Abstract The threatened orchid Cattleya milleri is a microendemic orchid of a Brazilian savanna hotspot. As endophytes and mycorrhizae may improve its propagation and conservation, we investigated its root fungal community. Cattleya milleri roots were sampled in five natural sites and at a greenhouse. Fungal root endophytes were isolated for characterization and molecular ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) identification. Total DNA was extracted from endorhiza and rhizosphere for ITS amplification and sequencing. Sixteen fungal isolates were clustered in 6 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) and endorhizal and rhizospheric sequences were clustered in 327 OTUs. Endorhiza presented from 25 to 89 OTUs, and rhizosphere 56 OTUs. Cluster analysis showed high divergence between natural and greenhouse fungal communities, but similarity among natural samples. From the 94 genera, 24 were annotated as endophytes, two mycorrhizas, 33 pathotrophs, 40 saprotrophs, and 17 symbiotrophs based on the FunGuild database. Endophytes of the orders Capnodiales, Hypocreales, Pleosporales, and mycorrhizae of Sebacinales occurred in all sites. The mycorrhizae Tulasnella occurred in all natural samples. The interaction with only two mycorrhizal taxa may limit C. milleri distribution. However, the recruitment of many non-mycorrhizal endophytes is essential to natural development. Pleosporales, Tulasnella, and Sebacinalles may be considered for C. milleri propagation and conservation. hotspot conservation community Internal Spacer identification sequencing OTUs (OTUs 32 2 8 5 communities samples 9 genera mycorrhizas 3 pathotrophs 4 saprotrophs 1 database Capnodiales Hypocreales Pleosporales C distribution However nonmycorrhizal non development

Resumo A qualidade luminosa é um fator importante para a adequação da produção de plantas através da cultura de tecidos vegetais, pois interfere diretamente nos processos de morfogênese e na capacidade fotossintéticas dos explantes. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o impacto de luzes monocromática do tipo diodo emissor de luz (light-emittingdiode - LED) no desenvolvimento in vitro de Cattleya walkeriana G. e os efeitos na fase aclimatização. As plantas foram desenvolvidas in vitro sob as cores de luzes do tipo LED verde, azul, amarelo, vermelho, 2 vermelhos: 1 azul, e branco. Para cultivo in vitro foi utilizado o meio Knudson acrescido de 20 mg L-1 de sacarose, 5,5 mg L-1 de ágar, 2% de carvão ativado, 100 mL de água de coco, e pH 6,0. Para o cultivo ex vitro as plantas foram aclimatizadas em bandejas de isopor contendo esfagno como substrato. De maneira geral, os comprimentos luminosos fornecidos apresentaram impactos nas análises de crescimento in vitro e na de aclimatização. Houve influência na espessura da cutícula das plantas in vitro. Os teores de clorofilas e carotenoides não foram significativos. Podemos concluir, que comprimentos luminosos formados pelos LEDs 2 vermelhos: 1 azul, vermelho e amarelo podem ser indicados para melhor desempenho na produção de C. walkeriana. Os LEDs 2 vermelhos: 1 azul, e o LED vermelho propiciam desenvolvimento in vitro superior ao demais com ganhos na fase de aclimatização para espécie. O LED amarelo propiciou um possível processo de rustificação in vitro o que garantiu o maior sucesso das mudas no período de aclimatização. vegetais explantes lightemittingdiode light emittingdiode G verde azul vermelhos branco L1 L L- sacarose 55 5 5, ágar ativado 10 coco 60 6 0 6,0 substrato geral significativos concluir C espécie 6,

