ABSTRACT Coffee is a beverage that is widely consumed throughout the world, especially in Brazil. Its high market value makes it a prime target for fraud. To combat this fraud, different methods have been developed and improved over the years to detect potential adulterants in coffee and guarantee its authenticity. Nevertheless, these methods still pose a challenge. Therefore, this work aimed to identify adulteration markers in roasted and ground Arabica coffee using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the flavonoid and phenolic acid profile. Samples of Arabica coffee beans and defective coffee beans were adulterated with coffee husks by preparing mixtures in different proportions (97:3, 90:10, 80:20 % w/w), which were then subjected to chromatographic and chemometric analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Using the phenolic compounds associated with chemometric methods, protocatechuic acid was identified as a marker of adulteration in roasted and ground coffee with Arabica coffee husks, even at low adulterant concentrations (3 %). world Brazil fraud authenticity Nevertheless challenge Therefore highperformance performance HPLC (HPLC profile 973, 973 97 3, 3 (97:3 9010, 9010 90 10, 10 90:10 8020 80 20 80:2 w/w, ww w/w , w w/w) analyses PCA (PCA PLSDA. PLSDA PLS DA . (PLS-DA) ( %. %) 9 (97: 901 1 90:1 802 8 2 80: (PLS-DA (97 90: (9

Resumo O objetivo foi verificar a estrutura fatorial do questionário de adoção do óleo vegetal in natura de acréscimo na dieta infantil. Estudo transversal, com 220 mães de crianças, e questionário em escala Likert. Treze juízes, especialistas em nutrição infantil, avaliaram semanticamente os itens, enquanto que o Coeficiente de Generalização (CG) mensurou erros de avaliação, segundo modelo randômico de duas facetas (item/juiz), uma ocasião. A Análise Fatorial Exploratória (AFE) indicou dimensionalidade do instrumento aplicado: teste Doornik-Hansen, Análise de Fator Principal, critério Kaiser Guttman, rotação Promax, teste Kaiser-MeyerOlkin (KMO), validades convergente e discriminante, coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, Confiabilidade Composta. O CG = 0,8407 foi considerado satisfatório. O teste Doornik-Hansen (Qui2 (28) = 198,053, prob > Qui2 = 0,0000) inferiu sobre a normalidade multivariada dos dados. O critério de Kaiser Guttman indicou 76,32% da latência do construto. A correlação entre os fatores 1 e 2 (-0,4042) sugere a bidimensionalidade do instrumento. KMO (0,8740) indicou a adequação dos dados para AFE. O alfa de Cronbach apresentou valores em torno de 0,70, considerados aceitáveis. Verificou-se bidimensionalidade do questionário para avaliar a adoção da prática do acréscimo de óleos vegetais in natura na dieta infantil.

Abstract The scope of this study was to investigate the factorial structure of the questionnaire for the inclusion of vegetable oil in natura in the diet of children. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 220 mothers using the Likert Scale questionnaire. Thirteen Child Nutrition experts/judges semantically evaluated the items and the Generalizability Coefficient (GC) assessed the errors according to a one-off, two-facet random model (item/judge). The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) indicated dimensionality of the tools applied: Doornik-Hansen Test; Main Factor Analysis; Kaiser Guttman criterion; Promax rotation; Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test (KMO); convergent and discriminant validities, Cronbach's Alpha; Composite Reliability. The GC = 0.8407 was considered satisfactory. The Doornik-Hansen test (chi2 (28) = 198.053, prob>chi2 = 0.0000) confirmed the multivariate normality of data. The Kaiser Guttman criterion explained 76.32% of the latent construct. The correlation between factors 1 and 2 (-0.4042) suggests the two-dimensional nature of the instrument. The KMO (0.8440) indicated the adequacy of the data to perform EFA. Cronbach's alpha showed values around 0.70, considered acceptable. The two-dimensionality of the questionnaire was verified to assess the inclusion of in natura vegetable oils in the diet of children.

Resumo O objetivo foi verificar a estrutura fatorial do questionário de adoção do óleo vegetal in natura de acréscimo na dieta infantil. Estudo transversal, com 220 mães de crianças, e questionário em escala Likert. Treze juízes, especialistas em nutrição infantil, avaliaram semanticamente os itens, enquanto que o Coeficiente de Generalização (CG) mensurou erros de avaliação, segundo modelo randômico de duas facetas (item/juiz), uma ocasião. A Análise Fatorial Exploratória (AFE) indicou dimensionalidade do instrumento aplicado: teste Doornik-Hansen, Análise de Fator Principal, critério Kaiser Guttman, rotação Promax, teste Kaiser-MeyerOlkin (KMO), validades convergente e discriminante, coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, Confiabilidade Composta. O CG = 0,8407 foi considerado satisfatório. O teste Doornik-Hansen (Qui2 (28) = 198,053, prob > Qui2 = 0,0000) inferiu sobre a normalidade multivariada dos dados. O critério de Kaiser Guttman indicou 76,32% da latência do construto. A correlação entre os fatores 1 e 2 (-0,4042) sugere a bidimensionalidade do instrumento. KMO (0,8740) indicou a adequação dos dados para AFE. O alfa de Cronbach apresentou valores em torno de 0,70, considerados aceitáveis. Verificou-se bidimensionalidade do questionário para avaliar a adoção da prática do acréscimo de óleos vegetais in natura na dieta infantil.

Abstract The scope of this study was to investigate the factorial structure of the questionnaire for the inclusion of vegetable oil in natura in the diet of children. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 220 mothers using the Likert Scale questionnaire. Thirteen Child Nutrition experts/judges semantically evaluated the items and the Generalizability Coefficient (GC) assessed the errors according to a one-off, two-facet random model (item/judge). The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) indicated dimensionality of the tools applied: Doornik-Hansen Test; Main Factor Analysis; Kaiser Guttman criterion; Promax rotation; Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test (KMO); convergent and discriminant validities, Cronbach's Alpha; Composite Reliability. The GC = 0.8407 was considered satisfactory. The Doornik-Hansen test (chi2 (28) = 198.053, prob>chi2 = 0.0000) confirmed the multivariate normality of data. The Kaiser Guttman criterion explained 76.32% of the latent construct. The correlation between factors 1 and 2 (-0.4042) suggests the two-dimensional nature of the instrument. The KMO (0.8440) indicated the adequacy of the data to perform EFA. Cronbach's alpha showed values around 0.70, considered acceptable. The two-dimensionality of the questionnaire was verified to assess the inclusion of in natura vegetable oils in the diet of children.