ABSTRACT Regions with semi-arid climates have environmental conditions that result in abiotic stress to plants. The largest melon (Cucumis melo L.) production area in Brazil, the state of Rio Grande do Norte, has these climatic characteristics. Use of biostimulants in these production systems can mitigate effects of abiotic stress and increase yield and fruit quality. The objective in this study was to evaluate the physiological and production characteristics of melon, under the application of biostimulants. The biostimulants Acadian®, Folicist® and Nov@® were applied and compared to the control treatment (no biostimulants), in ‘Goldex’ and ‘McLaren’ melons. Nov@® led to higher CO2 assimilation, transpiration and stomatal conductance, as well as ascorbate peroxidase, in ‘Goldex’ and ‘McLaren’. Greater catalase was obtained with the application of Nov@®, while the use of Folicist® resulted in higher malondialdehyde content. The cultivar ‘McLaren’ exhibited the best physiological and biochemical performance, and ‘Goldex’ the best yield. Folicist® promotes physiological adaptations to stress without impairing photosynthetic activity. The biostimulants increased yield and number of fruits per plant and promoted physiological adaptations to semi-arid conditions. semiarid semi arid plants Cucumis L. L Brazil Norte quality Acadian Acadian® Folicist Nov Nov@ no biostimulants, , biostimulants) ‘Goldex Goldex ‘McLaren McLaren melons CO assimilation conductance peroxidase ‘McLaren. . content performance activity

RESUMO Regiões com climas semiáridos apresentam condições ambientais que resultam em estresses abióticos às plantas. A maior área de produção de melão (Cucumis melo L.) do Brasil, o Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, possui essas características climáticas. O uso de bioestimulantes nesses sistemas de produção pode mitigar os efeitos dos estresses abióticos e aumentar a produtividade e a qualidade dos frutos. O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar as características fisiológicas e de produção do meloeiro, sob aplicação de bioestimulantes. Os bioestimulantes Acadian®, Folicist® e Nov@® foram aplicados e comparados ao tratamento controle (sem bioestimulantes), em melões ‘Goldex’ e ‘McLaren’. Nov@® proporcionou maior assimilação de CO2, transpiração e condutância estomática, assim como ascorbato peroxidase em ‘Goldex’ e ‘McLaren’. Maior catalase foi obtida pela aplicação de Nov@®, enquanto que o uso de Folicist® resultou em maior teor de malondialdeído. A cultivar McLaren apresentou o melhor desempenho fisiológico e bioquímico e a ‘Goldex’ o melhor rendimento. Folicist® promove adaptações fisiológicas aos estresses sem prejudicar a atividade fotossintética. Os bioestimulantes aumentaram a produtividade e o número de frutos por planta e promoveram adaptações fisiológicas às condições semiáridas. plantas Cucumis L. L Brasil Norte climáticas meloeiro Acadian Acadian® Folicist Nov Nov@ bioestimulantes, , bioestimulantes) ‘Goldex Goldex ‘McLaren. ‘McLaren . ‘McLaren’ CO2 CO estomática malondialdeído rendimento fotossintética semiáridas

Bredemeyera Willd. is a genus of the Polygalaceae family, occurring in Brazil. This research aims to evaluate the phytochemical and antifungal potential, in vitro and in silico, of Bredemeyera brevifolia extracts. The identification of fatty acids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and their quantification by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector showed that palmitic (36.55 mg g−1), margaric (3.66 mg g−1), linolelaidic (108.82 mg g−1), oleic (7.86 mg g−1), stearic (41.11 mg g−1), dihomo-γ-linolenic (85.48 mg g−1), and arachidic (209.00 mg g−1) acids are present in the hexane extract. From the chloroform extract, 1-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone was isolated and identified. The minimum inhibitory concentration assay with methanolic extract demonstrated antifungal activity against species of the genus Candida, Sporothrix, and Trichophyton for up to 96 h, with values ranging from 64-1024 μg mL−1. The in silico study with the chemical compounds of this species showed fungal inhibition potential of sterol-14-α-demethylase, highlighting 1-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone, which presented an affinity energy of -8.8 kcal mol−1, greater than that observed for fluconazole (−8.3 kcal mol−1). The fatty acids interacted with the active site of the enzyme but presented energies ≥ −7.4 kcal mol−1. Compounds isolated from this species have pharmacokinetic potential for the development of pharmaceutical formulations. Willd family Brazil extracts chromatographymass chromatography mass chromatographyflame flame 36.55 3655 36 55 (36.5 g−1, g1 g g−1 , 1 3.66 366 3 66 (3.6 108.82 10882 108 82 (108.8 7.86 786 7 86 (7.8 41.11 4111 41 11 (41.1 dihomoγlinolenic dihomo γ linolenic 85.48 8548 85 48 (85.4 209.00 20900 209 00 (209.0 1hydroxy3,7dimethoxyxanthone 1hydroxy37dimethoxyxanthone hydroxydimethoxyxanthone hydroxy 3,7 dimethoxyxanthone identified Candida Sporothrix 9 h 641024 64 1024 64-102 mL1 mL mL−1 sterol14αdemethylase, sterol14αdemethylase sterolαdemethylase sterol 14 α demethylase, demethylase sterol-14-α-demethylase 1hydroxy3,7dimethoxyxanthone, dimethoxyxanthone, 8.8 88 8 -8. mol1 mol mol−1 −8.3 83 (−8. . mol−1) 74 4 −7. formulations 36.5 365 5 (36. g− 3.6 6 (3. 108.8 1088 10 (108. 7.8 78 (7. 41.1 411 (41. 85.4 854 (85. 209.0 2090 20 0 (209. 1hydroxy3 7dimethoxyxanthone 37 3, 64102 102 64-10 mL− αdemethylase 8. -8 mol− −8. (−8 −7 36. (36 3. (3 108. (108 7. (7 41. (41 85. (85 209. 2 (209 1hydroxy 6410 64-1 - −8 (− − ( (10 (4 (8 (20 641 64- (1 (2

