, their translocation is inhibited due to their rapid action in the presence of light. The aim was to evaluate the efficacy of the herbicide diquat for control of corn plants subjected to different periods of absence of light after application. Two experiments (field and greenhouse) were conducted, applying the herbicide diquat (200 g a.i. ha−1) to maize plants at stage V4. The plants were subjected to different periods of absence of light after diquat application: 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 and 6 hours. A treatment without herbicide application was used as a control. The control (%) and biomass of corn plants were evaluated in both experiments, and photosynthetic activity and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation in leaves were evaluated in the greenhouse experiment. The results showed that diquat needs at least 5 hours of absence of light after application to fully control corn plants. The plants recovered when using shorter periods (4 hours or less) of darkness, and injuries were restricted to points where the herbicide had contact with the plant. The ability of plants to recover was related to the higher photosynthetic activity and oxidative stress induction due to early light exposure. Thus, the lower production of H2O2 in plants kept in the dark for longer periods after herbicide application allows the translocation of the herbicide to meristems, which prevents regrowth of corn plants.

Abstract Glyphosate-Resistant Crops (GR crops) have caused considerable changes in weed management worldwide. In Brazil, GR cultivars of soybean and corn were officially introduced in the 2005/06 and 2011/12 crops, respectively. This technology has radically changed the weed management system, having an enormous impact on national agriculture. The objective of this review was to analyze the general aspects that led to the adoption of this technology in Brazil and present its future consequences and challenges. The adoption of GR soybean and corn was swift and comprehensive. Ten years after its introduction, GR soybean and corn are grown in most areas with these crops in Brazil. This success can be attributed to the reduction of costs, the broad spectrum of control provided by glyphosate, the solution for effective management resistance to ALS and ACCase inhibitors, the excellent managing of weeds that are difficult to control, the reduction of crop injury and carryover problems. However, the exclusive and consecutive use of glyphosate alone resulted in intense selection pressure for resistant weeds to this herbicide, which has become one of the most prominent challenges with these crops. Therefore, the future sustainability of GR soybean and corn will not be possible without the combination with other technologies, within integrated weed management.

RESUMO As condições ambientais podem influenciar na metabolização de herbicidas e interferir na evolução da resistência de plantas daninhas. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de regimes térmicos no controle de capim-arroz (Echinochloa crus-galli) suscetível e resistente a herbicidas do grupo químico imidazolinonas. O fator A (biótipos) foi constituído de um biótipo suscetível e um resistente a imazethapyr; o fator B (dose) constou de seis doses de imazethapyr entre 0 e 800 g ha-1 para o biótipo resistente e entre 0 e 100 g ha-1 para o biótipo suscetível; o fator C (temperatura) foi composto de quatro regimes térmicos (16/16 ºC, 25/25 ºC, 16/25 ºC e 25/16 ºC) aos quais as plantas foram submetidas antes e após a aplicação do herbicida. Considerando-se o biótipo resistente, os maiores índices de controle foram observados nos regimes térmicos com oscilação de temperatura, principalmente para 25/16 ºC. Na dose de imazethayr recomendada (100 g ha-1), o herbicida proporcionou controle superior a 90 % para 25/16 ºC e menos de 50 % para 16/16 ºC, no biótipo resistente. A massa seca da parte aérea teve redução superior a 80 % para 25/16 ºC e 16/25 ºC e inferior a 30 % para 16/16 ºC. As condições de temperatura em que as plantas são submetidas no período pré e pós-aplicação do herbicida interferem no nível de resistência a imazethapyr em capim-arroz.

