Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effect of high-fidelity simulation of pediatric emergencies compared to case-based discussion on the development of self-confidence, theoretical knowledge, clinical reasoning, communication, attitude, and leadership in undergraduate medical students. Methods: 33 medical students were allocated to two teaching methods: high-fidelity simulation (HFS, n = 18) or case-based discussion (CBD, n = 15). Self-confidence and knowledge tests were applied before and after the interventions and the effect of HFS on both outcomes was estimated with mixed-effect models. An Objective Structured Clinical Examination activity was conducted after the interventions, while two independent raters used specific simulation checklists to assess clinical reasoning, communication, attitude, and leadership. The effect of HFS on these outcomes was estimated with linear and logistic regressions. The effect size was estimated with the Hedge’sg. Results: Both groups had an increase in self-confidence (HFS 59.1 × 93.6, p < 0.001; CDB 50.5 × 88.2, p < 0.001) and knowledge scores over time (HFS 45.1 × 63.2, p = 0.001; CDB 43.5 × 56.7, p-value < 0.01), but no difference was observed between groups (group*time effect in the mixed effect models adjusted for the student ranking) for both tests (p = 0.6565 and p = 0.3331, respectively). The simulation checklist scores of the HFS group were higher than those of the CBD group, with large effect sizes in all domains (Hedges g 1.15 to 2.20). Conclusion: HFS performed better than CBD in developing clinical reasoning, communication, attitude, and leadership in undergraduate medical students in pediatric emergency care, but no significant difference was observed in self-confidence and theoretical knowledge. highfidelity high fidelity casebased case based selfconfidence, selfconfidence self confidence, confidence reasoning communication attitude Methods 3 methods HFS, 18 CBD, (CBD 15. 15 . 15) Selfconfidence Self mixedeffect regressions Hedgesg. Hedgesg Hedge sg. sg Hedge’sg Results 591 59 1 59. 936 93 6 93.6 0.001 0001 0 001 505 50 5 50. 882 88 2 88.2 451 45 45. 632 63 63.2 435 43 43. 567 56 7 56.7 pvalue value 0.01, 0.01 , 01 0.01) group*time grouptime ranking 06565 6565 0.656 03331 3331 0.3331 respectively. respectively respectively) Hedges 115 1.1 2.20. 220 2.20 20 2.20) Conclusion care 9 93. 0.00 000 00 8 88. 4 63. 56. 0.0 0656 656 0.65 0333 333 0.333 11 1. 22 2.2 0. 065 65 0.6 033 0.33 2. 06 03 0.3

Abstract Objective: To evaluate exclusive breastfeeding at discharge and hospital length-of-stay in pre-term infants undergoing or not the Kangaroo-Mother Care Method (KMC). Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted including preterm infants < 1800 g admitted to the neonatal unit of a KMC reference center. The infants were grouped into the KMC group and the non-KMC group. Multiple logistic and Poisson regressions were performed to evaluate the association between the KMC and two outcomes, exclusive breastfeeding at discharge, and hospital length-of-stay, adjusted for potential confounders. Results: 115 mother-infant dyads were included, 78 in the KMC group and 37 in the non-KMC group. In the bivariate analysis, the KMC group had a lower prevalence of maternal adverse conditions (6% vs. 32%, p < 0.001), a higher number of prenatal visits (median 6 vs. 3.5, p < 0.001), higher gestational ages (median 32 vs. 31 weeks, p < 0.05), higher birth weights (median 1530 vs. 1365 g, p < 0.01), a lower prevalence of necrotizing enterocolitis (3.8% vs. 16.2%, p < 0.05), parenteral nutrition (50% vs. 73%, p < 0.05), and deep vascular access (49.7% vs. 78.4%, p < 0.01), a higher prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (65% vs. 8%, p < 0.001) and a shorter length of hospital stay (median 28 vs. 42 days, p < 0.001). In the multiple regression analysis, the KMC group was 23 times more likely to be exclusively breastfed at discharge (OR = 23.1; 95% CI = 4,85–109,93) and