Abstract Light quality is an important factor for the adequacy of plant production through plant tissue culture, as it directly interferes with morphogenesis and photosynthetic capacity of explants. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of monochromatic lights such as light emitting diode (LED) on the in vitro development of Cattleya walkeriana G. and their effects on acclimatization. The plants were developed in vitro under the colors of green, blue, yellow, red, 2 red:1 blue, and white LED lights. For in vitro cultivation, Knudson medium was used, supplemented with 20 mg L-1 sucrose, 5.5 mg L-1 agar, 2% activated charcoal, 100 mL coconut water, and pH 6.0. For ex vitro cultivation, the plants were acclimatized in styrofoam trays containing sphagnum as a substrate. In general, the supplied light lengths impactedin vitro growth and acclimatization analyses. There was influence on the cuticle thickness of plants in vitro. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were not significant. We can conclude that light lengths formed by 2 red:1 blue, red and yellow LEDs can be indicated for better performance in the production of C. walkeriana. The 2 red:1 blue and red LEDs provide superior in vitro development than the others, with gains for the species in acclimatization. The yellow LED provided a possible in vitro hardening, which ensured the greatest success of the seedlings during acclimatization. culture explants (LED G green red1 1 red: cultivation used L1 L L- sucrose 55 5 5. agar charcoal 10 water 60 6 0 6.0 substrate general analyses significant C others hardening 6.

RESUMO: Protocolos eficazes de enraizamento in vitro de frutíferas lenhosas ainda são um desafio para produção de mudas in vitro, especialmente quando há necessidade de inserção de novas cultivares ou porta-enxerto. Esses protocolos são essenciais para acelerar estudos nos programas de melhoramento genético e também para distribuição posterior das mudas. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a utilização da 6-Benzilaminopurina no enraizamento in vitro de porta-enxerto Pirus comunnis, clones ‘OHxF87’ e Pyrodwarf. Para o enraizamento, foi testado o tempo de exposição dos explantes ao AIB. Para tanto, foram utilizados 20 mg L-1 do fitohormônio nas horas 0, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas. A exposição ao AIB resultou em taxas de enraizamento acima de 80%, superando alguns resultados encontrados na literatura. Para o porta-enxerto ‘OHxF87’, o tratamento de 24 horas proporcionou 81,81% de sobrevivência, promovendo em média cinco raízes com comprimento de 19 mm. O mesmo tratamento para o porta-enxerto ‘PDW’ resultou na maior taxa de sobrevivência (75%), bem como no maior número médio de raízes, sete raízes por planta, com comprimento de 10 mm. Na ausência de auxina sintética, a formação de raízes não ocorreu. Assim sendo, podemos concluir que o tempo de exposição de 24 horas a 20 mg L-1 de IBA foi suficiente para promover o enraizamento de porta-enxertos Pyrus communis de ‘OHxF87’ e ‘PDW’. RESUMO portaenxerto. portaenxerto porta enxerto. enxerto sentido 6Benzilaminopurina Benzilaminopurina 6 comunnis ‘OHxF87 OHxF87 OHxF Pyrodwarf tanto 2 L1 L 1 L- 0 48 7 9 80 80% literatura ‘OHxF87, , 8181 81 81,81 mm ‘PDW PDW 75%, 75 75% (75%) planta sintética ocorreu sendo portaenxertos enxertos ‘PDW. . ‘OHxF8 OHxF8 4 8 818 81,8 (75% ‘OHxF 81, (75 (7 (

ABSTRACT: Effective protocols for in vitro rooting for woody fruit trees are still a challenge for in vitro seedling production, especially when there is a need to insert new cultivars or rootstocks. These protocols are essential to accelerate studies in plant breeding programs and for seedling distribution. This study evaluated the use of 6-Benzylaminopurine (IBA) in in vitro rooting of Pyruscomunnis rootstocks, clones ‘OHxF87’ and Pyrodwarf. Explant exposure times (0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours) to 20 mg L-1 IBA were tested for in vitro rooting. The exposure to IBA resulted in rooting rates above 80%, surpassing some results reported in the literature. The 24-hour treatment provided 81,81% survival, leading to an average growth of five roots with 19 mm length, for ‘OHxF87’ rootstock. The same exposure time resulted in the highest survival rate (75%) and the highest mean root number, seven roots per plant with 10 mm length, for ‘PDW’ rootstock. Root formation did not occur in the absence of synthetic auxin. Therefore, it can be concluded that a 24-hour exposure at 20 mg L-1 IBA was sufficient to promote in vitro rooting in ‘OHxF87’ and Pyrodwarf rootstocks’. ABSTRACT production rootstocks distribution 6Benzylaminopurine Benzylaminopurine 6 (IBA ‘OHxF87 OHxF87 OHxF 0, 0 (0 24 48 72 9 hours 2 L1 L 1 L- 80 80% literature 24hour hour 8181 81 81,81 length rootstock 75% 75 (75% number ‘PDW PDW auxin Therefore . rootstocks’ ‘OHxF8 OHxF8 ( 4 7 8 818 81,8 (75 ‘OHxF 81, (7