ABSTRACT Environmental conditions can influence herbicide metabolism and interfere with the evolution of weed resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of thermal regimes on the control of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) susceptible and resistant to herbicides of the imidazolinones chemical group. Factor A (biotypes) consisted of one biotype that is susceptible and one that is resistant to imazethapyr; factor B (dose) comprised six imazethapyr doses between 0 and 800 g ha-1 for the resistant biotype and between 0 and 100 g ha-1 for the susceptible biotype; factor C (temperature) consisted of four thermal regimes (16/16 ºC, 25/25 ºC, 16/25 ºC and 25/16 ºC) to which the plants were submitted before and after the herbicide application. Concerning the resistant biotype, the highest control levels were observed in the thermal regimes with temperature fuctuation, especially at 25/16 ºC. At the recommended imazethapyr dose (100 g ha-1), the herbicide resulted in a control level over 90 % at 25/16 ºC and less than 50 % at 16/16 ºC, in the resistant biotype. The shoot dry mass was reduced by more than 80 % at 25/16 ºC and 16/25 ºC and less than 30 % at 16/16 ºC. The temperature conditions to which the plants are subjected in the pre- and post-application period interfere with the level of imazethapyr resistance in barnyardgrass.

RESUMO Objetivou-se: (i) propor um modelo de regressão para a associação entre a injúria em plantas de algodoeiro Roundup Ready (RR) e a deriva dos auxínicos, isolados ou associados ao glyphosate; (ii) avaliar o efeito da adição de glyphosate aos herbicidas auxínicos dicamba e 2,4-D sobre as propriedades físico-químicas das caldas de pulverização e (iii) validar o túnel de vento como ferramenta para realizar a predição de injúria de herbicidas. Foram conduzidos três experimentos, utilizando-se as caldas: glyphosate (0,225 kg e.a. ha-1); dicamba (0,120 kg e.a. ha-1); 2,4-D (0,168 kg e.a. ha-1); glyphosate + dicamba (0,225 + 0,120 kg e.a. ha-1) e glyphosate + 2,4-D (0,225 + 0,168 kg e.a. ha-1). No experimento I foi avaliada a deriva, em túnel de vento às distâncias de 5, 10 e 15 m em relação à ponta de pulverização. No experimento II foi avaliada a injúria em plantas de algodoeiro dispostas nas mesmas distâncias do experimento I. No experimento III estudaram-se as características físico-químicas das caldas utilizadas no experimento I, com avaliações de tensão superficial, pH e densidade. A deriva coletada e a injúria são diretamente proporcionais, seguindo o modelo de regressão linear simples, com aumento do potencial de deriva e injúria aos 5 m de distância da barra de pulverização. A adição de glyphosate aos herbicidas 2,4-D e dicamba reduzem a tensão superficial e o pH das caldas. O túnel de vento além de avaliar o potencial de deriva, apresenta-se como uma alternativa na predição de injúria em plantas de algodoeiro RR.

ABSTRACT The aim was: (i) to propose a regression model for the association between injury in Roundup Ready (RR) cotton plants and drift of auxins, isolated or associated with glyphosate; (ii) to evaluate the effect of adding glyphosate to dicamba and 2,4-D auxinic herbicides on the physicochemical properties of the spray solutions; and (iii) to validate the wind tunnel as a tool to perform herbicide injury prediction. Three experiments were conducted using the following spray solutions: glyphosate (0.225 kg a.e. ha-1); dicamba (0.120 kg a.e. ha-1); 2,4-D (0.168 kg a.e. ha-1); glyphosate + dicamba (0.225 + 0.120 kg a.e. ha -1) and glyphosate + 2,4-D (0.225 + 0.168 kg a.e. ha-1). Experiment I assessed drift in wind tunnel at distances of 5, 10 and 15 m from the nozzle spray drift. Experiment II assessed injury on cotton plants arranged at the same distances as in experiment I. Experiment III studied the physicochemical characteristics of the spray solutions used in experiment I, assessing surface tension, pH and density. The collected drift and injury are directly proportional, following a simple linear regression model, with increased drift and injury potential at 5 m from the sprayer. The addition of glyphosate to 2,4-D and dicamba herbicides reduced surface tension and pH of the spray solutions. The wind tunnel, besides evaluating drift potential, was found to be an alternative for the prediction of injury in RR cotton plants.

Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar a alelopatia de extratos aquosos de Digitaria insularis (capim-amargoso) sobre a germinação e crescimento inicial de culturas e plantas daninhas. Foram realizados três ensaios fatoriais (3x2x3), sendo o fator A as espécies vegetais: - culturas - Glycine max, Zea mays (milho), Phaseolus vulgaris (feijão), e plantas daninhas - Digitaria horizontalis, Echinochloa crusgalli and Bidens pilosa(picão-preto) -, o fator B origem do extrato de Digitaria insularis - raízes e parte aérea (folhas) - e fator C as concentrações de extrato - 0; 50 e 100%. Avaliou-se o percentual de germinação e o comprimento de parte aérea e de raiz das culturas e infestantes acima referidas. Entre as culturas, houve redução na germinação apenas na cultura do feijão (-12,5%) em resposta a 50%. do extrato aquoso radicular de Digitaria insularis O desenvolvimento inicial do milho e do feijão foram prejudicados. Sobre a soja não foram observados efeitos negativos. Entre as plantas daninhas, a espécie mais sensível foi o picão-preto, com reduções na germinação (-41%) e comprimento da parte aérea (-59%) e radicular (-84%) quando as sementes foram expostas a 100% do extrato da parte aérea de Digitaria insularis. As outras espécies de plantas daninhas também apresentaram redução em pelo menos uma das variáveis avaliadas. Em síntese, o efeito alelopático exercido pelo capim-amargoso pode estar relacionado com a sua grande competitividade com as culturas, assim como ao seu caráter dominante em áreas após a sua introdução.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the allelopathy of aqueous Digitaria insularis (sourgrass) extracts on germination and initial growth of cultivated plants and weeds. Three factorial experiments (3x2x3) were carried out, being factor A - the tested plant species: crops - Glycine max (soybean), Zea mays (corn), Phaseolus vulgaris (bean), and weeds - Digitaria horizontalis, Echinochloa crusgalli and Bidens pilosa ; factor B - extracts of roots and shoots of sourgrass and factor C - concentration of the extract - 0, 50 and 100%. Germination percentage and the length of shoots and roots of the tested species were evaluated. Among the crops, there was a reduction in germination only in bean (-12.5%) in response to 50% of the aqueous root extract. The initial development of corn and beans were hampered. No negative effects were observed on soybean. Among the weeds, the most sensitive species was Bidens pilosa, with reductions in germination (-41%), length of shoots (-59%) and root (-84%) when the seeds were exposed to the 100% of the shoot extract of the sourgrass. The other weed species also suffered reductions in at least one of the evaluated variables. Therefore, the allelopathic effect exerted by sourgrass extracts may be related to its great competitiveness with crops, as well as to its dominant character in areas after its introduction.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o crescimento e o desenvolvimento da buva (Conyza bonariensis) em razão do acúmulo térmico e do fotoperíodo, em diferentes épocas de semeadura, e propor uma escala para representar os principais estádios de desenvolvimento das plantas. O experimento foi realizado com dez repetições, no período de cultivo 2011/2012. As datas de semeaduras foram: 31/05/2011, 04/07/2011, 03/08/2011, 09/09/2011 e 07/11/2011. A altura de planta (cm) e a fenologia foram avaliadas semanalmente. A duração dos diferentes estádios (dias) e a soma térmica acumulada (°C dia) foram determinadas. A regressão linear mostrou que a altura de plantas relacionou-se à soma térmica acumulada. Independentemente da data de semeadura, a fase vegetativa teve maior duração (em dias e em ºC dia) do que a fase reprodutiva. A semeadura em 07/11/2011 promoveu o encurtamento da fase vegetativa, e o estádio roseta não ocorreu. Houve indução do florescimento em fotoperíodo entre 12,5 e 13,5 horas de luz, independentemente da época de semeadura. Observou-se crescimento mais lento na condição de menor temperatura, em que as plantas acumularam 30,9 e 16,3 °C dia por centímetro de altura, nas semeaduras em 31/05/2011 e 07/11/2011, respectivamente. A escala fenológica prevê adequadamente as fases de desenvolvimento da buva.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to characterize the growth and development of hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) according to thermal accumulation and photoperiod, at different sowing times, and to propose a scale representing the main plant development stages. The experiment was carried out with ten replicates in the 2011/2012 growing season. The sowing dates were: 05/31/2011, 07/04/2011, 08/03/2011, 09/09/2011, and 11/07/2011. Plant height (cm) and phenology were evaluated weekly. The duration of the different stages (days) and thermal time accumulation (°C day) were determined. The linear regression analysis showed that plant height was related to thermal time accumulation. Regardless of the sowing date, the vegetative stage had a longer duration (in days and in ºC day) than the reproductive stage. Sowing on 11/07/2011 promoted the shortening of the vegetative stage, and the rosette stage did not occur. Flowering was induced in the photoperiod between 12.5 and 13.5 hours of light, regardless of the sowing date. Slow growth was observed at lower temperature conditions, when plants accumulated 30.9 and 16.3°C day per centimeter of height for the 05/31/2011 and 11/07/2011 sowing dates, respectively. The phenology scale adequately predicts the development stages of hairy fleabane.

