ABSTRACT High acidity and low soil P availability in the soils from the Pampa natural grasslands generally limit the forage growth and economic return. Thus, to increase the economic return and avoid environmental degradation and biodiversity loss due to replacement by intensive cropping systems, it is essential to improve the soil P availability. This study aimed to diagnose the nutritional status of the pluri-specific natural grasslands amended with different history of P sources. Additionally, we also try to indicate the most appropriate range of soil P availability for maximizing forage growth. The experiment started in 1997 in an area of Pampa natural grasslands in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The treatments evaluated the application of Gafsa hyperphosphate (HP) and triple superphosphate (SP) for four years (1997, 1998, 2002, and 2010). Soil and aboveground biomass sampling were performed five times from October 2010 to March 2011 to access aboveground biomass production, botanical composition, soil available P, and N and P nutrition index. Greater P availability in the soil amended with SP produced more forage and resulted in a higher P accumulation than in the soil amended with HP. The ideal range of soil P availability in the soils of natural grasslands ranged from 14 to 20 mg kg˗1, varying for different plant species. The species Paspalum plicatulum and Aristida laevis produce less aboveground biomass and accumulate less P in their tissue than Dichantelium sabulorum and Eustachys uliginosa, and P. notatum. Therefore, areas of natural grasslands dominated by D. sabulorum, E. uliginosa and P. notatum demand higher soil P availability to maintain high forage production. Soil P fertilization of pluri-specific natural grasslands in the Brazilian Pampa biome must consider the dominant forage species in the area and the soil P availability.

ABSTRACTTotal hip arthroplasty (THA) is one of the most cost-effective hip surgeries among orthopedic procedures. We conducted an extensive literature review with 5,394 papers regarding survival rates after THA. We searched PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane library from January 1st, 1970 to July 31th, 2014 looking for all citations about total hip arthroplasty with a long term follow-up (longer than 10 years). The criteria were rigorous: no loss of follow-up, and follow-up more than 10 years. The authors should have known the complete history of patients (whether the patient is alive or dead). Considering the criteria, we found only 15 papers. To evaluate the relationship between follow-up and survival, a linear regression analysis was applied. Considering the papers analysed, and applying the search criteria, we obtained a mean age for the patients above 57.5 years. The chance of survival at 15 years was 57.6%, at 20 years it was 34.6% and at 25 years it is only 11.6%. The relationship between follow-up and survival was significantly linear (p <0.001). Only 11.6% of patients undergoing THA will be still alive 25 years after the surgical procedure. Level of Evidence I, Prognostic Study.

Este trabalho objetivou estabelecer e propagar in vitro o porta-enxerto de pereira Pyrus calleryana D-6. Os explantes foram retirados de plantas-matrizes e submetidos à desinfestação com imersão em álcool a 70% por dois minutos, seguido de solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 1,5% + Tween 20 por 20 minutos, e após inoculados em meio MS com BAP (4,4 µM), AG3 (0,3 µM) e ANA (0,05 µM). Na fase de multiplicação, as microestacas caulinares, contendo 2-3 gemas, foram transferidas para frascos com 50 mL de meios MS e MS1 modificado com (NH4NO3)/2 e (CaCl2.2H2O)*2, suplementados com sacarose (30 gL-1), ágar (7 gL-1) e diferentes concentrações de BAP (0 e 6,7 µM), AIB (0 e 0,5 µM), AG3 (0 e 0,3µM). Para o sistema 'dupla-fase' (líquido-geleificado), os tratamentos receberam, aos 30 dias de cultura in vitro, 10 mL de meio MS líquido, sem fitorreguladores, e foram avaliados após 60 dias de cultura. Os resultados mostraram que 23,5% das gemas introduzidas obtiveram proliferação, sendo que o maior problema no estabelecimento in vitro foi a oxidação que afetou 44,8% das gemas introduzidas. O sistema 'dupla-fase' demonstrou ser muito efetivo para multiplicação in vitro do porta-enxerto de pereira Pyrus calleryana D-6. A maior taxa de multiplicação (16,8 brotos/explante) e o maior comprimento dos brotos (33 mm) foram obtidos no meio MS contendo BAP (6,7µM) e AIB (0,5 µM).