ABSTRACT Given the large differences in the results of inoculation and co-inoculation in the bean crop, an experiment in cultivating winter beans was carried out in 2019 under greenhouse conditions with the aim of evaluating the performance of the beans and a possible increase in plant growth and grain production, using seeds inoculated or co-inoculated with Rhizobium tropici and Azospirillum brasilense, with and without fungicide and/or insecticide, in sandy and clayey soils. A total of 112 pots were used, and 14 treatments were applied in a completely randomised experimental design, with four replications. The Scott-Knott test was used to analyse the results, and showed that whether using untreated seeds or carrying out complete chemical treatment with fungicide and insecticide plus co-inoculation with R. tropici and A. brasilense, winter bean production was reduced in clayey soil, while the joint use of fungicide and insecticide, fungicide and R. tropici, or fungicide, insecticide and R. tropici, favoured shoot development. Inoculating with A. brasilense, without R. tropici and with insecticide, or insecticide and fungicide, favoured greater root growth in clayey soil. In sandy soil, grain production was higher using seeds treated solely with insecticide, solely with R. tropici, or with a combination of both. Production was lower in the joint treatment with fungicide, insecticide and the co-inoculation of bacteria, or when using insecticide together with A. brasilense. coinoculation co crop 201 coinoculated brasilense andor soils 11 1 design replications ScottKnott Scott Knott R soil development both bacteria 20 2

This study details the preparation, antileishmanial assay, and in silico analysis of twenty 2-hydroxy-3-(1,2,3-triazolyl)propyl vanillin derivatives. These compounds were synthesized in three steps and evaluated against Leishmania infantum, Leishmania amazonensis, and Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes. Compounds 3s and 3t were the most effective, showing good activity against all Leishmania species tested. Molecular docking indicated that all compounds bind favorably to the sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) enzyme from L. infantum. ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) analysis indicated good oral bioavailability, non blood-brain barrier penetration, and high gastrointestinal absorption. Posaconazole and compounds 3e, 3s, and 3t remained stable in the CYP51 binding region during 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Root mean square deviation (RMSD) and root mean square fluctuations (RMSF) analyses from the MD trajectory revealed significant conformational fluctuations of the CYP51 N-terminal, suggesting occasional expulsion of 3e, potentially explaining its higher IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) values. Pairwise decomposition analyses from molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) calculations highlighted the importance of hydrophobic residues in interacting with the synthesized derivatives. preparation assay 2hydroxy31,2,3triazolylpropyl 2hydroxy3123triazolylpropyl hydroxytriazolylpropyl 2 hydroxy 3 1,2,3 triazolyl propyl 1 derivatives infantum amazonensis promastigotes s t effective tested 14αdemethylase αdemethylase 14α demethylase α CYP (CYP51 L absorption, absorption (absorption distribution metabolism toxicity bioavailability bloodbrain blood brain penetration 3e e CYP5 10 (MD simulations RMSD (RMSD RMSF (RMSF Nterminal, Nterminal N terminal, terminal N-terminal IC IC5 halfmaximal half maximal concentration values PoissonBoltzmann Poisson Boltzmann MM/PBSA MMPBSA MM PBSA (MM/PBSA 2hydroxy31 3triazolylpropyl triazolylpropyl 123 1,2, (CYP5 2hydroxy3 12 1,2 (CYP 2hydroxy 1,

ABSTRACT Due to the important functions of calcium in plant physiology, supplementation of this nutrient may be a viable strategy to increase the tolerance of plants to salinity. Thus, the objective in this study was to evaluate the gas exchange and growth of broad-leaf arugula cultivars cultivated in coconut fiber subjected to salt stress. Four nutrient solutions [(S1 - standard nutrient solution (electrical conductivity of water - ECw of 0.5 dS m-1; S2 - nutrient solution using saline water with NaCl at 3.5 dS m-1; S3 - S2 enriched with Ca(NO3)2 at 50%; S4 - S2 enriched with Ca(NO3)2 at 100%, obtaining values of 2.3, 5.1, 5.5, and 5.9 dS m-1, for S1, S2, S3, and S4, respectively], and two cultivars of arugula (Donatella and Gigante Folha Larga), arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial scheme, with three replicates, were studied. Plants were harvested 40 days after sowing and evaluated for the following variables: plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, total fresh mass, total dry mass, specific leaf area, leaf succulence, relative chlorophyll index, stomatal conductance, CO2 assimilation rate, transpiration rate, internal CO2 concentration, instantaneous water use efficiency, and intrinsic carboxylation efficiency. The cultivar Gigante Folha Larga was more tolerant to salinity of nutrient solution. The use of salinized nutrient solution negatively affected arugula growth and physiology, but the extra addition of Ca(NO3)2 reduced the harmful effects of salinity. Extra addition of 50% of Ca(NO3)2 in the nutrient solution is recommended to reduce the effect of salt stress. physiology Thus broadleaf broad stress S1 S [(S electrical 05 0 5 0. m1 m 1 m-1 35 3 3. CaNO32 CaNO Ca NO3 NO Ca(NO3) 50 100 100% 23 2.3 51 5.1 55 5.5 59 9 5. m1, 1, respectively, respectively , respectively] Donatella Larga, Larga) scheme replicates studied variables height leaves area mass succulence index conductance CO rate concentration efficiency m- CaNO3 Ca(NO3 10 2. Ca(NO