Abstract Background: The use of pre-emergent herbicides is an important tool to control weeds, however the tolerance of soybean to these herbicides can vary according to the type of soil. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate sulfentrazone and diclosulam soybean selectivity in a sandy soil, in order to establish these herbicides as supporting tools in weed control. Methods: The treatments consisted of six doses of sulfentrazone (150 to 400 g ha-1) and diclosulam (25.2 to 75.6 g ha-1), and an untreated control. A field study was repeated in two growing seasons (2013/14 and 2014/15) in a sandy soil. Results: The occurrence of injury depended on the growing season. The first season presented lower rainfall rates during the crop cycle. The recommended dose of sulfentrazone (200 g ha-1) caused 26% and 10% of plant injury at 15 days after the treatment for the first and second season, respectively. For diclosulam, the recommended dose of 35.3 g ha-1 caused 20% and 8% of plant injury, respectively, for the first and second season. However, at the recommended doses, only for diclosulam and in the rainy season there was a reduction in soybean productivity. Conclusions: The herbicide sulfentrazone, although causing visual soybean plant injury, present satisfactory selectivity at recommended doses and can be used as an important tool on weed control on sandy soils. Similar response was observed for diclosulam in 2013/14. However, in a rainfall season diclosulam impacted on soybean yield at the recommended dose for sandy soils, with selectivity depending of the growth season.

RESUMO Além de competirem com as culturas, as plantas daninhas podem servir de abrigo para artrópodes, em lavouras e áreas adjacentes. Objetivou-se estudar a ocorrência e flutuação populacional de insetos-praga e inimigos naturais associados a buva (Conyza spp.), em áreas de cultivo de soja. As espécies predominantes foram Schizaphis graminum, Taylorilygus apicalis, Empoasca spp. e Nysius simulans. Espécies que compreendem complexos importantes de pragas, incluindo percevejos e lagartas, são capazes de se desenvolver sobre plantas dessa espécie daninha. Dentre elas, prevaleceram os percevejos Edessa meditabunda, Dichelops spp., Piezodorus guildinii, Nezara viridula e Euschistus heros, e as lagartas Anticarsia gemmatalis, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera eridania, Chrysodeixis includens e Helicoverpa spp. Os inimigos naturais mais encontrados foram Orius spp., Eriopis connexa, Cycloneda sanuiinea e Chrysoperla spp. A análise de flutuação populacional indicou a ocorrência de percevejos sobre plantas de buva, sobretudo no período inicial do cultivo e após a maturação da soja. Já as lagartas utilizam esta planta como hospedeiro alternativo durante todo o ciclo da cultura, continuando após a maturação e colheita da soja. Para os inimigos naturais, a flutuação das espécies depende da ocorrência de insetos que lhes servem como fonte de alimento. Logo, é possível concluir que a buva é um importante hospedeiro alternativo de insetos-praga e seus inimigos naturais, em cultivo de soja.