The present work aimed to establish a protocol for the micropropagation of pear rootstock Pyrus calleryana D-6. Explants were excised from mother plants, disinfected with alcohol 70% (2 minutes), sodium hypocloride 1.5% and Tween 20 (10 drops L-1) during 20 minutes. The explants were transferred to MS medium supplemented with BAP (4.4 µM), GA3 (0.3 µM) and NAA (0.05 µM). For the multiplication phase the microcuttings (2-3 buds) were transferred to flasks containing 50 mL of MS and MS1 [culture media modified (NH4NO3)/2 and 2x(CaCl2.2H2O) ] media. These media were supplemented with sucrose (30 gL-1), ágar (7 gL-1) and BAP (0 and 6.7 µM), IBA (0 and 0.5 µM) and GA3 (0 and 0.3µM). In the 'double-phase' system (liquid gelling) 10 mL growth regulators free of MS liquid medium were added to the flasks, after 30 days, and the treatments were evaluated 60 days of in vitro culture. The results showed that 23.5% of the explants presented proliferation. The main constraint for the in vitro establishment was the oxidation that impaired 44.8% of the explants. The 'double-phase' culture system demonstrated to be effective for in vitro multiplication. The largest multiplication factor (16.8 shoots/explant) and the largest length of the shoots (33mm) were obtained in MS medium containing BAP (6.7µM) and IBA (0.5µM).

OBJETIVO: mostrar a evolução de quatro pacientes para remissão clínica completa da esclerose sistêmica (ES), sem necessidade de tratamento medicamentoso atual, após uso de D-penicilamina como medicação principal. MÉTODOS: revisão dos prontuários de pacientes com diagnóstico de ES (ARA, 1980) que entraram em remissão após acompanhamento ambulatorial continuado. Foram relacionados dados como sexo, raça, idade do paciente quando do diagnóstico, manifestações iniciais, envolvimento sistêmico, perfil laboratorial, exames complementares, tratamento proposto, resposta medicamentosa e tempo total de tratamento. RESULTADOS: todos os pacientes eram brancos, sendo um homem e três mulheres, tendo como idade média 51,2 anos na instalação dos primeiros sintomas. O tempo médio decorrido entre o início dos sintomas e o diagnóstico foi de 8,2 meses. Todos os pacientes apresentaram alterações cutâneas, comprometimento sistêmico e FAN reagente em células HEp-2. Nenhum deles apresentou os auto-anticorpos específicos para ES (anticentrômero e anti Scl-70/topo I). Depois de instituída D-penicilamina, o tempo médio de tratamento para alcançar a remissão foi de 60,7±27,4 meses. Todos se encontram atualmente sem tratamento de qualquer natureza por períodos de 31 a 120 meses e sem manifestações que indiquem atividade da ES, mesmo fenômeno de Raynaud. CONCLUSÕES: a) no espectro clínico da ES há pacientes que entram em remissão com auxílio da D-penicilamina, permanecendo assintomáticos e sem medicação por muitos anos; b) nota-se na amostra a ausência dos auto-anticorpos mais característicos da ES (anticentrômero e anti-Scl-70/topo I) em todos os casos, um achado a ser explorado em amostra maior; c) a ausência de auto-anticorpos considerados como mais específicos da ES poderia ser indicativa de melhor resposta à terapia com D-penicilamina ou de possível evolução para remissão clínica espontânea.

OBJECTIVE: to report four patients with systemic sclerosis who underwent complete clinical remission, with no need of current drug treatment, after using D-Penicillamine. METHODS: chart review of patients diagnosed with systemic sclerosis (ARA, 1980) who were in remission after continuous ambulatory care. Data were collected on sex, race, and patient's age at the time of diagnosis, first manifestations, systemic involvement, laboratory profile and image tests, proposed treatment, drug response and full treatment period. RESULTS: patients were white, 1 male and 3 females, with an average age of 51.2 years at the time of the first symptoms. The average period of time from symptoms beginning to the diagnosis was 8.2 months. All patients showed skin alterations, systemic involvement, and reacting antinuclear antibodies on HEp-2 cells. In none of them the most specific autoantibodies for systemic sclerosis (anti-centromere and anti-Scl-70/topo I) could be elicited. After introducing D-penicillamine the average period of time to reach remission was 60.7 ± 27.4 months. All four patients have been under no treatment for 31 to 120 months, and with no manifestations that point to disease activity, including absence of Raynaud's phenomenon. CONCLUSIONS: a) the clinical spectrum of systemic sclerosis include patients who reach clinical remission after using D-penicillamine, staying under no medication for many years; b) the absence of distinctive autoantibodies (anti-centromere and anti-Scl-70/topo I) in our patients must be explored in a larger sample population; c) the absence of specific autoantibodies for the disease might point to a better response to D-penicillamine therapy or to a higher possibility of spontaneous clinical remission.