Abstract Diatomaceous earth is an organic naturally occurring material rich in silicon. This silicon source can be used in organic agriculture, it also has a great potential of use in the acclimatization of crops. However, there are no reports of the effects of diatomaceous earth supplementation on the micropropagation of sweet potato. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of diatomaceous earth applied in vitro on the growth, physiology and anatomy of sweet potato cv. ‘Brazlândia Branca’ after acclimatization. Four concentrations of diatomaceous earth. After 30 days of in vitro growth, the plants were transferred to a greenhouse for acclimatization. After 45 days, leaf number, shoot and root length, fresh and dry shoot and root mass, gas exchange, chlorophyll content, root and leaf anatomy. The experimental design was completely randomized. The supplementation of diatomaceous earth in the in vitro cultivation had beneficial effects, increasing the accumulation of mass, improving the photosynthetic apparatus and promoting favorable anatomical characteristics during the acclimatization of the sweet potato plants. In addition, the use of diatomaceous earth achieved adequate seedling development, with higher seedling quality and resistance to biotic and abiotic effects than attained with control treatment. agriculture crops However Thus growth cv Brazlândia Branca 3 4 number length mass exchange content randomized addition development treatment

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito de reguladores de crescimento de plantas (RCP) na indução de calos a partir de cotilédones de Enterolobium contortisiliquum cultivados in vitro, bem como avaliar a atividade inibitória de tripsina nestes calos. Cotilédones de E. contortisiliquum foram cultivados em meio de cultura suplementado com ácido diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D), picloram (PIC), cinetina (KIN) e 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP). Foram mensuradas, após 60 dias, massa de calo, atividade inibitória de tripsina, observações morfogenéticas e citoquímicas, e atividade biológica. O diagrama de Pareto mostrou que apenas 0,5 mg L-1 de PIC influenciou o aumento da massa fresca, enquanto 0,5 mg L-1 de BAP influenciou a massa seca. O gráfico de análise de componentes principais mostrou a formação de dois clusters claros. A atividade inibitória de tripsina é alcançada em maior intensidade no tratamento com 0,5 mg L-1 de 2,4-D + 2,0 mg L-1 de PIC + 0,5 mg L-1 de KIN + 2,0 mg L-1 de BAP. A combinação de RCP em diferentes doses causa intensa formação de calo. Baixas concentrações de RCP resultam em maior massa fresca, massa seca e atividade biológica. A utilização de RCP é eficiente na obtenção de calos de E. contortisiliquum com satisfatória atividade inibitória de tripsina.

Abstract The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of plant growth regulators (PGR) on the induction of calli from cotyledons of Enterolobium contortisiliquum grown in vitro, as well as to evaluate the inhibitory activity of trypsin in these calli. Cotyledons of E. contortisiliquum were cultivated in culture medium supplemented with dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), picloram (PIC), kinetin (KIN), and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Callus mass, inhibitory activity of trypsin, morphogenetic and cytochemical observations, and biological activity were measured after 60 days. The Pareto diagram showed that only 0.5 mg L-1 PIC influenced the increase of fresh mass, whereas 0.5 mg L-1 BAP influenced dry mass. The principal component analysis plot showed the formation of two clear clusters. The inhibitory activity of trypsin is achieved at a higher intensity in the treatment with 0.5 mg L-1 2,4-D + 2.0 mg L-1 PIC + 0.5 mg L-1 KIN + 2.0 mg L-1 BAP. The combination of PGR at different rates causes an intense callus formation. Low concentrations of PGR result in a higher fresh mass, dry mass, and biological activity. The use of PGR is efficient in obtaining E. contortisiliquum calli with a satisfactory inhibitory activity of trypsin.

