Resumo Preocupações com o consumo de produtos de alto teor de gordura e também com a ingestão de fibras são importantes para os consumidores. A fritura a vácuo é um processo alternativo que pode aumentar a qualidade de produtos desidratados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um macarrão instantâneo visando à redução tanto da absorção de óleo quanto do teor de carboidratos, por meio da adição de isolado proteico de soja (IPS) e amido resistente (AR3), utilizando os processos de fritura convencional e a vácuo. Para obtenção dos macarrões instantâneos, foram realizados dois delineamentos do tipo Composto Central Rotacional 22, um com cada tipo de fritura, otimizando a formulação por intermédio da Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta. Os macarrões foram caracterizados quanto à absorção de gordura, ao tempo de cozimento, ao teor final de amido resistente e à firmeza, e, finalmente, foi escolhida uma formulação ótima. Os macarrões produzidos no ponto ótimo foram caracterizados também quanto ao teor de isoflavonas, perfil de aminoácidos e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). As superfícies de resposta demonstraram que, ao adicionar AR3 e IPS à formulação, a absorção de gordura e os valores de firmeza diminuíram significativamente. Ao comparar os dois processos de fritura, convencional e a vácuo, foi possível observar que os macarrões obtidos pelo processo a vácuo absorveram 3% a menos de gordura da massa total, contudo apresentaram valores de firmeza menores que os macarrões obtidos pelo processo de fritura convencional. A análise de MEV demonstrou que os macarrões obtidos pelo processo de fritura convencional tiveram uma estrutura mais porosa, deixando a gordura penetrar mais facilmente, enquanto os macarrões obtidos pelo processo a vácuo apresentaram uma estrutura mais fechada, mas com mais gordura impregnada na superfície. Finalmente, foi possível, independentemente do processo utilizado, obter macarrões com melhor valor nutricional, pois eles contiveram alto teor de fibras (aproximadamente 8%) e proteínas (aproximadamente 11%), teor considerável de isoflavonas (8,20 mg / 100 g) e um perfil mais completo de aminoácidos por causa do aumento significativo de quase todas eles, especialmente de lisina.

Abstract Health concerns with the consumption of high-fat products and with respect to the intake of fibre are important for consumers. Vacuum frying process is an alternative frying process that increases the quality of foods. The objective was to develop instant noodles aiming to reduce carbohydrate and fat content by adding soy protein isolate (SPI) and resistant starch (RS3), using conventional and vacuum frying processes. A 22 central composite rotational design was used for each type of process, and the formulations were optimized using the Response Surface Methodology. The noodles were characterized with respect to fat absorption, cooking time, final resistant starch content and firmness. The noodles produced at the optimized point were also characterized for their isoflavone content, amino acid profile and by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The response surfaces showed that the addition of SPI and RS3 to the formulation resulted in reduced fat absorption and texture. Comparing both frying processes it was found that noodles obtained by vacuum frying absorbed 3% less fat and were less firm than those produced by conventional frying process. The SEM analysis showed that the noodles obtained by conventional frying had a more porous structure, which allowed an easier fat penetration, whereas those produced by vacuum frying showed a more closed structure with fat impregnated on the surface. Regardless of the process used, it was possible to obtain noodles with improved nutritional value, since they showed high fibre (8%) and protein (approximately 11%) contents, considerable isoflavone content (8.20 mg/100 g) and a complete amino acid profile, due to a significant increase in nearly all the amino acids, especially lysine.

Abstract The aim of this study was to obtain an optimized gluten-free cookie formulation using alternative flours. For this, a 22 central composite rotatable design (CCRD), with varying concentrations of millet flour (MF) and chia seeds (CS), on a base of buckwheat flour (BF), was used. Control cookies were elaborated with 100% wheat flour (WF). The cookies were characterized for texture and other physical tests and by scanning electron microscopy of their internal structure. The response surfaces for the quality parameters of the cookies showed that the higher the proportion of MF used in the formulations, the lower the height and the greater the diameter, expansion factor, and hardness of the cookies. The addition of up to 10% CS showed no influence on the responses. The optimum point was defined as that with diameter, expansion factor, thickness, and hardness closer to the control cookie: 7.5% CS, 40% MF, and 52.5% BF. The substitution of wheat flour by buckwheat flour, millet flour, and chia seeds can be considered a suitable alternative for the preparation of gluten-free cookies.