had a 19% reduction in the hospital length-of-stay (IDR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.76–0.86) compared to the non-KMC group. Conclusions: The KMC is associated with better short-term neonatal outcomes and should be encouraged in all Brazilian maternity hospitals. Objective lengthofstay pre term KangarooMother Kangaroo Mother KMC. . (KMC) Methods 180 center nonKMC non lengthofstay, stay, confounders Results 11 motherinfant mother infant included 7 3 analysis 6% (6 vs 32% 0.001, 0001 0.001 , 0 001 median 35 5 3.5 weeks 0.05, 005 0.05 05 0.05) 153 136 0.01, 0.01 01 0.01) 3.8% 38 8 (3.8 162 16 2 16.2% 50% 50 (50 73 73% 49.7% 497 49 (49.7 784 4 78.4% 65% 65 (65 8% days 0.001. OR 23.1 231 1 95 4,85–109,93 48510993 85 109 93 19 IDR 0.81 081 81 0.76–0.86 076086 76 86 Conclusions shortterm short hospitals (KMC 18 ( 000 0.00 00 3. 0.0 15 13 3.8 (3. 16.2 (5 49.7 (49. 78.4 23. 9 4,85–109,9 4851099 10 0.8 08 0.76–0.8 07608 0. (3 16. 49. (49 78. 4,85–109, 485109 0.76–0. 0760 (4 4,85–109 48510 0.76–0 076 4,85–10 4851 0.76– 07 4,85–1 485 0.76 4,85– 48 0.7 4,85 4,8 4,

Resumo Introdução: O uso de simulação realística em emergências pediátricas é particularmente valioso, pois permite o treinamento de habilidades técnicas, atitudinais e cognitivas, ajudando a garantir a segurança do paciente. Objetivo: Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever a percepção do aluno sobre o uso da Simulação Realista de Alta Fidelidade nos módulos de emergência pediátrica durante o internato de medicina. Métodos: Estudo observacional, descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa. Um questionário semiestruturado foi aplicado aos estudantes do sexto ano de medicina ao final dos módulos de internato pediátrico, com oito semanas de duração, de agosto a dezembro de 2020. Todos participaram de dois tipos de atividades sobre 14 temas: simulação de alta fidelidade (SRAF) e discussão estruturada de casos clínicos (DCC). Resultados: Dos 33 participantes, 29 responderam ao questionário. A média de idade foi de 24 ± 1,8 anos, sendo 58,6% do sexo feminino. Todos concordaram que a experiência com SRAF contribuiu para um desempenho mais seguro em emergências pediátricas, considerado ótimo por 76% e bom para os demais. A maioria achava que a associação de SRAF e DCC era o método ideal (96%). A análise de conteúdo das respostas sobre a SRAF destacou unidades temáticas em cinco categorias: aprendizagem significativa, contribuição para a formação profissional, habilidades, atitude/comportamento e qualidade da atividade. Conclusões: A reação dos estudantes ao uso da SRAF em emergências pediátricas foi muito positiva, e sua associação com a DCC foi considerada o método de ensino ideal. Conhecer as reações dos alunos ajuda os professores a planejarem suas atividades para melhorar o método de ensino-aprendizagem. Introdução valioso técnicas cognitivas paciente Objetivo Métodos observacional descritivo qualitativa pediátrico duração 2020 1 temas (SRAF DCC. . (DCC) Resultados 3 participantes 2 18 8 1, anos 586 58 6 58,6 feminino 76 demais 96%. 96 96% (96%) categorias significativa profissional atitudecomportamento atitude comportamento atividade Conclusões positiva ensinoaprendizagem. ensinoaprendizagem aprendizagem. ensino-aprendizagem 202 (DCC 5 58, 7 9 (96% 20 (96 (9 (

Abstract Introduction: The use of realistic simulation in pediatric emergencies is particularly valuable, as it allows the training of technical, attitudinal, and cognitive skills, helping to ensure patient safety. Objective: This study aims to describe the student’s perception of using the High-Fidelity Realistic Simulation in the pediatric emergency modules during the internship. Methods: Observational, descriptive study with a quantitative and qualitative approach. A semi-structured questionnaire was applied to sixth-year medical students at the end of the pediatric internship modules, which lasted eight weeks, from August to December 2020. All of them participated