Abstract Garlic (Allium sativum L.) plays an important role in popular culture due to its dietary and medicinal uses. It is also used to produce a wide range of pharmacologically interesting molecules. Several pathogens affect garlic plants, especially Athelia (Sclerotium) rolfsii, a fungus that is widespread and causes large economic losses. It causes direct damage to crops and leads to plant stress, which induces secondary metabolite production in plants. The use of microorganisms as biocontrol agents may induce the production of beneficial metabolites in plants that will protect it and promote resistance to pathogen attack. In addition to suppressing disease, biological control agents may have elicitor effects that could induce an increase in the production of useful bioactive secondary metabolites in plants, some of which may be of pharmacological interest. Therefore, the search for new biological control agents should also consider their potential as elicitor agents. This paper presents an analysis of the biological control of Athelia (Sclerotium) rolfsii by antagonistic microrganisms, the potential of yeasts and bacteria of the genus Bacillus for the biocontrol of phytopathogens, microrganisms influence in nutritional and bioactive compounds content of interest to the pharmaceutical industry.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da temperatura e de agentes osmóticos na conservação in vitro de físalis (Physalis peruviana). Foram testadas as temperaturas de 18 e 25°C, bem como os agentes osmóticos sacarose, manitol e sorbitol. A conservação de físalis in vitro, em curto prazo, pode ser conseguida a 18°C, em meio com adição de 30 g L-1 de sacarose.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of temperature and osmotic agents on the in vitro conservation of Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana). Temperatures at 18 and 25°C, as well as the osmotic agents sucrose, mannitol, and sorbitol were tested. A short-term in vitro conservation of Cape gooseberry can be achieved at 18°C, using 30 g L-1 sucrose.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adubação silicatada nas trocas gasosas, na anatomia foliar e nas características ultraestruturais de maracujazeiro (Passiflora edulis). Os tratamentos consistiram em quatro concentrações (0, 0,28, 0,55, e 0,83 g por vaso) de silício, na forma de solução de ácido silícico (SiO2.XH2O) a 1%. Esta solução foi aplicada ao redor do caule das plantas. A primeira aplicação foi realizada 15 dias após o transplantio das mudas. No total, foram realizadas três aplicações, em intervalos de 15 dias. Os vasos que constituíram o controle (testemunha) receberam água na mesma quantidade. Após a última aplicação, as plantas foram submetidas a análises de trocas gasosas, alterações anatômicas e características ultraestruturais. O uso de silício promove mudanças anatômicas em mudas de maracujazeiro, como o aumento da espessura da epiderme adaxial, a redução do parênquima paliçádico e a maior relação diâmetro polar/diâmetro equatorial, que está relacionada à funcionalidade dos estômatos. As concentrações de 0,55 e 0,83 g de silício por vaso proporcionam maiores taxas fotossintéticas, de transpiração e de condutância estomática das mudas de maracujazeiro. A concentração de 0,83 g de silício por vaso proporciona maior deposição de silício na epiderme abaxial da superfície foliar.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of silicon fertilization on gas exchange, leaf anatomy, and ultrastructural characteristics of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis). The treatments comprised four concentrations of silicon (0, 0.28, 0.55, and 0.83 g per pot) at 1% silicic acid solution (SiO2.XH2O). This solution was applied around the stems of the plants. The first application was made 15 days after seedlings were transplanted. In total, three applications were made at 15-day intervals. The pots that constituted the control treatment received water in the same amount. After the final application, the plants were subjected to analyses of gas exchange, anatomical changes, and ultrastructural characteristics. The use of silicon promotes anatomical changes in passion fruit seedlings, such as increased adaxial epidermis thickness, reduced palisade parenchyma, and increased polar diameter/equatorial diameter ratio, which is related to stomata functionality. The concentrations of 0.55 and 0.83 g silicon per pot provide higher rates of photosynthesis, of transpiration, and stomatal conductance. The concentration of 0.83 g silicon per pot results in the greatest deposition of silicon in the abaxial epidermis of leaf surface.