A qualidade genética e sanitária das mudas é de fundamental importância para o sucesso da fruticultura moderna. Para o pessegueiro, a micropropagação vem permitindo a produção clonal massal de plantas, com matrizes e mudas de qualidade genética-sanitária comprovada. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a taxa de sobrevivência de explantes no estabelecimento in vitro, bem como avaliar o potencial de multiplicação in vitro de porta-enxertos de Prunus. Explantes constituídos por ápices caulinares e gemas laterais dos porta-enxertos Capdeboscq e GF677 e da seleção VP411 foram estabelecidos e multiplicados in vitro em meio de cultura de Lepoivre suplementado com BAP (0,5 mg.L-1). A taxa média de sobrevivência para os porta-enxertos foi 62,9% para ápices caulinares e 58,8% para gemas laterais. Ápices caulinares e gemas laterais apresentaram 14,8% e 29,8% de contaminação, respectivamente. O genótipo afetou significativamente as taxas de multiplicação in vitro. Quanto ao número de brotos por explantes, o porta-enxerto Capdeboscq e a seleção VP411 foram superiores ao porta-enxerto GF677, resultando em 14,7; 16,0 e 10,5 brotos, respectivamente. Para a altura média dos brotos, os porta-enxertos Capdeboscq e GF677 foram superiores à seleção VP411 com 9,3; 8,9 e 7,8 mm, respectivamente. O porta-enxerto Capdeboscq foi superior ao porta-enxerto GF677 e à seleção VP411 na variável número de brotos >20 mm com 2,0; 1,3 e 1,0 brotos, respectivamente.

The success of the modern fruit production depend on the genetic and sanitary quality of plants. For the peach tree culture, micropropagation techniques allow a mass clonal production with high genetic quality plants. The present study aimed to evaluate the explant survival rate during in vitro establishment period, as well as to evaluate the in vitro multiplication potential of Prunus rootstocks. Apexes and lateral buds of the rootstocks Capdeboscq and GF677 and of the selection VP411 were introduced in vitro in the Lepoivre's medium supplemented with BAP (0.5mg.L-1). The mean values of explant survival for the rootstocks were 62.9% and 58.8%, for apexes and lateral buds, respectively. Cultures of apexes and lateral buds showed 14.8% and 29.8% of contamination, respectively. The genotype significantly affected the in vitro multiplication rates. The rootstocks Capdeboscq and GF677, and the selection VP411 showed multiplication rates of 14.7, 10.5 and 16.0 shoots/explant, respectively. As mean values for shoot height of the rootstocks Capdeboscq and GF677 and of the selection VP411, it was observed 9.3, 8.9 and 7.8 mm, respectively. The rootstock Capdeboscq showed superior values as regarded to the number of shoots >20mm as compared to rootstock GF677 and selection VP411 with values of 2.0, 1.3 and 1.0 of shoots, respectively.

Na micropropagação de Prunus sp., o enraizamento tem sido considerado uma fase crítica, pois determina a sobrevivência das plantas durante a aclimatização. Dentre os fatores importantes ao enraizamento in vitro, destacam-se o genótipo e as auxinas por serem determinantes na indução e na formação de raízes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de IBA no enraizamento in vitro dos porta-enxertos de espécies do gênero Prunus: cultivares Capdeboscq e GF677, e seleções VP411 e VP417. Para o enraizamento in vitro, brotos com 2-3cm de comprimento foram introduzidos em meio de Lepoivre suplementado com 0,1; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 mg.L-1 IBA. Observou-se que o porta-enxerto 'Capdeboscq' apresentou maior taxa de enraizamento e maior número de raízes in vitro, sendo superior aos demais genótipos quanto a estas características. O nível de 1,0 mg.L-1 de IBA esteve associado à maior taxa média de enraizamento (100%, 64% e 64,0%, respectivamente) para os porta-enxertos 'Capdeboscq', 'GF677' e VP411. O nível de 2,0 mg.L-1 de IBA foi superior para a seleção VP417 com taxa de 64% de enraizamento. Para os porta-enxertos 'Capdeboscq' e 'GF677', o número máximo de raízes foi de 9,6 e 5,2 raízes por broto, respectivamente, em resposta ao nível de 2,0 mg.L-1 de IBA, enquanto as seleções VP411 e VP417 apresentaram o maior número de raízes (3,6 e 3,9, respectivamente) em resposta ao nível de 1,0 mg.L-1 de IBA.