in two types of activities on 14 topics: high-fidelity simulation (HFS) and structured discussion of clinical cases (SDCC). Results: Of the 33 participants, 29 answered the questionnaire. The mean age was 24 ± 1.8 years, and 58.6% were female. All agreed that the experience with HFS contributed to safer performance in pediatric emergencies, considered optimal by 76% and good for the remainder. Most thought the association of HFS and SDCC was the ideal method (96%). The content analysis of the responses on HFS highlighted thematic units in five categories: significant learning, contribution to professional training, skills, attitude/behavior, and quality of the activity. Conclusions: Students’ reaction to using HFS in pediatric emergencies was very positive, and its association with SDCC was considered the ideal teaching method. Knowing the students’ reactions helps teachers plan their activities to improve the teaching-learning method. Introduction valuable technical attitudinal skills safety Objective student s HighFidelity High Fidelity Methods Observational approach semistructured semi sixthyear sixth year weeks 2020 1 topics highfidelity high fidelity (HFS SDCC. . (SDCC) Results 3 participants 2 18 8 1. years 586 58 6 58.6 female 76 remainder 96%. 96 96% (96%) categories learning attitudebehavior attitude behavior attitude/behavior activity Conclusions Students positive teachinglearning 202 (SDCC 5 58. 7 9 (96% 20 (96 (9 (

Resumo Introdução: As experiências adversas na infância podem ter impacto em vários aspectos da saúde humana. É importante termos ferramentas que possam identificá-las e quantificá-las. Objetivo: Descrever as etapas iniciais do processo de adaptação transcultural (ATC) do Questionário Internacional de Experiências Adversas na Infância (ACE-IQ) para o português do Brasil. Método: Realizamos a avaliação da equivalência conceitual, semântica e operacional da ATC nas seguintes etapas: preparação (reuniões multidisciplinares); tradução (dois tradutores independentes); reconciliação (grupo multidisciplinar); tradução reversa (tradutor independente); revisão da tradução reversa (grupo multidisciplinar); pré-testes na população-alvo (gestantes de uma maternidade pública no Rio de Janeiro); revisão dos pré-testes (grupo multidisciplinar); prova de leitura; e relatório final (grupo multidisciplinar). Resultados: Os 43 itens do ACE-IQ foram traduzidos e adaptados para português do Brasil. Antes dos pré-testes, cinco itens dos seguintes domínios foram adaptados: etnia e escolaridade (n=2), convivência familiar (n=1) e violência entre os pares (n=2). Seguiram-se três pré-testes consecutivos (10 gestantes cada). Sete itens sofreram adaptações após o primeiro pré-teste: trabalho (n=1), casamento (n=1), relacionamento com pais/responsáveis (n=2) e ambiente familiar (n=3). Após o segundo pré-teste houve somente alteração no formato das opções de resposta. No terceiro pré-teste obteve-se índice de validade de conteúdo entre 0,89 e 1 em todos os itens. Conclusões: A versão brasileira do ACE-IQ mostrou boa equivalência conceitual, semântica e operacional na amostra estudada. Estudos de validade e confiabilidade devem ser conduzidos para confirmar suas propriedades psicométricas. Introdução humana identificálas identificá las quantificálas. quantificálas quantificá las. quantificá-las Objetivo (ATC ACEIQ ACE IQ (ACE-IQ Brasil Método conceitual reuniões multidisciplinares multidisciplinares) dois independentes independentes) grupo multidisciplinar multidisciplinar) tradutor independente independente) prétestes pré testes populaçãoalvo população alvo Janeiro Janeiro) leitura multidisciplinar. . Resultados 4 prétestes, testes, n=2, n2 n n=2 , 2 n=1 n1 (n=1 n=2. Seguiramse Seguiram se 10 (1 cada. cada cada) préteste teste n=1, paisresponsáveis pais responsáveis (n=2 n=3. n3 n=3 3 (n=3) resposta obtevese obteve 089 0 89 0,8 Conclusões estudada psicométricas n= (n= ( (n=3 08 8 0, (n