RESUMO: O estresse salino é um dos tipos de estresses abióticos mais severos que afetam o crescimento e desenvolvimento vegetal e existem muitas evidências de que o silício possa amenizar os danos causados pela elevada salinidade. Este estudo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa que investigou: (1) o efeito do estresse salino in vitro induzido por NaCl em plantas de fisális e (2) o possível efeito mitigador do silício nas condições salinas. Para isso, segmentos nodais foram inoculados em meio de cultura Murashige e Skoog com dois níveis de salinidade (0,5 e 1,0% de NaCl) adicionado de ácido silícico (0; 0,5 e 1,0g L-1). Características fitotécnicas, conteúdo de pigmentos fotossintéticos e anatomia foliar foram avaliados aos 30 dias. O comprimento da parte aérea e da raiz, número de folhas e gemas, massa fresca e seca, conteúdo de pigmentos, densidade estomática e espessura do limbo foliar diminuíram drasticamente devido ao aumento do nível de salinidade. A aplicação de 1,0g L-1 silício atenuou com sucesso os efeitos salinos para as variáveis conteúdo de pigmentos e anatomia foliar quando a salinidade era de 0,5% NaCl. Já quando o nível de NaCl dobrou, o silício não se mostrou efetivo. Concluindo, pode-se afirmar que, em condições in vitro, o estresse salino é prejudicial à fisális e a adição de silício mostra-se efetiva na mitigação dos efeitos salinos em determinadas características.

ABSTRACT: Salt stress is one of several major abiotic stresses that affect plant growth and development, and there are many evidences that silicon can ameliorate the injuries caused by high salinity. This study presents the results of an assay concerning: (1) the effect of in vitro NaCl-induced salt stress in cape gooseberry plants and (2) the possible mitigating effect of silicon in saline conditions. For that, nodal segments were inoculated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium under salinity (0.5 and 1.0% NaCl) with different silicic acid concentrations (0, 0.5 and 1.0g L-1). Phytotechnical characteristics, photosynthetic pigments content, and leaf anatomy were evaluated after 30 days. Shoot length, root length, number of leaves and buds, fresh and dry weight, pigment content, stomatal density and leaf blade thickness were drastically reduced by increased salt level. The supply of silicon (1.0g L-1) has successfully mitigated the effect of salinity at 0.5% NaCl for chlorophyll, carotenoids, stomatal density and leaf blade thickness. When salt stress was about 1.0%, Si was not effective anymore. In conclusion, we affirmed that, in in vitro conditions, salt stress is harmful for cape gooseberry plants and the addition of silicon showed effective in mitigating the saline effects of some features.

Resumo O gênero Physalis L. tem grande importância no âmbito da biodiversidade brasileira, especialmente na região amazônica. O uso de telas de sombreamento coloridas permitem a manipulação do espectro luminoso, e assim o fornecimento de luz em quantidade e qualidade adequadas para cada espécie maximizando a produção. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar os efeitos de telas de sombreamento na produção e nos parâmetros qualitativos de frutos (diâmetros longitudinal e transversal e a biomassa do fruto com e sem cálice, produção e número de frutos por planta) de quatro espécies pertencentes ao gênero Physalis. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4 x 5, sendo quatro espécies de fisális (P. peruviana, P. pubescens, P. minima e P. ixocarpa) e quatro cores de telas fotoconversoras (branca, azul, vermelha e preta), além do tratamento controle a pleno sol. Os frutos foram colhidos semanalmente e avaliados quanto ao diâmetro longitudinal e transversal, e a biomassa do fruto com e sem cálice. Ao final, foram determinados a percentagem de biomassa do cálice em à relação a biomassa total do fruto, o número de frutos por planta e a produção. Verificou-se resposta diferenciada entre as espécies em relação à coloração das telas fotoconversoras. Plantas de P. peruviana apresentaram melhores parâmetros produtivos e qualitativos de frutos quando cultivadas a pleno sol ou sob tela branca, P. pubescens e P. minima quando cultivados a pleno sol ou sob telas branca e azul; e P. ixocarpa sob telas vermelha ou preta.