RESUMEN La demanda de alimentos saludables para la prevención de enfermedades no transmisibles ha aumentado, y los desarrollos incluyen ingredientes con efectos en la salud, como harina de trigo de grano entero y cúrcuma. Ambos son adicionados en el presente estudio como fuente de fibra y antioxidantes en pasta. El trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la adición de harina de cúrcuma en pasta con harina de trigo de grano entero y harina de trigo refinada, en su contenido de fibra y las propiedades tecnológicas y antioxidantes. Para esto, se realizaron tres pastas control con trigo de grano entero entre 600 y 700 g kg-1. Adicionalmente, siete pastas de cúrcuma se prepararon de acuerdo con un diseño experimental lineal (22), con tres puntos centrales. Los análisis tecnológicos incluyeron test de cocción, color y textura. Un Análisis de Componentes Principales se realizó para seleccionar dos formulaciones para pruebas bromatológica y de capacidad antioxidante. Las pastas seleccionadas fueron CP3 (70 WGF: 30 RWF) y TP3 (5 g TF, 60 WGF: 40 RWF), que presentaron propiedades tecnológicas similares y alto contenido de fibra dietaria (74.3 g kg-1). TP3 presentó el mayor contenido de fenólicos totales (534.46 ± 1.93 mg kg-1), DPPH• (5.70 ± 0.10 g kg-1 Trolox Equivalente (TE)), y ABTS (9.02 ± 0.58 g kg-1 TE), con alta retención de la capacidad antioxidante después de cocción. La harina de cúrcuma promovió el cambio en color de las pastas con WGF, acentuando la tonalidad amarilla y manteniendo las propiedades de cocción; por tanto, es un ingrediente natural que confiere color y compuestos fenólicos en productos con WGF.

ABSTRACT The demand of healthy foods for preventing non-communicable diseases has increased, and developments include ingredients with health effects, such as whole grain wheat and turmeric. Both are added in the present study as source of fiber and antioxidants in pasta. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of the addition of turmeric flour in pasta containing whole grain wheat flour and refined wheat flour on its fiber content, and technological and antioxidant properties. For this, there were made three control pastas with grain wheat flour ranging between 600 and 700 g kg-1. Additionally, seven turmeric pastas were prepared according to a linear experimental design (22), with three central points. Technological analyses included cooking test, color and texture measurement. A Principal Components Analysis was performed for selecting two formulations for further proximate and antioxidant capacities tests. The selected formulations were CP3 (70 WGF: 30 RWF) and TP3 (5 g TF, 60 WGF: 40 RWF), which presented similar technological properties and high average dietary fiber (74.3 g kg-1 ). TP3 presented the highest total phenolics content (534.46 ± 1.93 mg kg-1), DPPH• (5.70 ± 0.10 g kg-1 of Trolox Equivalent (TE), and ABTS (9.02 ± 0.58 g kg-1 of TE), with high retention of antioxidant capacity after cooking. TF promoted the color modification in pastas with WGF, accentuating yellow color, while keeping the cooking properties; it is therefore a natural ingredient that confers color and phenolic compounds in products containing WGF.