Abstract Background: Adverse childhood experiences can impact many aspects of human health. It is important to have tools that can identify and quantify them. Objective: To describe initial phases of the cross-cultural adaptation (CCA) of the Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) to Brazilian Portuguese. Method: We conducted the conceptual, semantic and operational equivalence of the CCA process in nine steps: preparation (multidisciplinary meetings), translation (two independent translators), reconciliation (multidisciplinary group), back-translation (independent translator), back-translation review (multidisciplinary group), pre-tests with the target population (pregnant women from a public maternity hospital in Rio de Janeiro), review of pre-test results (multidisciplinary group), reading proof (multidisciplinary group); final report (multidisciplinary group). Results: The 43-item ACE-IQ has been translated and adapted to Brazilian Portuguese. Before the pre-tests, five items from the following domains were adapted: ethnicity and education (n=2), family life (n=1) and violence between peers (n=2). Three consecutive pre-tests followed (ten pregnant women, each). Seven more items were adapted after the first pre-test: work (n=1), marriage (n=1), relationship with parents/guardians (n=2), family environment (n=3). After the second pre-test, there was only a layout change in the answer options. In the third pre-test, good content validity indexes were obtained in all items (0.89–1.00). Conclusions: The Brazilian version of ACE-IQ showed good conceptual, semantic and operational equivalence in the studied sample. Validity and reliability studies are necessary to confirm its psychometric properties. Background health them Objective crosscultural cross cultural (CCA ACEIQ ACE IQ (ACE-IQ Portuguese Method conceptual steps multidisciplinary meetings, meetings , meetings) two translators, translators translators) group, group group) backtranslation back translator, translator translator) pretests pre tests Janeiro, Janeiro Janeiro) pretest test group. . Results 43item item 43 pretests, tests, n=2, n2 n n=2 2 (n=2) n=1 n1 1 (n=1 n=2. ten each. each each) n=1, parentsguardians parents guardians n=3. n3 n=3 3 (n=3) pretest, test, options 0.89–1.00. 089100 0.89–1.00 0 89 00 (0.89–1.00) Conclusions sample properties 4 n= (n=2 (n= (n=3 08910 0.89–1.0 8 (0.89–1.00 (n 0891 0.89–1. (0.89–1.0 089 0.89–1 (0.89–1. 08 0.89– (0.89–1 0.89 (0.89– 0.8 (0.89 0. (0.8 (0. (0 (

Abstract Objective To evaluate the validity of the triage system CLARIPED in a pediatric population in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods Prospective, observational study in a secondary-level pediatric emergency service from Sep-2018 to Ago-2019. A convenience sample of all patients aged 0-18 years triaged by the computerized CLARIPED system was selected. Associations between urgency levels and patient outcomes were analyzed to assess construct validity. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) to identify the most urgent patients were estimated, as well as under-triage and over-triage rates. Results The distribution of 24,338 visits was: RED 0.02%, ORANGE 0.9%, YELLOW 23.5%, GREEN 47.9%, and BLUE 27.7% (highest to the lowest level of urgency). The frequency of the following outcomes increased with increasing urgency: hospital admission (0.0%, 0.02%, 0.1%, 7.1% and 20%); stay in ED observation room (1.9%, 2,4%, 4.8%, 24.1%, 60%); use of ≥ 2 diagnostic/therapeutic resources (2.3%, 3.0%, 5.9%, 28.8%, 40%); ED length of stay (12, 12, 15, 99.5, 362 min). The most urgent patients (RED, ORANGE, and YELLOW) exhibited higher chances of using ≥ 2 resources (OR 2.55; 95%CI: 2.23-2.92) or of being hospitalized (OR 23.9; 95%CI: 7.17-79.62), compared to the least urgent (GREEN and BLUE). The sensitivity to identify urgency was 0.88 (95%CI: 0.70-0.98); specificity, 0.76 (95%CI: 0.75-0.76); NPV, 0.99 (95%CI: 0.99-1.00); overtriage rate, 23.0%, and undertriage, 11.5%. Conclusion This study corroborates the validity and safety of CLARIPED, demonstrating significant correlations with clinical outcomes, good sensitivity, and low undertriage rate in a secondary-level Brazilian pediatric emergency service. Paulo Brazil Prospective secondarylevel secondary Sep2018 Sep 2018 Sep-201 Ago2019. Ago2019 Ago 2019. 