RESUMO Devido às importantes funções do cálcio na fisiologia vegetal, a suplementação deste nutriente pode ser uma estratégia viável para aumentar a tolerância das plantas à salinidade. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as trocas gasosas e o crescimento de cultivares de rúcula de folhas largas cultivadas em fibra de coco submetidas ao estresse salino. Quatro soluções nutritivas [(S1-solução nutritiva padrão (condutividade elétrica da água - CEa de 0,5 dS m-1; S2- solução nutritiva utilizando água salina com NaCl a 3,5 dS m-1; S3-S2 enriquecida com Ca(NO3)2 a 50%; S4-S2 enriquecido com Ca(NO3)2 a 100%, obtendo valores de 2,3, 5,1, 5,5 e 5,9 dS m-1, para S1, S2, S3 e S4, respectivamente], e duas cultivares de rúcula. (Donatella e Gigante Folha Larga), dispostas em esquema fatorial 2 × 4, com três repetições, foram estudadas. As plantas foram colhidas 40 dias após a semeadura e avaliadas quanto às seguintes variáveis: altura de planta, número de folhas, área foliar, massa fresca total, massa seca total, área foliar específica, suculência foliar, índice relativo de clorofila, condutância estomática, taxa de assimilação de CO2, taxa de transpiração, concentração interna de CO2 e eficiência instantânea do uso da água e eficiência intrínseca de carboxilação. A cultivar Gigante Folha Larga foi mais tolerante à salinidade da solução nutritiva. O uso de solução nutritiva salinizada afetou negativamente o crescimento e a fisiologia da rúcula, mas a adição extra de Ca(NO3)2 reduziu os efeitos nocivos da salinidade. Recomenda-se adição extra de 50% de Ca(NO3)2 na solução nutritiva para reduzir o efeito do estresse salino. vegetal Assim salino S1solução Ssolução S1 S condutividade 05 0 5 0, m1 m 1 m-1 S2 35 3 3, S3S2 SS S3-S CaNO32 CaNO Ca NO3 NO Ca(NO3) 50 S4S2 S4 S4-S 100 100% 23 2,3 51 5,1 55 5, 59 9 m1, 1, respectivamente, respectivamente , respectivamente] Donatella Larga, Larga) 4 repetições estudadas variáveis planta total específica clorofila estomática CO transpiração carboxilação Recomendase Recomenda se m- S3S CaNO3 Ca(NO3 S4S 10 2, Ca(NO

In the present work, three series of cinnamic (1), p-coumaric (2) and ferulic (3) esters containing different side-chains such as ethyl (1a-3a), n-propyl (1b-3b), n-butyl (1c-3c), n-pentyl (1d-3d), n-hexyl (1e-3e), and n-heptyl (1f-3f) were prepared, tested for activity against trypomastigote forms of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and toxicity against NCTC cells. Obtained results indicated that the presence of p-coumaric or ferulic moieties associated with C4-C7 linear side-chains play an important role in the bioactivity against T. cruzi since compounds 2c-2f and 3d-3f were found to be the most active derivatives with a half maximal effective concentration (EC50) value ranging from 12.8 to 1.7 μM, superior to that determined for the positive control benznidazole (EC50 = 16.4 μM). Additionally, machine learning and multivariate statistical analyses identified molecular features correlated with biological activity, emphasizing the importance of side-chain length and lipophilicity, highlighting the significance of the molecular structure of phenylpropanoid derivatives in the activity against T. cruzi. work 1, 1 , (1) pcoumaric p coumaric 2 (2 3 (3 sidechains side chains 1a3a, 1a3a aa 1a 3a (1a-3a) npropyl n propyl 1b3b, 1b3b bb 1b 3b b (1b-3b) nbutyl butyl 1c3c, 1c3c cc 1c 3c c (1c-3c) npentyl pentyl 1d3d, 1d3d dd 1d 3d d (1d-3d) nhexyl hexyl 1e3e, 1e3e ee 1e 3e e (1e-3e) nheptyl heptyl 1f3f ff 1f 3f f (1f-3f prepared cells C4C7 CC C4 C7 C C4-C T 2c2f cf 2c 2f 3d3f df EC50 EC 128 12 8 12. 17 7 1. μM (EC5 164 16 4 16. μM. . μM) Additionally sidechain chain lipophilicity (1 ( (1a-3a (1b-3b (1c-3c (1d-3d (1e-3e C4C EC5 (EC