ABSTRACT In addition to competing with crops, weeds can provide shelter for arthropods in cropping fields and adjacent areas. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and population fluctuation of insect pests and their natural enemies associated with hairy fleabane (Conyza spp.), in soybean farming areas. The predominant species were Schizaphis graminum, Taylorilygus apicalis, Empoasca spp. and Nysius simulans. Species that comprise important pest complexes, including stink bugs and caterpillars, can develop on fleabane plants. Among them, the stink bugs Edessa meditabunda, Dichelops spp., Piezodorus guildinii, Nezara viridula and Euschistus heros, as well as the caterpillars Anticarsia gemmatalis, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera eridania, Chrysodeixis includens and Helicoverpa spp. have prevailed. The most common natural enemies were Orius spp., Eriopis connexa, Cycloneda sanuiinea and Chrysoperla spp. The population fluctuation analysis indicated that hairy fleabane mainly hosted stink bugs at the beginning of the crop cycle and after soybean maturation. The caterpillars, however, use this weed as an alternative host throughout the crop cycle, continuing after soybean maturation and harvesting. For natural enemies species, the population fluctuation depends on the occurrence of insects that serve as a food source for them. Thus, it is possible to conclude that hairy fleabane is an important alternative host for pest insects and their natural enemies in soybean crops.

RESUMO: As tecnologias genéticas de restrição de uso (GURTs) foram idealizadas a fim de preservar a propriedade intelectual de culturas geneticamente modificadas (GMs) e garantir o retorno dos investimentos feitos pelas empresas para a obtenção de tecnologias transmitidas via sementes. Os objetivos dessa revisão são discutir as GURTs e analisar suas possíveis aplicações no manejo integrado de pragas agrícolas. Existem duas classes de GURTs: a T-GURT (trait-based GURT), na qual as sementes produzidas são viáveis, porém as plantas da geração seguinte não expressam o caractere de interesse agronômico, e a V-GURT (variety-based GURT), na qual as plantas produzem sementes inviáveis. Contudo, além do propósito da proteção das sementes, o uso de GURTs poderia também ter outras aplicações na resolução de problemas agronômicos. Um dos mais importantes é o uso das GURTs como ferramenta para impedir o fluxo de genes de culturas transgênicas para plantas daninhas coespecificas. Além disso, propõe-se o uso dessa tecnologia no manejo integrado de plantas daninhas, por meio da prevenção da germinação de sementes GMs, que geram plantas voluntárias que competem com a cultura de interesse. Além disso, essas plantas voluntárias podem servir como hospedeiros alternativos para insetos e patógenos nos períodos de entressafra. Dessa forma, as GURTs poderiam contribuir no controle de agentes indesejáveis em sistemas agrícolas, reduzindo a utilização de agrotóxicos e aumentando a produtividade dos cultivos.

ABSTRACT: Genetic use restriction technologies (GURTs) were developed to preserve the intellectual property of genetically modified crops (GM) and ensure the return of investments made by industry to obtain technology delivered through seeds. The aims of this review are to discuss the GURTs and analyze their possible applications in integrated management of agricultural pests. There are two classes of GURTs: T-GURTs (trait-based GURTs), wherein the generated seed are viable, but the next generation does not express the trait of agronomic interest, and V-GURT (variety-based GURTs), in which plants produce non viable seeds. However, beyond the seed protection purpose, the GURTs could have also other application to solve agronomic problems. One of the most important is the use of GURTs as a tool to restrict gene flow of GM traits to relative weeds. In addition, it is proposed the use of this technology in integrated weed management by preventing the GMs seed germination, which produces volunteer plants that compete with the crop of interest. Also, these volunteer plants may serve as alternative hosts for insects and pathogens in between crop seasons. The GURTs could contribute to the control of undesirable agents in agricultural systems, reducing the use of pesticides and increasing crop yields.