2019 Ago-2019 018 0 18 0-1 selected Sensitivity specificity PPV NPV estimated under over rates 24338 24 338 24,33 002 02 0.02% 09 9 0.9% 235 23 5 23.5% 479 47 47.9% 277 27 7 27.7 highest urgency. . urgency) 0.0%, 00 (0.0% 01 1 0.1% 71 7.1 20% 20 20%) 1.9%, 19 (1.9% 4 2,4% 48 8 4.8% 241 24.1% 60% 60 60%) diagnostictherapeutic diagnostic therapeutic 2.3%, 3 (2.3% 30 3.0% 59 5.9% 288 28 28.8% 40% 40 40%) 12 (12 15 995 99 99.5 36 min. min min) RED, (RED OR 2.55 255 55 95%CI 95CI CI 95 2.232.92 223292 2.23 2.92 92 2.23-2.92 23.9 239 7.1779.62, 7177962 7.17 79.62 , 17 79 62 7.17-79.62) BLUE. BLUE) 088 88 0.8 (95%CI 0.700.98 070098 0.70 0.98 70 98 0.70-0.98) 076 76 0.7 0.750.76 075076 0.75 75 0.75-0.76) 099 0.9 0.991.00 099100 1.00 0.99-1.00) 230 23.0% 115 11 11.5% Sep201 201 Sep-20 Ago201 Ago-201 0- 2433 33 24,3 0.02 23.5 47.9 27. 0.0% (0.0 0.1 7. 1.9% (1.9 2,4 4.8 24.1 6 2.3% (2.3 3.0 5.9 28.8 (1 99. 2.5 25 232 2.232.9 22329 223 2.2 292 2.9 2.23-2.9 23. 1779 7.1779.62 717796 717 7962 79.6 7.17-79.62 08 0. 700 0.700.9 07009 070 098 0.70-0.98 07 750 0.750.7 07507 075 0.75-0.76 991 0.991.0 09910 100 1.0 0.99-1.00 23.0 11.5 Sep20 Sep-2 Ago20 Ago-20 243 24, 0.0 47. (0. 1.9 (1. 2, 4. 24. 2.3 (2. 3. 5. 28. ( 2. 2.232. 2232 22 29 2.23-2. 177 7.1779.6 71779 796 79. 7.17-79.6 0.700. 0700 0.70-0.9 0.750. 0750 0.75-0.7 0.991. 0991 10 1. 0.99-1.0 11. Sep2 Sep- Ago2 Ago-2 (0 (2 2.232 2.23-2 7.1779. 7177 7.17-79. 0.700 0.70-0. 0.750 0.75-0. 0.991 0.99-1. Ago- 2.23- 7.1779 7.17-79 0.70-0 0.75-0 0.99-1 7.177 7.17-7 0.70- 0.75- 0.99- 7.17-

Abstract Objective To describe the association of maternal and neonatal characteristics with the adherence status to the in-hospital stages of the Kangaroo-Mother Care Method - KMC (full, partial, and no-adherence). Methods Retrospective cohort study including infants < 2500 g admitted to a reference maternity hospital for the KMC in Rio de Janeiro from January to December 2018. Maternal and neonatal characteristics were distributed according to the adherence status to the KMC in-hospital stages. In the first stage, KMC is performed in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Conventional Neonatal Intermediate Care Unit. The second stage is completed in Kangaroo Neonatal Intermediate Care Unit. Multinomial multiple regression was performed with KMC adherence as a three-category dependent variable and maternal and neonatal characteristics as independent variables. Results Of 166 dyads, 102 (61.5%) participated in two stages. Those who did not participate in any stage (n = 52; 31.3%) had a lower level of education, a higher frequency of adverse conditions, and were more often single mothers; mothers who participated only in the first stage (n = 12; 7,2%) had more premature and sick infants. Conditions associated with adherence to the two stages compared to no adherence were: high school education (OR = 2.34; 95% CI = 1.08-5.07), presence of a partner (OR = 3.82; 95% CI = 1.7-8.61), no adverse conditions (OR = 3.54; 95% CI = 1.59-7.89) and no neonatal resuscitation (OR = 2.73; 95% CI = 1.22-6.1). Conclusions The study identified maternal and neonatal conditions associated with adherence status to the KMC. The results suggest opportunities to improve adherence. inhospital KangarooMother Mother full, full (full partial noadherence. noadherence . no-adherence) 250 2018 threecategory three category variables 16 dyads 10 61.5% 615 61 5 (61.5% n 52 31.3% 313 31 3 12 7,2% 72 7 2 OR 2.34 234 34 95 1.085.07, 108507 1.08 5.07 , 1 08 07 1.08-5.07) 3.82 382 82 1.78.61, 17861 1.7 8.61 8 1.7-8.61) 3.54 354 54 1.597.89 159789 1.59 7.89 59 89 1.59-7.89 2.73 273 73 1.226.1. 12261 1.22 6.1 22 6 1.22-6.1) no-adherence 25 201 61.5 (61.5 31.3 7,2 2.3 23 9 085 1.085.07 10850 108 1.0 507 5.0 0 1.08-5.07 3.8 38 78 1.78.61 1786 17 1. 861 8.6 1.7-8.61 3.5 35 597 1.597.8 15978 159 1.5 789 7.8 1.59-7.8 2.7 27 226 1.226.1 1226 122 1.2 6. 1.22-6.1 20 61. (61. 31. 7, 2. 1.085.0 1085 50 5. 1.08-5.0 3. 1.78.6 178 86 8. 1.7-8.6 1.597. 1597 15 7. 1.59-7. 1.226. 1.22-6. (61 1.085. 1.08-5. 1.78. 1.7-8. 1.597 1.59-7 1.226 1.22-6 (6 1.085 1.08-5 1.78 1.7-8 1.59- 1.22- ( 1.08- 1.7-