ABSTRACT: This study obtained information about the external and internal morphology of the alimentary canal of the main pest of brassica, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), when it is exposed to a microencapsulated formulation of the seed extract of Annona muricata L. (Annonaceae). The toxicity of the microencapsulated formulation of the caterpillars fed for 12, 24, and 48 hours plus the control was evaluated to verify and evaluate external and internal morphological changes caused by the extract that may have killed the caterpillars. After the assays, the alimentary canal of the caterpillars was dissected, fixed, dehydrated, blocked, cut, and colored. Then, histological slides were produced and studied under light microscopy and scanning microscopy (SEM). The microencapsulated formulation of A. muricata caused irreversible damage to the alimentary canal of P. xylostella, with disorganization, cell stratification, and modifications in the morphology of the cells considered essential for survival. SEM verified that the peritrophic membrane and the muscular layer remained intact during all the assays. The effects were more severe with more hours of exposure. These results demonstrated that after contact by ingestion, the insect dies due to intoxication and cellular disorganization, inhibiting its ability to continue feeding. ABSTRACT brassica L Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Plutellidae, Plutellidae , Plutellidae) Annonaceae. Annonaceae . (Annonaceae) 12 24 4 assays dissected fixed dehydrated blocked cut colored Then SEM. (SEM) A P disorganization stratification survival exposure ingestion feeding (Annonaceae 1 2 (SEM

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi obter informações sobre a morfologia externa e interna do canal alimentar da principal praga das brássicas, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), quando exposta a uma formulação microencapsulada do extrato da semente de Annona muricata L. (Annonaceae). A toxicidade da formulação microencapsulada das lagartas alimentadas por 12, 24 e 48 horas mais o controle foi avaliada para verificar alterações morfológicas externas e internas causadas pelo extrato que possam ter causado a morte das lagartas. Após os ensaios, o canal alimentar das lagartas foi dissecado, fixado, desidratado, bloqueado, cortado e colorido. Em seguida, lâminas histológicas foram produzidas e estudadas em microscopia óptica e microscopia de varredura (MEV). A formulação microencapsulada de A. muricata, causou danos irreversíveis ao canal alimentar de P. xylostella, com desorganização, estratificação celular e modificações na morfologia das células consideradas essenciais para a sobrevivência. Na análise por MEV, verificou-se que a membrana peritrófica e a camada muscular permaneceram intactas durante todos os ensaios. Os efeitos foram mais graves com mais horas de exposição. Esses resultados demonstraram que após contato por ingestão, o inseto morre por intoxicação e desorganização celular, inibindo sua capacidade de continuar se alimentando. RESUMO brássicas L Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Plutellidae, Plutellidae , Plutellidae) Annonaceae. Annonaceae . (Annonaceae) 12 2 4 ensaios dissecado fixado desidratado bloqueado colorido seguida MEV. MEV (MEV) P sobrevivência verificouse verificou exposição ingestão alimentando (Annonaceae 1 (MEV

Microparticulated whey protein can be used as a fat substitute in foods to enhance their nutritional value and improve their sensory and rheological characteristics. Microparticulation denatures whey proteins through heat treatment, followed by shear rate control to determine the aggregate sizes formed. The processing method used during microparticulation can modify the protein denaturation rate, which may enable the application of new proteins. This study sought to develop a methodology for quantifying whey protein fractions in commercial samples before and after microparticulation at different concentrations and physical states. The developed methodology proved to be applicable because of its selectivity, quantification, detection limits, and precision. The analyzed samples exhibited a higher denaturation rate for β-lactoglobulin than α-lactoalbumin; the denaturation rate varied among samples due to differences in the microparticulation process. characteristics treatment formed states selectivity quantification limits precision βlactoglobulin β lactoglobulin αlactoalbumin α lactoalbumin α-lactoalbumin process

Cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum Schum.) is an Amazonian fruit rich in antioxidants potential due to its phenolic compounds. Its seeds produce cupulate, a chocolate-like product, and the residue remains rich in biocompounds. This study aimed to optimize and compare microwave-assisted (MAE) and high pressure/temperature extraction (HPTE) of polyphenolic and flavonoid compounds from cupuaçu seed by-products. A Box-Behnken 33 factorial design assessed the influence of extraction time, solid/liquid ratio, and ethanol concentration. Responses included total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, and anti-radical power via the ABTS (2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) method. In optimum conditions, MAE had the highest total polyphenol content and HPTE for flavonoids. Optimal conditions for both methods were 65% (m/v) ethanol concentration, 45 min extraction time, and 0.03 g mL−1 solid/liquid ratio. MAE and HPTE achieved greater recovery of (−)-epicatechin and (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate compared to percolation. Both techniques proved viable for recovering polyphenols from cupuaçu seed by-products, in less time and with less solvent. Thus, cupuaçu by-products can be a sustainable and functional food source, with MAE and HPTE providing high yields and quality extracts rich in polyphenols. Theobroma Schum. Schum cupulate chocolatelike chocolate like product biocompounds microwaveassisted microwave assisted (MAE pressuretemperature pressure temperature (HPTE byproducts. byproducts by products. products BoxBehnken Box Behnken 3 solidliquid solid liquid ratio concentration antiradical anti radical 2,2azinobis3ethylbenzothiazoline6sulphonic 22azinobis3ethylbenzothiazoline6sulphonic azinobisethylbenzothiazolinesulphonic 2,2 azino bis ethylbenzothiazoline 6 sulphonic 2 acid method flavonoids 65 m/v mv m v (m/v 4 003 0 03 0.0 mL1 mL 1 mL− −epicatechin epicatechin − −epigallocatechin3gallate epigallocatechin3gallate epigallocatechingallate epigallocatechin gallate percolation byproducts, products, solvent Thus source 2azinobis3ethylbenzothiazoline6sulphonic azinobis 22 2, 00 0.