Abstract The objective was to develop instant noodles (IN) made by atmospheric and vacuum frying processes, with addition of 10% of three different sources of resistant starch: resistant starch type 2 (RS2), resistant starch type 3 (RS3) and green banana flour (GBF) aiming the increasing of the fibre content. The IN obtained by atmospheric frying lost water faster and absorbed more fat. However, for both frying treatments, the RS3 noodles absorbed the least amount of oil. The greatest loss of RS occurred during the cooking stage. RS2 and GBF noodles presented a loss of RS of around 30% during steam cooking, while the RS3 approximately 18%. The frying process decreased RS content of noodles, however, during both frying process, the samples with the highest RS content at all frying times were noodles containing RS3. When comparing products obtained after 90 and 120 s of atmospheric and vacuum frying, respectively, it was observed that, although the frying time in vacuum process was longer, higher RS values were obtained for the three different formulations. The vacuum frying process has advantages due to the lower fat absorption (3% less), lighter colour and a reduced conversion of RS to digestible starch, compared to atmospheric frying.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o desempenho da xilanase e sua interação com agentes oxidantes (glicose oxidase e ácido ascórbico) na qualidade de pão elaborado com farinha do trigo integral. O experimento foi baseado em um delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR) e a Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta foi utilizada para analisar os resultados. Nenhuma das concentrações de xilanase, glicose oxidase e ácido ascórbico, dentro da faixa estudada, levaram a uma diferença significativa no volume específico. Mais alto conteúdo de umidade e menor firmeza foram encontrados nos pães com concentrações menores e intermediárias de xilanase e concentrações maiores de glicose oxidase e ácido ascórbico. Este efeito foi observado principalmente no final do período de estocagem. Uma quantidade mínima de xilanase (de 33 a 63 EDX kg-1 farinha) mostra ser essencial na obtenção dos melhores resultados. Concentrações de ácido ascórbico acima de 63mg kg-1 e glicose oxidase acima de 91 SRU kg-1 mostraram ser necessárias para que o efeito benéfico da xilanase fosse observado.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to verify the performance of xylanase and its interaction with oxidants agents (glucose oxidase and ascorbic acid) on the quality of whole wheat bread. The experiment was based on a central composite rotational design and the Response Surface Methodology was used to analyze the results. None of the xylanase, glucose oxidase or ascorbic acid concentrations within the studied range led to a significant difference in the specific volume. The highest moisture content and the lowest firmness values were reported in the bread with lower and intermediate levels of xylanase and larger amounts of glucose oxidase and ascorbic acid. This effect was observed mainly at the end of the storage period. A minimum amount of xylanase (from 33 to 63 EDX kg-1 flour) showed to be essential for obtaining best results. Levels of ascorbic acid above 63mg kg-1 and glucose oxidase above 91 SRU kg-1 proved to be necessary to offer the beneficial effect of xylanase.

O uso de solventes específicos para extração de proteínas determina o tipo de reação química que ocorre entre os componentes proteicos, principalmente quando estes foram submetidos a tratamentos térmicos como a extrusão termoplástica, uma tecnologia de alta versatilidade, baixo custo, alta produtividade e que não gera efluentes. No entanto, é necessário o uso de concentrações adequadas dos solventes para maximizar a extração das proteínas. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a solubilização de proteínas de análogo de carne a base de isolado proteico de soja e glúten vital, submetidos ao processo de extrusão termoplástica a baixa (23%) e alta (60%) umidade. Os solventes utilizados foram: tampão fosfato (pH 7,5) de 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100mM, dodecil sulfato de sódio de 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5%, β-mercaptoetanol de 1, 2, 3 e 4%, Triton X-100 de 1, 2, 3 e 4% e ureia de 6, 7, 8, 9 e 10M. Todos os reagentes foram dissolvidos ou solubilizados em tampão fosfato 40mM (pH 7,5). Os resultados mostraram que as maiores extrações proteicas foram obtidas com o uso de 40mM de tampão fosfato, 2% de dodecil sulfato de sódio, 2% de β-mercaptoetanol, 3% de Triton X-100 e 7M de ureia

The use of specific solvents for protein extraction determines the type of chemical reaction, which occurs between the protein components, mainly when the protein was submitted to thermal treatment, such as thermoplastic extrusion, a technology with high versatility, low cost and high throughput and without effluent generation. However, it is necessary to use adequate solvents concentration in order to maximize the protein extraction. The aim of this research was to evaluate the protein solubilization of meat analogue based on isolate soy protein and vital gluten submitted to thermoplastic extrusion process at low moisture content (23%) and high moisture content (60%). The solvents used were: phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) at 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100mM, sodium dodecyl sulphate at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5%, β-mercaptoethanol at 1, 2, 3 and 4%, Triton X-100 at 1, 2, 3 and 4% and urea at 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10M. All the chemical reagents were dissolved or solubilized in phosphate buffer 40mM (pH 7.5). The results showed that the highest protein extraction were obtained when phosphate buffer 40mM, sodium dodecil sulphate 2%, β-mercaptoethanol 2%, Triton X-100 3% and urea 7M were used