Abstract The genus Physalis L. has great importance in the framework of Brazilian biodiversity especially in the Amazon region. The use of colored shading nets allow manipulating the light spectrum, and thus supplying the appropriate quantity and quality of light for each species and maximizing production. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of shade nets on fruit production and qualitative parameters of four species belonging to genus Physalis. The experimental design was random blocks with a 4 x 5 factorial scheme, four species of Physalis (P. peruviana, P. pubescens, P. minima and P. ixocarpa) and four colors of shade nets (white, blue, red and black), besides the control treatment under full sun exposure. Fruits were collected weekly and evaluated for longitudinal and transversal diameter and biomass with and without a calyx. Finally the percentage of calyx biomass compared to the total fruit biomass, number of fruits per plant and production were determined. A differentiated response was found among the species regarding the coloring of the converter shade nets. Plants of P. peruviana had the best productive and qualitative parameters of fruits when cultivated in full sunlight or under white shade nets, P. pubescens and P. minima when cultivated in full sunlight or under white and blue shade nets, and P. ixocarpa under red or black shade nets.

Abstract The study aimed at investigating the anatomic and DNA content characteristics of 12 Anthurium genotypes. A large genomic amplitude was observed in the genotypes, ranging from 4.95 to 22.74 pg of DNA. Differences in DNA content, assessed by flow cytometry, allowed the differentiation between the genotypes A. andraeanum, A. affine, A. bomplandii, and A. gracile and the hybrid (A. lindmanianum × A. guianesis) and clustered the group A. raimundii, plowmanii and jemanii of IFT 258, in all analyses. Anatomical studies clustered the genotypes A. andraeanum (Astral and Rubi) and distinguished the hybrid and A. bomplandii from the other genotypes, with anatomical features specific to each genotypes. Cluster analysis allowed grouping of the genotypes A. raimundii and A. affine, bomplandii and gracile, A. jemanii and plowmanii, and the cultivars Astral and Rubi, and isolated the hybrid. Demonstrated the importance of grouping in the diagnosis of species belonging to the genus Anthurium.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate morphological and physiological differences in anthurium plants in vitro, with the use of silicon added to the culture medium. Nodal segments were inoculated in Pierik with different sodium silicate concentrations (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mg L-1). After 100 days in a growth room, phytotechnical characteristics were evaluated, physiological concentrations of silicon, photosynthetic pigments and microanalysis X-ray. A higher yield of chlorophyll a and b, was observed in plants supplemented with 2.0 mg L-1 of sodium silicate. Anthurium plants showed better growth development with an increase in the number of leaves, dry weight and length of the aereal part in plants supplemented with 0.5 and 2.0 mg L-1 sodium silicate. It was also observed an increase in the number of roots of plants supplemented with 1.0 mg L-1 of sodium silicate. The use of sodium silicate in culture medium improves the quality of plantlets with an increased absorption of nutrients in the plant Anthurium.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of colored-shade nets on the physicochemical characteristics of physalis in subtropical area. The experimental design was the randomized blocks with a 4 × 5 factorial, being four species of physalis (Physalis peruviana, P. pubescens, P. minima and P. ixocarpa) and four net colors (white, blue, red and black), besides the control under full sun. Titratable acidity (TA), pH, vitamin C, soluble solids (SS), SS/TA relation, total phenolics, anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity were evaluated. It was observed that P. peruviana and P. pubescens have more acid fruits, and P. minima shows vitamin C content higher than the other species. In general, fruits of P. peruviana and P. pubescens have better quality when grown in white, blue or black shade net; fruits of P. minima are physicochemically superior when produced under full sun or under white or blue shade net; finally, fruits of P. ixocarpa have low quality when produced under black net.