ABSTRACT The semi-arid region is marked by uncertainties and variability in the water volume available for multiple uses. The objective of the study was to construct a linear programming model that promotes maximization of the net income of the producer and optimization of the use of water resources in alluvial aquifer in the Brazilian semi-arid region, with a view to economic and water sustainability, establishing an optimal plan for agricultural exploitation. The proposed model used technical coefficients from primary data obtained in the various production units, as well as secondary data from technical-scientific studies conducted in the region, and considered constraints. Simulations were performed for three levels of water availability and two annual cycles of shrimp farming, considering the volume exploited per cycle and the continuous expansion of the activity in the region. The model proved to be efficient in the proposal of an optimal plan of occupation and optimization of groundwater resources, which, in its potential condition, has a relevant importance in the shrimp farming activity from the economic dimension perspective. Sensitivity analysis of the model parameters allowed understanding the stability of the optimal solution in the face of variations in the technical coefficients. The water resource had slack equal to zero, indicating that it is a limiting resource. Drastic reduction in net income due to reduction in water availability points to risks associated with years of water scarcity. Reduction of one cycle in shrimp farming in years of moderate water scarcity is a feasible alternative from a financial perspective. semiarid semi arid uses sustainability exploitation units technicalscientific scientific constraints which condition perspective zero

RESUMO O semiárido é marcado por incertezas e variabilidade do volume hídrico disponível para usos múltiplos. O objetivo com o estudo foi construir um modelo de programação linear que proporcione a maximização da receita líquida do produtor e a otimização do uso dos recursos hídricos em aquífero aluvial no semiárido brasileiro, com vistas à sustentabilidade econômica e hídrica, estabelecendo um plano ótimo de exploração agropecuária. O modelo proposto utilizou coeficientes técnicos oriundos de dados primários obtidos nas diversas unidades de produção, bem como de dados secundários de trabalhos técnico-científicos realizados na região e considerou restrições. Foram realizadas simulações de três níveis de disponibilidade de água e de apenas dois ciclos anuais da produção de camarão, tendo em vista o volume explotado por ciclo e a contínua expansão da atividade na região. O modelo se mostrou eficiente na proposta de um plano ótimo de ocupação e na otimização dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos, que, em sua condição potencial, tem na atividade da carcinicultura uma importância relevante sob a ótica da dimensão econômica. A análise de sensibilidade dos parâmetros do modelo permitiu compreender a estabilidade da solução ótima frente às variações nos coeficientes técnicos. O recurso água apresentou folga igual a zero, indicando se tratar de um recurso limitante. A drástica redução na receita líquida face à redução na disponibilidade de água sinaliza para os riscos associados aos anos de escassez hídrica. A redução em um ciclo no cultivo do camarão em anos de escassez hídrica moderada é uma alternativa factível sob a ótica financeira. múltiplos brasileiro agropecuária técnicocientíficos técnico científicos restrições subterrâneos potencial zero limitante financeira

ABSTRACT Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is one of the main grain crops that form part of Brazilian food consumption, but its production is affected by edaphoclimatic conditions and high salinity of the irrigation water. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of chitosan concentrations on the physiology and production components of cowpea grown under salt stress. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, adopting a completely randomized design, in a 2 × 5 factorial scheme, with two levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw - 0.6 and 4.0 dS m-1) and five concentrations of chitosan (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 g L-1), with four replicates, each of which consisting of three plants. Irrigation water with electrical conductivity of 4.0 dS m-1 negatively affected the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and grain production of cowpea cv. BRS Tapaihum. Foliar application of chitosan at concentrations between 0.46 and 0.71 g L-1 mitigated the deleterious effects of salt stress on photochemical efficiency, grain production, and grain index per plant. Chitosan applications under irrigation water of electrical conductivity of 0.6 dS m-1 promoted an increase in the mean pod length, grain production and grain index of cowpea plants cv. BRS Tapaihum. Vigna L. L (L. Walp. Walp consumption greenhouse design scheme ECw 06 0 6 0. 40 4 4. m1 m 1 0, (0 025 25 0.25 050 50 0.50 075 75 0.75 100 00 1.0 L1, L1 , L-1) replicates m- pigments fluorescence cv Tapaihum 046 46 0.4 071 71 0.7 L- efficiency plant length (L ( 02 0.2 05 0.5 07 7 10 1. 04