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the validity of the computerized version of the pediatric triage system CLARIPED. Methods: Prospective, observational study in a tertiary emergency department (ED) from Jan-2018 to Jan-2019. A convenience sample of patients aged 0-18 years who had computerized triage and outcome variables registered. Construct validity was assessed through the association between urgency levels and patient outcomes. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPVand NPV), undertriage, and overtriage rates were assessed. Results: 19,122 of 38,321 visits were analyzed. The urgency levels were: RED (emergency) 0.02%, ORANGE (high urgency) 3.21%, YELLOW (urgency) 35.69%, GREEN (low urgency) 58.46%, and BLUE (no urgency) 2.62%. The following outcomes increased according to the increase in the level of urgency: hospital admission (0.4%, 0.6%, 3.1%, 11.9% and 25%), stay in the ED observation room (2.8%, 4.7%, 15.9%, 40.4%, 50%), ≥ 2 diagnostic or therapeutic resources (7.8%, 16.5%, 33.7%, 60.6%, 75%), and ED length of stay in minutes (18, 24, 67,120, 260). The odds of using ≥ 2 resources or being hospitalized were significantly greater in the most urgent patients (Red, Orange, and Yellow) compared to the least urgent (Green and Blue): OR 7.88 (95%CI: 5.35-11.6) and OR 2.85 (95%CI: 2.63-3.09), respectively. The sensitivity to identify urgency was 0.82 (95%CI: 0.77-0.85); specificity, 0.62 (95%CI: 0.61-0.6; NPV, 0.99 (95%CI: 0.99-1.00); overtriage rate, 4.28% and undertriage, 18.41%. Conclusion: The computerized version of CLARIPED is a valid and safe pediatric triage system, with a significant correlation with clinical outcomes, good sensitivity, and low undertriage rate.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estimar a taxa de uso de corticosteroide antenatal (CAN) em gestantes e identificar condições associadas à não utilização do medicamento no Brasil. Métodos: Análise secundária de dados da Pesquisa Nascer no Brasil de 2011–2012, inquérito nacional de base hospitalar sobre parto e nascimento. A amostra foi caracterizada em relação a idade materna, estado civil e escolaridade da mãe, paridade, via de parto e local de moradia. Foram associados o uso de CAN e a idade gestacional do parto e o tipo do parto. As intercorrências maternas observadas foram a presença de hipertensão, pré-eclâmpsia/eclâmpsia, pielonefrite, infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) ou síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida. Resultados: Foram identificadas 2.623 gestantes com idade gestacional inferior a 37 semanas e, destas, 835 (31,8%) receberam CAN. A faixa de idade gestacional de 26–34 semanas foi a que mais recebeu, em 481 (48,7%) casos. Em gestação com menos de 37 semanas, a utilização de CAN em parto espontâneo foi de 23,9%; em parto induzido, de 20,6%; e naquelas que não entraram em trabalho de parto, de 43,8%. As variáveis parto vaginal (Odds Ratio — OR=2,5; intervalo de confiança de 95% — IC95% 1,8–3,4) e residir em cidades do interior estiveram associadas ao não uso do CAN. Ocorrência de pré-eclâmpsia/eclâmpsia (OR=1,8; IC95% 1,2–2,9) mostrou-se associada ao seu uso. Conclusões: O uso de CAN em gestantes brasileiras foi baixo. Intervenções para aumentar sua utilização são necessárias e podem contribuir para reduzir a mortalidade e a morbidade neonatal. Deve-se promover a utilização de CAN em gestações com menos de 37 semanas, especialmente em casos de parto vaginal e naquelas residindo em cidades do interior.