RESUMO Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho, avaliar a produção de mudas de espécies pertencentes ao gênero Physalis L. sob telas fotoconversoras de diferentes colorações. Foram utilizadas quatro telas fotoconversoras, nas colorações branca, azul, vermelha e preta, todas com 50% de sombreamento, além de um tratamento a pleno sol (controle), e quatro espécies de Physalis: P. peruviana, P. pubescens, P. minima e P. ixocarpa. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso contendo três blocos com 25 sementes em cada tratamento por parcela experimental. As espécies foram semeadas em bandejas de isopor. Acompanhou-se a germinação diariamente, para cálculo do Índice de velocidade de germinação (IVE) e ao estabilizar, calculou-se a porcentagem total de emergência. Aos 50 dias avaliou-se, altura, diâmetro do colo, número de folhas, índice de área foliar e massa seca das mudas. Concluiu-se que as espécies estudadas reagem de forma diferente à modificação do espectro luminoso. Mudas de P. peruviana devem ser formadas sob telado branco ou vermelho, de P. pubescens sob telado branco ou preto, de P. minima em telado branco, vermelho ou preto e de P. ixocarpa sob telado branco, com 50% de sombreamento.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the production of seedlings of Physalis L. species under different-colored shade nets. Four shade nets individually stained white, blue, red and black, all with 50% shading, were used in this study, and an additional treatment (control) was used in which seedlings were grown in full sun. The study examined four species of Physalis, namely, P. peruviana, P. pubescens, P. minima and P. ixocarpa. The experiment followed a randomized block design with three blocks and 25 seeds per plot. The species were sown in styrofoam trays. Germination was monitored daily to calculate the Emergency Velocity Index (EVI) and stabilize the overall percentage of emergence. Height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area index and dry mass of seedlings were assessed at 50 days after sowing. The study found that these species react differently to changes in the light spectrum. Seedlings of P. peruviana should be grown under a white or red shade net; of P. pubescens under a white or black shade net; of P. minima under a white, red or black shade net; and of P. ixocarpa under a white shade net. For all species, 50% shade should be used.

Objetivou-se induzir a formação de calos em Jatropha curcas L., avaliar a ultraestrutura e o comportamento citoquímico dos calos. Os calos foram induzidos com 2,4-D, picloran, cinetina e BAP: (1) testemunha; (2) 4,52 µM 2,4-D; (3) 9,04 µM 2,4-D; (4) 4,14 µM PIC; (5) 8,28 µM PIC; (6) 4,52 µM 2,4-D + 2,32 µM KIN; (7) 9,04 µM 2,4-D + 4,64 µM KIN; (8) 4,14 µM PIC + 2,32 µM KIN; (9) 8,28 µM PIC + 4,64 µM KIN; (10) 4,52 µM 2,4-D + 2,22 µM BAP; (11) 9,04 µM 2,4-D + 4,44 µM BAP; (12) 4,14 µM PIC + 2,22 µM BAP and (13) 8,28 µM PIC + 4,44 µM BAP. Foi avaliado a porcentagem de cobertura dos explantes por calos (%CEC), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e dupla coloração com carmim acético/azul de evans. A calogênese é otimizada em meio MS acrescido de 4,52 µM de 2,4-D, condição em que pela análise de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e dupla coloração carmim acético/azul de evans há expressão de potencial embriogênico nos calos de J. curcas.

This study aimed to induce callus formation in Jatropha curcas L. and to evaluate the ultrastructure and cytochemical behavior of the calli. Calluses were induced with 2,4-D, picloram-PIC, kinetin (Kin) and BAP: (1) control; (2) 4.52 µM 2,4-D; (3) 9.04 µM 2,4-D; (4) 4.14 µM PIC; (5) 8.28 µM PIC; (6) 4.52 µM 2,4-D + 2.32 µM KIN; (7) 9.04 µM 2,4-D + 4.64 µM KIN; (8) 4.14 µM PIC + 2.32 µM KIN; (9) 8.28 µM PIC + 4.64 µM KIN; (10) 4.52 µM 2,4-D + 2.22 µM BAP; (11) 9.04 µM 2,4-D + 4.44 µM BAP; (12) 4.14 µM PIC + 2.22 µM BAP and (13) 8.28 µM PIC + 4.44 µM BAP. It was evaluated the percent coverage of the explants by callus (% CEC) and performed scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and acetocarmine/Evans blue double staining to analyze the embryogenic potential of the calli. As shown by scanning electron microscopy and acetocarmine/Evans blue staining, we found that J. curcas callus formation was optimal with 4.52 µM of 2,4-D.