RESUMO O feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) é um dos principais grãos que fazem parte do consumo alimentar dos brasileiros, no entanto, sua produção é afetada pelas características edafoclimáticas e pela alta salinidade da água de irrigação. Objetivou-se com a pesquisa avaliar os efeitos das concentrações de quitosana na fisiologia e produção de feijão-caupi sob estresse salino. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação em Campina Grande, PB, utilizando-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 × 5, sendo dois níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (CEa - 0,6 e 4,0 dS m-1) e cinco concentrações de quitosana (0; 0,25; 0,50; 0,75 e 1,00 g L-1) com quatro repetições cada uma consistindo de três plantas. A irrigação com água de condutividade elétrica de 4,0 dS m-1 afetou negativamente a síntese de pigmentos fotossintéticos, a fluorescência da clorofila a e a produção de grãos de feijão-caupi cultivar BRS Tapaihum. A aplicação foliar de quitosana entre as concentrações de 0,46 e 0,71 g L-1 amenizou os efeitos do estresse salino, aumentando a eficiência fotoquímica, a produção e o índice de grãos por planta. As aplicações de quitosana sob água de irrigação com condutividade elétrica de 0,6 dS m-1 promoveram aumento no comprimento médio da vagem, produção de grãos e índice de grãos das plantas de feijão-caupi cv. BRS Tapaihum. feijãocaupi feijão caupi Vigna L. L (L. Walp. Walp brasileiros entanto Objetivouse Objetivou se salino Grande PB utilizandose utilizando casualizado 5 CEa 06 0 6 0, 40 4 4, m1 m 1 (0 0,25 025 25 0,50 050 50 075 75 0,7 100 00 1,0 L1 m- fotossintéticos Tapaihum 046 46 0,4 071 71 L- fotoquímica planta vagem cv (L ( 0,2 02 0,5 05 07 7 10 1, 04

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar possíveis correlações entre competências socioemocionais, adaptabilidade de carreira e autoeficácia na transição escola-trabalho. A amostra foi composta por 505 jovens aprendizes com idades entre 14 e 24 anos, sendo 39,4 % do sexo masculino (n = 199), 60,6 % do sexo feminino (n = 306), participantes de um programa de aprendizagem. Foram utilizados quatro instrumentos aplicados online: Instrumento para Avaliação de Competências Socioemocionais (SENNA 2.0), Escala de Adaptabilidade de Carreira (EAC), Escala de Autoeficácia na Transição Escola-Trabalho (AETBR), Questionário de Identificação e Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil. Foram realizadas análises fatoriais confirmatórias, de confiabilidade, descritivas e correlações r de Pearson. Os resultados indicam correlações importantes entre todas as variáveis, exceto entre as competências socioemocionais, amabilidade e engajamento com os outros. Os resultados da AETT-BR e da EAC mostram relação entre confiança e adaptação. Os achados mostram implicações para as práticas e pistas para novas investigações.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar posibles correlaciones entre competencias socioemocionales, adaptabilidad de carrera y autoeficacia, en la transición escuela-trabajo. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 505 jóvenes participantes de un programa de aprendizaje con edades entre 14 y 24 años, siendo 39.4 % del sexo masculino (n = 199) y 60.6 % del sexo femenino (n = 306). Se utilizaron cuatro instrumentos aplicados online: Instrumento para Evaluación de Competencias Socioemocionales (SENNA 2.0), Escala de Adaptabilidad de Carrera (EAC), Escala de Autoeficacia en la Transición Escuela-Trabajo (AETBR) y Cuestionario de Identificación y Criterio de Clasificación Económica Brasil. Se realizaron análisis factoriales confirmatorios de confiabilidad y descriptivos y correlaciones r de Pearson. Los resultados indicaron correlaciones importantes entre todas las variables, excepto entre las competencias socioemocionales, amabilidad y compromiso con los otros. Los resultados de la AETT-BR y de la EAC mostraron relación entre confianza y adaptación. Los hallazgos muestran implicaciones para las prácticas e indicios para realizar nuevas investigaciones.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate possible correlations between socioemotional competencies, career adaptability and self-efficacy in the school-work transition. The sample consisted of 505 young apprentices aged between 14 and 24, 39.4 % male (n = 199), 60.6 % female (n = 306), participating in an apprenticeship program. Four online instruments were used: the Socio-Emotional Skills Assessment Tool (SENNA 2.0), the Career Adaptability Scale (CAT), the Self-Efficacy Scale for the School-Work Transition (AETT-BR), the Identification Questionnaire and the Brazil Economic Classification Criterion. Confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, descriptive analysis and Pearson's r correlations were carried out. The results indicate significant correlations between all the variables, except for socioemotional competencies, kindness and engagement with others. The results of the AETT-BR and CAT show a relationship between trust and adaptation. The findings show implications for practice and avenues for further research.

Abstract: Brazil and Uruguay have a historical tradition of welcoming refugees, especially those who are victims of armed conflicts around the world, and, due to their proximity to neighboring regions, those forced to leave their countries due to political and financial crises. With these premises, this academic paper will explore the landscape of fundamental rights for refugees, focusing on the legislation of Brazil and Uruguay. It will also delve into specific developments related to new issues of protection concerning gender and sexuality vulnerabilities, as well as collective issues, such as the irreversible impacts of climate change. Finally, the paper aims to demonstrate the possibility of adopting new technical and legislative criteria and measures to strengthen refugee protection. The importance of implementing public policies that reach a greater number of people in need and that update the legal concepts and instruments to address the emerging challenges is highlighted