RESUMOA rotação de herbicidas é o principal método de prevenção e manejo da resistência de plantas daninhas a herbicidas. Porém, além de eficientes, os herbicidas devem ser seletivos às culturas. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a seletividade de herbicidas de uso potencial para o controle de buva sobre aveia branca, aveia comum, azevém comum e azevém tetraploide. Os experimentos foram organizados em blocos ao acaso, em esquema bifatorial, onde o fator A foi formado por herbicidas e o fator B pelas doses X e 2X dos herbicidas, em que a dose X corresponde à dose indicada de ingrediente ativo (i.a.). Os tratamentos avaliados foram: 2,4-D amina (806 e 1612 g i.a. ha-1); metsulfuron-methyl (2,4 e 4,8 g i.a. ha-1); chlorimuron-ethyl (20 e 40 g i.a. ha-1); imazethapyr (350 e 700 g i.a. ha-1); diclosulam (16,8 e 33,6 g i.a. ha-1); saflufenacil (35 e 70 g i.a. ha-1) e flumioxazin (50 e 100 g i.a. ha-1), além da testemunha (sem herbicida). Com exceção do herbicida imazethapyr, os demais foram seletivos à aveia branca, independentemente das doses avaliadas. Os herbicidas 2,4-D, diclosulam, saflufenacil e flumioxazin foram seletivos à cultura da aveia comum, quando aplicados na menor dose avaliada, sendo alternativas para o manejo de buva durante o inverno. O herbicida metsulfuron-methyl apresentou efeito tóxico sobre o azevém comum, diminuindo a massa de matéria seca da parte aérea (MMSPA). Para o azevém tetraploide, excetuando o imazethapyr e a maior dose de flumioxazin, os demais tratamentos mostraram-se seletivos. Embora alguns tratamentos tenham proporcionado sintomas de fitointoxicação, isso não refletiu negativamente na produção de MMSPA, evidenciando a capacidade de recuperação das plantas.

ABSTRACTThe rotation of herbicides is the main method used in the prevention and management of herbicide-resistant weeds. However, in addition to being efficient, herbicides should also be crop selective. The objective of this study was to evaluate the selectivity of herbicides with potential use in the control of hairy fleabane, to white oats, common oats, common ryegrass and tetraploid ryegrass. The experiments were arranged in a randomised-block design, in a bi-factorial scheme, with factor A comprising the herbicides, and factor B the herbicide doses X and 2X, where X is the recommended dose of the active ingredient (a.i.). The treatments to be evaluated were: 2,4-D amine (806 and 1,612 g a.i. ha-1); metsulfuron-methyl (2.4 and 4.8 g a.i. ha-1); chlorimuron-ethyl (20 and 40 g a.i. ha-1); imazethapyr (350 and 700 g a.i. ha-1); diclosulam (16.8 and 33.6 g a.i. ha-1); saflufenacil (35 and 70 g a.i. ha-1) and flumioxazin (50 and 100 g a.i. ha-1), as well as the control (no herbicide). Except for the herbicide imazethapyr, the other herbicides were selective to white oats, regardless of the dose. The herbicides 2,4-D, diclosulam, saflufenacil and flumioxazin were selective to common oats when applied at the lowest dose tested, being alternatives in the management of hairy fleabane during the winter. The herbicide metsulfuron-methyl had a toxic effect on common ryegrass, reducing shoot dry matter weight (SDW). Except for imazethapyr and the highest dose of flumioxazin, the remaining treatments were selective to tetraploid ryegrass. Although some treatments produced symptoms of phytotoxicity, this did not reflect negatively on the production of SDW, demonstrating the resilience of the plants.