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the rate of the use of antenatal corticosteroids (ANC) among pregnant women and to identify the conditions associated with their non-use in Brazil. Methods: Secondary data analysis from “Birth in Brazil”, a national hospital-based survey carried out in 2011–2012 on childbirth and birth. The sample was characterized regarding maternal age, marital status and maternal education, parity, mode of delivery and place of residence. The association of ANC use with gestational age and type of delivery was analyzed. The studied maternal complications were the presence of hypertension, pre-eclampsia/eclampsia, and pyelonephritis, infection by the HIV virus or acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Results: 2,623 pregnant women with less than 37 weeks of gestational age were identified, and, of these, 835 (31.8%) received ANC. The frequency of ANC use was higher among women with gestational ages between 26–34 weeks (481 cases; 48.73%). In pregnancies with less than 37 weeks, the use of ANC was 23.9% in spontaneous deliveries, 20.6% in induced deliveries and 43.8% among those who did not go into labor. The variables vaginal delivery (OR 2.5; 95%CI 1.8–3.4) and living in the countryside were associated with not using ANC, and the occurrence of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia (OR 1.8; 95%CI 1.2–2.9) was associated with the use of ANC. Conclusions: The use of ANC among Brazilian pregnant women was low. Interventions to increase its use are necessary and can contribute to reduce neonatal mortality and morbidity. ANC should be promoted in pregnancies of less than 37 weeks, especially in cases of vaginal delivery and for those living in the countryside.

Abstract Objectives: To describe the concept of toxic stress, present the basics of epigenetics and discuss their relationship with child development. Data source: Narrative literature review through a search in the SciELO, Lilacs, Medline databases using the terms Adverse Childhood Experience OR Early Life Stress, Epigenomic OR Epigenetic, Child Development OR Infant Development. Data synthesis: Continuing stress response, known as toxic stress, can occur when a child experiences intense, frequent, and/or prolonged adversity–such as physical or emotional abuse, chronic neglect, for example–without adequate adult support. This toxic stress can have harmful effects on learning, behavior, and health throughout life. Epigenetics, an emerging scientific research area, shows how environmental influences affect gene expressions and explains how early experiences can impact throughout life. Conclusions: Toxic stress causes changes in the human body response systems that can be explained in part by epigenetic changes, which can be temporary or long-lasting. Pediatricians must be aware of these mechanisms and their consequences, seeking to prevent them and thus promote the health, well-being, and quality of life of children, contributing to their full development.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o resultado funcional da cirurgia de correção de pé caído em pacientes hansênicos e comparar as escalas Screening of Activity Limitation and Safety Awareness (SALSA) e de Participação social pós-operatórias com o escore da American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS). Métodos: Avaliamos 22 pacientes submetidos à transposição do tibial posterior para o dorso do pé com mínimo de seguimento de 12 e máximo de 131 meses operados entre janeiro de 2013 e dezembro de 2017. Utilizamos o coeficiente de Pearson (r) para medir o grau de correlação entre as escalas funcionais e consideramos o valor de p < 0,05 na análise dos valores pré e pós-operatórios da AOFAS. Resultados: A média da AOFAS foi de 59,6 no pré-op (mín 35, máx 74) e 77,2 no pós-op (mín 36, máx 97) (p < 0,0001) e das escalas SALSA e participação social de 30,6 e 22,5 no pós-operatório. A análise estatística demonstrou correlação positiva forte (r = −0,83) com as escalas SALSA e de participação social (r = −0,78) quando comparadas ao AOFAS. O grau de dorsiflexão atingido foi de 5,4 graus em média. Linha de pesquisa: Evidência clínica e organizacional, modelos assistenciais, educacionais e avaliação de qualidade em APS - Pós-graduação em Clínica Médica da Faculdade de Medicina da UFRJ. Conclusão: A melhora da função através da correção cirúrgica do pé caído possui correlação direta na melhora da qualidade de vida dos pacientes portadores de hanseníase. Nível de Evidência III, Estudo Retrospectivo.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the functional results of surgically correcting drop foot in patients with leprosy and compare their SALSA, Social Participation, and AOFAS score. Methods: Overall, 22 patients were subjected to posterior tibial tendon transfer via the subcutaneous route to the foot dorsum with an average follow-up of 56 months (min 12, max 70). In our sample, 15 of the enrolled patients were men and seven, women, aged between 20 and 73 years old who were operated on from January 2014 to December 2017. The Pearson’s correlation test (r) was used to measure the correlation among those scales. A p < 0.05 was considered significant between the pre- and pos-operative AOFAS scale scores. Results: Pre-operative average AOFAS score was 59.6 (min 35, max 74) and 77.2 postoperative (min 36, max 97) (p < 0.0001), postoperative Salsa and Social Participation scale, 30.6 and 22.5, respectively. Statistical analysis suggests a strong positive correlation between AOFAS and Salsa scales (r = −0.83) and AOFAS and social participation (r = −0.78). Average dorsiflexion was 5.4 degrees. Conclusion: The surgical correction of drop foot positively affects the quality of life and social participation of patients with leprosy. Level of Evidence III, Retrospective Study.