Resumen: Brasil y Uruguay son países con tradición histórica en la acogida de refugiados, especialmente aquellos que son víctimas de conflictos armados en el mundo y, por las regiones continentales cercanas, aquellos que se ven obligados a abandonar sus países debido a crisis políticas y financieras. Con estas premisas, el presente trabajo académico abordará el panorama de los derechos fundamentales de los refugiados, destacando la legislación de Brasil y Uruguay, y explorando los desarrollos específicos relacionados con nuevas cuestiones de protección de vulnerabilidades de género y sexualidad, así como cuestiones colectivas, como los impactos irreversibles causados por el cambio climático. Finalmente, se pretende demostrar la posibilidad de adoptar nuevos criterios técnicos y legislativos y medidas para fortalecer la protección de los refugiados, destacando la importancia de implementar políticas públicas que abarquen a un mayor número de necesitados y actualicen los conceptos e instrumentos jurídicos que aborden las nuevas dificultades del escenario

Resumo: O Brasil e o Uruguai são países com tradição histórica na acolhida de refugiados, especialmente daqueles que são vítimas de conflitos armados ao redor do mundo e, devido à proximidade das regiões continentais, daqueles que são forçados a abandonar seus países devido a crises políticas e financeiras. Com base nessas premissas, o presente trabalho acadêmico abordará o panorama dos direitos fundamentais dos refugiados, destacando a legislação do Brasil e do Uruguai, e explorando os desenvolvimentos específicos relacionados a novas questões de proteção de vulnerabilidades de gênero e sexualidade, assim como questões coletivas, como os impactos irreversíveis causados pelas mudanças climáticas. Por fim, pretende-se demonstrar a possibilidade de adotar novos critérios técnicos e legislativos e medidas para fortalecer a proteção dos refugiados, destacando a importância de implementar políticas públicas que atendam a um maior número de necessitados e atualizem os conceitos e instrumentos jurídicos que tratam das novas dificuldades desse cenário

ABSTRACT Introduction: Although nerves and vessels of the penis play important role in erection, there are few studies on their development in human fetus. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to analyze, quantitatively, in the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum, the development of the nerves and vessels in the fetal penis at different gestational ages. Material and Methods: Fifty-six fresh, macroscopically normal human fetuses aged from 13 to 36 weeks post-conception (WPC) were used. Gestational age was determined by the foot length criterion. Penises were immediately fixed in 10% formalin, and routinely processed for paraffin embedding, after which tissue sections from the mid-shaft were obtained. We used immunohistochemical staining to analyze the nerves and vessels in the corpus cavernous and in the corpus spongiosum. These elements were identified and quantified as percentage by using the Image-J software. Results: The quantitative analysis showed that the percentage of nerves varied from 3.03% to 20.35% in the corpora cavernosa and from 1.89% to 23.88% in the corpus spongiosum. The linear regression analysis indicated that nerves growth (incidence) in the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum correlated significantly and positively with fetal age (r2=0.9421, p<0.0001) and (r2=0.9312, p<0.0001), respectively, during the whole fetal period studied. Also, the quantitative analysis showed that the percentage of vessels varies from 2.96% to 12.86% in the corpora cavernosa and from 3.62% to 14.85% in the corpus spongiosum. The linear regression analysis indicated that vessels growth (appearance) in the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum correlated significantly and positively with fetal age (r2=0.8722, p<0.0001) and (r2=0.8218, p<0.0001), respectively, during the whole fetal period studied. In addition, the linear regression analysis demonstrated a more intense growth rate of nerves in the corpus spongiosum during the 2nd trimester of gestation, when compared with nerves in the corpora cavernosa. In addition, the linear regression analysis demonstrated a more intense growth rate of vessels in the corpus spongiosum when compared with the corpora cavernosa, during the whole fetal period studied. Conclusions: In the fetal period, the human penis undergoes major developmental changes, notably in the content and distribution of nerves and vessels. We found strong correlation between nerves and vessels growth (amount) with fetal age, both in the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum. There is significant greater proportional number of nerves than vessels during the whole fetal period studied. Also, nerves and vessels grow in a more intense rate than that of the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum areas. Introduction erection fetus Therefore quantitatively ages Methods Fiftysix Fifty six fresh 1 3 postconception post conception WPC (WPC criterion 10 formalin embedding midshaft mid shaft obtained ImageJ Image J software Results 303 03 3.03 2035 20 35 20.35 189 89 1.89 2388 23 88 23.88 incidence (incidence r2=0.9421, r209421 r r2 0 9421 (r2=0.9421 p<0.0001 p00001 p 0001 r2=0.9312, r209312 9312 (r2=0.9312 p<0.0001, , respectively studied Also 296 2 96 2.96 1286 12 86 12.86 362 62 3.62 1485 14 85 14.85 appearance (appearance r2=0.8722, r208722 8722 (r2=0.8722 r2=0.8218, r208218 8218 (r2=0.8218 addition nd gestation Conclusions changes amount (amount areas 30 3.0 203 20.3 18 8 1.8 238 23.8 r2=0.9421 r20942 942 (r2=0.942 p<0.000 p0000 000 r2=0.9312 r20931 931 (r2=0.931 29 9 2.9 128 12.8 6 3.6 148 14.8 r2=0.8722 r20872 872 (r2=0.872 r2=0.8218 r20821 821 (r2=0.821 3. 20. 1. 23. r2=0.942 r2094 94 (r2=0.94 p<0.00 p000 00 r2=0.931 r2093 93 (r2=0.93 2. 12. 14. r2=0.872 r2087 87 (r2=0.87 r2=0.821 r2082 82 (r2=0.82 r2=0.94 r209 (r2=0.9 p<0.0 p00 r2=0.93 r2=0.87 r208 (r2=0.8 r2=0.82 r2=0.9 r20 (r2=0. p<0. p0 r2=0.8 r2=0. (r2=0 p<0 r2=0 (r2= p< r2= (r2 (r