In Prunus sp. micropropagation of rooting is considered a critical stage, since it determines the plant survival during the acclimatization. Among important factors associated with rooting, the genotype and the auxins are considered important in the induction and formation of roots. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of different IBA on the in vitro rooting of Prunus rootstocks Capdeboscq and GF677, and the selections VP411 and VP417. For the in vitro rooting stage, shoots of 2-3cm long were inoculated in Lepoivre's medium supplemented with IBA (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg.L-1). The results showed that the rootstock Capdeboscq presented the highest in vitro rooting rate as well as root number per shoot. The level of 1.0 mg.L-1 of IBA was associated with rooting rates of 100%, 64% and 64% for the rootstocks Capdeboscq, GF677 and VP411, respectively. The level of 2.0 mg.L-1 of IBA was associated with rooting rates of 64.0% for the selection VP417. For the rootstocks Capdeboscq and GF677, the highest root number per shoot was 9.6 and 5.2, respectively in response to the level 2.0 mg.L-1 of IBA. As for the selections VP411 and VP417 the highest root number (3.6 and 3.9; respectively) was observed in response to the level 1.0 mg.L-1 of IBA.

A fase de aclimatização é considerada limitante para a maior parte das plantas micropropagadas pelas altas taxas de perdas que podem acarretar. A cultura in vitro tem determinado, para algumas espécies, a alteração de características morfológicas, anatômicas e fisiológicas que dificultam a sua aclimatização. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sobrevivência de plantas dos porta-enxertos de Prunus Capdeboscq e GF677, e das seleções VP411 e VP417 durante o processo de aclimatização. Brotos com 2-3 cm foram inoculados em meio de cultura Lepoivre, suplementado com 0,1; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 mg.L-1 de AIB. Após 15 dias as plantas foram transferidas para bandejas alveoladas contendo substrato comercial Plantmax ®, cobertas com uma lâmina de vidro transparente e mantidas em sala de aclimatização, com temperatura de 27±1ºC, fotoperíodo de 16 horas, intensidade luminosa de 60mmol.m-2.s-1 e posteriormente em câmara de nebulização intermitente. A percentagem de sobrevivência das plantas foi afetada significativamente pela concentração de AIB, pelo genótipo e pela interação concentração de AIB x genótipo. As maiores taxas de sobrevivência foram de 92% para o porta-enxerto Capdeboscq na concentração de 1,0 mg.L-1 de AIB; 80% para a seleção VP417 com 0,5 mg.L-1; 84% para a seleção VP411 e 64% para o porta-enxerto GF677, ambos com 0,1 mg.L-1 de AIB. A formação de calos na base dos explantes afetou negativamente a sobrevivência das plantas.

Acclimatization is a phase of micropropagation associated with frequent losses in plant survival. The in vitro culture conditions may determine in some species, the formation of plants with altered morphology, anatomy and physiology that affect their acclimatization. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the rate of plant survival during acclimatization of the Prunus rootstocks Capdeboscq and GF677, and the selections VP411 and VP417. Shoots of 2-3 cm long were inoculated in rooting Lepoivre medium supplemented with IBA (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg.L-1). After 15 days, the plants were transferred to styrofoam trays with cells containing commercial mixed soil Plantmax®. The trays were placed in plastic boxes closed with a transparent glass plate and maintained in acclimatization room in 27±1ºC temperature, light period of 16 hours and 60mmol.m-2.s-1 of light irradiation, and then transferred to intermittent nebulization chamber. The plant survival rate was significantly affected for the IBA treatments, genotype and genotype x IBA concentration interaction. The best survival rates obtained were Capdeboscq (92%) with 1.0 mg.L-1 IBA, VP417 (80%) with 0.5 mg.L-1 IBA, VP411 (84%) and GF677 (64%), respectively with 0.1 mg.L-1 IBA. The callus formation on the basal region of explants negatively affected the plant survival.