Abstract Objectives To study the impact of the implementation of the Pediatric Surviving Sepsis Campaign protocol on early recognition of sepsis, 1 -h treatment bundle and mortality. Methods Retrospective, single-center study, before and after the implementation of the sepsis protocol. Outcomes: sepsis recognition, compliance with the 1 -h bundle (fluid resuscitation, blood culture, antibiotics), time interval to fluid resuscitation and antibiotics administration, and mortality. Patients with febrile neutropenia were excluded. The comparisons between the periods were performed using non-parametric tests and odds ratios or relative risk were calculated. Results We studied 84 patients before and 103 after the protocol implementation. There was an increase in sepsis recognition (OR 21.5 [95% CI: 10.1-45.7]), in the compliance with the 1 -h bundle as a whole (62% x 0%), and with its three components: fluid resuscitation (OR 31.1 [95% CI: 3.9−247.2]), blood culture (OR 15.9 [95% CI: 3.9−65.2]), and antibiotics (OR 35.6 [95% CI: 8.9−143.2]). Significant reduction between sepsis recognition to fluid resuscitation (152min × 12min, p < 0.001) and to antibiotics administration (137min × 30min) also occurred. The risk of death before protocol implementation was four times greater (RR 4.1 [95% CI: 1.2-14.4]), and the absolute death risk reduction was 9%. Conclusion Even if we considered the low precision of some estimates, the lower limits of the Confidence Intervals show that the implementation of the Pediatric Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines alongside a qualitive assurance initiative has led to improvements in sepsis recognition, compliance with the 1 -h treatment bundle, reduction in the time interval to fluid resuscitation and antibiotics, and reduction in sepsis mortality.

Abstract Objectives: To review, analyze, and present the available evidence on the usefulness of point-of-care pulmonary ultrasound in the diagnosis and monitoring of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), aiming to facilitate its potential inclusion into pediatric clinical reference guidelines. Source of data: A non-systematic research was carried out in the MEDLINE (PubMed), LILACS, and SciELO databases, from January 1985 to September 2019. The articles that were considered the most relevant were selected. Synthesis of data: CAP is a relevant cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatrics and its clinical management remains a major challenge. The systematic use of chest X-ray for its diagnosis is controversial because it exposes the child to ionizing radiation and there are interobserver differences in its interpretation. Recently, the use of point-of-care pulmonary ultrasound by the pediatrician has been presented as an alternative for the diagnosis and monitoring of CAP. A great deal of evidence has disclosed its high sensitivity and diagnostic specificity, with the advantages of no ionizing radiation, relatively low cost, immediate results, portability, and the possibility of repetition according to the requirements of disease evolution. Moreover, its use can help rule out possible bacterial etiology and thus prevent inappropriate antibiotic treatments that favor bacterial resistance. Conclusions: Point-of-care ultrasonography represents an opportunity to improve the diagnosis and monitoring of CAP. However, as an operator-dependent technique, training is required for adequate image acquisition, correct interpretation, and integration with clinical data for correct decision-making.