ABSTRACT Using grafted and aluminum (Al) tolerant seedlings can be a strategy to enable the cultivation of dwarf cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) in regions with predominance of soils with acidic reaction and high concentrations of exchangeable Al. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the influence of grafting on dwarf cashew genotypes cultivated in the presence of Al. For this, the experimental design was completely randomized in a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial scheme, with seedlings of three dwarf cashew genotypes (‘CCP 06’, ‘CCP 09’, and ‘CCP 76’) and two types of seedlings (ungrafted and self-grafted), cultivated in the absence and presence of Al (30 mg L-1), with six replicates. One hundred and ten days after the beginning of Al application, the seedlings were evaluated for growth, dry matter and accumulation of nutrients and Al (in shoots and roots). Al caused reductions in the height (25.8%), stem diameter (6.7%), number of leaves (43.3%), leaf area (46.3%), stem dry matter (29.8%), and shoot dry matter (37.0%) of dwarf cashew. Application of 30 mg L-1 of Al increased the accumulation of Al in the roots and, as a consequence, reduced the accumulation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe and Zn in the shoots and roots. Dwarf cashew accumulates greater amount of Mn in the leaves and smaller amount in the roots, contrary to what occurs with Al. Al limits growth and nutrient accumulation in the clones ‘CCP 06’, ‘CCP 09’, and ‘CCP 76’; however, the use of grafted seedlings increases the tolerance of the plants to this element. (Al Anacardium L. L context scheme CCP 06, 06 , 06’ 09, 09 09’ 76 76’ ungrafted selfgrafted, selfgrafted self self-grafted) (3 L1, L1 1 L-1) replicates application . roots) 25.8%, 258 25.8% 25 8 (25.8%) 6.7%, 67 6.7% 6 7 (6.7%) 43.3%, 433 43.3% 43 (43.3%) 46.3%, 463 46.3% 46 (46.3%) 29.8%, 298 29.8% 29 (29.8%) 37.0% 370 37 0 (37.0% L- consequence N P K Ca Mg S Cu however element self-grafted ( 25.8 (25.8% 6.7 (6.7% 43.3 4 (43.3% 46.3 (46.3% 29.8 (29.8% 37.0 (37.0 25. (25.8 6. (6.7 43. (43.3 46. (46.3 29. (29.8 37. (37. (25. (6. (43. (46. (29. (37 (25 (6 (43 (46 (29 (2 (4

RESUMO A utilização de mudas enxertadas e tolerantes ao alumínio pode ser uma estratégia para viabilizar o cultivo do cajueiro-anão (Anacardium occidentale L.) em regiões com predomínio de solos com reação ácida e altas concentrações de alumínio trocável. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se avaliar a influência da enxertia em genótipos de cajueiro-anão cultivados na presença de alumínio. Para isso, o delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 × 2 × 2, com mudas de cajueiro-anão de três genótipos (‘CCP 06’, ‘CCP 09’, e ‘CCP 76’) e dois tipos de muda (pé-franco e auto-enxertada), cultivadas na ausência e presença de alumínio (30 mg L-1), com seis repetições. Cento e dez dias após o início da aplicação do alumínio as plantas foram avaliadas quanto ao crescimento, matéria seca e acúmulo de nutrientes e alumínio (na parte aérea e nas raízes). O alumínio causou reduções na altura (25,8%), diâmetro do caule (6,7%), número de folhas (43,3%), área foliar (46,3%), massa seca do caule (29,8%) e massa seca da parte aérea (37,0%) do cajueiro-anão. A aplicação de 30 mg L-1 de alumínio incrementou o acúmulo do Al nas raízes e, como consequência, reduziu o de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe e Zn na parte aérea e nas raízes. O cajueiro-anão acumula maior quantidade de Mn nas folhas e menor nas raízes, de maneira inversa ao que acontece com o Al. O alumínio limita o crescimento e o acúmulo de nutrientes nos clones ‘CCP 06’, ‘CCP 09’, e ‘CCP 76’, entretanto, a utilização de mudas enxertadas aumenta a tolerância da planta ao elemento. cajueiroanão cajueiro anão Anacardium L. L trocável sentido objetivouse objetivou se isso CCP 06, 06 , 06’ 09, 09 09’ 76 76’ péfranco pé franco autoenxertada, autoenxertada auto enxertada auto-enxertada) (3 L1, L1 1 L-1) repetições . raízes) 25,8%, 258 25,8% 25 8 (25,8%) 6,7%, 67 6,7% 6 7 (6,7%) 43,3%, 433 43,3% 43 (43,3%) 46,3%, 463 46,3% 46 (46,3%) 29,8% 298 29 (29,8% 37,0% 370 37 0 (37,0% cajueiroanão. anão. L- consequência N P K Ca Mg S Cu 76, entretanto elemento auto-enxertada ( 25,8 (25,8% 6,7 (6,7% 43,3 4 (43,3% 46,3 (46,3% 29,8 (29,8 37,0 (37,0 25, (25,8 6, (6,7 43, (43,3 46, (46,3 29, (29, 37, (37, (25, (6, (43, (46, (29 (37 (25 (6 (43 (46 (2 (4