RESUMO No Brasil, a buva destaca-se entre as principais plantas daninhas da cultura da soja, devido à sua agressividade e resistência ao glifosato. Dessa forma, para evitar a seleção de populações resistentes ao herbicida glifosato, o uso de outros herbicidas tornou-se fundamental para o manejo dessa planta daninha. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a eficiência de controle dos herbicidas glifosato e saflufenacil em plantas de buva (Conyza bonariensis), bem como o tipo de interação da combinação desses herbicidas no controle de buva resistente a glifosato. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos por combinações de doses de glifosato (0 g ha-1; 270 g ha-1; 540 g ha-1; 1.080 g ha-1; 2.160 g ha-1; 4.320 g ha-1; 8.640 g ha-1; 17.280 g ha-1) e saflufenacil (0 g ha-1; 0,55 g ha-1; 1,09 g ha-1; 2,18 g ha-1; 4,37 g ha-1; 8,75 g ha-1; 17,5 g ha-1; 35 g ha-1), formando seis curvas de dose-resposta. Houve efeito sinérgico entre os herbicidas glifosato e saflufenacil para o controle de buva resistente ao glifosato, sendo a mistura considerada eficiente para o biótipo estudado. Além disso, a adição de glifosato (540 g ha-1) ao herbicida saflufenacil (35 g ha-1) preveniu a ocorrência de rebrote e a dispersão de novas sementes de buva, o que não ocorre em plantas tratadas apenas com saflufenacil.

ABSTRACT In Brazil, hairy fleabane stands out among the main weeds of soybean crops, due to its aggressiveness and resistance to glyphosate. Thus, to avoid the selection of resistant populations to the glyphosate herbicide, the use of other herbicides has become critical to the management of this weed. This study aimed to evaluate the control efficiency of glyphosate and saflufenacil herbicides in hairy fleabane plants (Conyza bonariensis), as well as the type of interaction of the combination of those herbicides for controlling glyphosate-resistant hairy fleabane. A randomized blocks design, with four replications, was used. Treatments consisted of glyphosate doses (0 g ha-1; 270 g ha-1; 540 g ha-1; 1,080 g ha-1; 2,160 g ha-1; 4,320 g ha-1; 8,640 g ha-1; 17,280 g ha-1) combined with saflufenacil (0 g ha-1; 0.55 g ha-1; 1.09 g ha-1; 2.18 g ha-1; 4.37 g ha-1; 8.75 g ha-1; 17.5 g ha-1; 35 g ha-1), making six dose-response curves. A synergistic effect was observed between the glyphosate and saflufenacil herbicides for controlling the glyphosate-resistant hairy fleabane, being the mixture considered efficient for the biotype studied. Furthermore, the addition of glyphosate (540 g ha-1) to the saflufenacil herbicide (35 g ha-1) prevented the occurrence of regrowth and the dispersion of new hairy fleabane seeds, what does not occur in plants treated exclusively with saflufenacil.

Em pulverizações com bicos hidráulicos, o volume de calda é um dos aspectos mais importantes para o sucesso do controle químico de pragas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do volume de calda e inseticidas no controle de Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood), na cultura da soja. Testaram-se os volumes de calda de 50, 100 e 150l ha-1 e os inseticidas endossulfam (437,5g i.a. ha-1) e tiametoxam + lambda-cialotrina (21,15 + 15,90g i.a. ha-1). Tiametoxam + lambda-cialotrina apresentou maior efeito residual e controle de P. guildinii em relação à endossulfam. Esses inseticidas respondem da mesma forma, aumentando a eficiência de controle da praga com o aumento do volume de calda.

The spray volume is one of the most important aspects interfering on the success of pest control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of spray volume on the efficiency of the insecticides in the control of Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) in soybean crop. Were evaluated the volumes of 50, 100 and 150l ha-1 and the insecticides endosulfan (437.5g a.i. ha-1) and tiametoxan + lambda-cyhalothrin (21.15 + 15.90g a.i. ha-1). Tiametoxan + lambda-cyhalothrin had better residual and control of P. guildinii than endosulfan. Both insecticides showed the same behavior, increasing P. guildinii control with spray volume increasing.