This study aimed at comparing both the results of wheat flour quality assessed by the new equipment Wheat Gluten Quality Analyser (WGQA) and those obtained by the extensigraph and farinograph. Fifty-nine wheat samples were evaluated for protein and gluten contents; the rheological properties of gluten and wheat flour were assessed using the WGQA and the extensigraph/farinograph methods, respectively, in addition to the baking test. Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear regression were used to evaluate the results. The parameters of energy and maximum resistance to extension determined by the extensigraph and WGQA showed an acceptable level for the linear correlation within the range from 0.6071 to 0.6511. The PCA results obtained using WGQA and the other rheological apparatus showed values similar to those expected for wheat flours in the baking test. Although all equipment used was effective in assessing the behavior of strong and weak flours, the results of medium strength wheat flour varied. WGQA has shown to use less amount of sample and to be faster and easier to use in relation to the other instruments used.

The aim of this study was to develop fettuccini type rice fresh pasta by cold extrusion. To produce the pasta, a 2² Central Composite Rotational Design was used, in which the effects of the addition of pre-gelatinized rice flour - PGRF (0-60%) and modified egg albumin - MEA (0-10%) were studied. The dependent variables were the results of the cooking test and of the instrumental texture. The optimum cooking time for all of the formulations of rice fresh pasta was 3 minutes. MEA had a greater effect on increasing the weight of the pasta when compared to that of PGRF. It was found that with the addition of PGRF increase in loss of solids in cooking water, whereas MEA exerted the opposite effect on this parameter. Moreover, the maximum value of MEA (10%) had an optimum effect on pasta firmness, while PGRF had a negative effect on this parameter. The maximum values of PGRF and MEA reduced the stickiness of the pasta. Based on these results and on the parameters considered as most important, the rice pasta with the best technological characteristics was that with the maximum levels of MEA (10%) and no addition of PGRF (0%). This product was submitted to sensory and microbiological analyses, with good results.

Indivíduos celíacos necessitam de dieta sem glúten como, por exemplo, massas alimentícias de arroz. No entanto, esse cereal apresenta o menor teor de proteínas, em relação aos demais cereais, e deficiência em características tecnológicas de cozimento e textura para as massas alimentícias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver massa de farinha de arroz com alto teor de proteína através de Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional de três variáveis independentes, sendo: X1 - isolado proteico de soja (IPS - 0-20%); X2 - albumina de ovo modificada e desidratada (ALB - 0-15%); e X3 - farinha de arroz pré-gelatinizada (FAG - 0-30%). As massas foram analisadas quanto a tempo de cozimento (TC), perda de sólidos na água de cozimento (PS), aumento de peso (AP), firmeza e adesividade. Verificou-se que a adição de IPS, ALB e FAG influenciou significativamente (P<0,10) no TC, PS e firmeza, com valores entre 300 e 525s, 2,22 e 9,84% e 4,82 e 11,13N, respectivamente. O ponto ótimo foi obtido com adição de 17% de IPS, 15% de ALB e 15% de FAG, indicando um produto com excelentes características de cozimento e textura para inclusão na dieta de celíacos.

Celiac individuals require a gluten free diet, which includes products such as rice pasta. However, this cereal has lower protein content, when compared with other cereals, and poor cooking and texture technological characteristics for pasta. The aim of this research was the development of rice pasta with high protein content through a Central and Rotational Composite Design with three independent variables, as follows: X1 - isolated soy protein (ISP - 0-20 %); X2 - modified and dehydrated egg albumin (ALB - 0-15 %); and X3 - pre-gelatinized rice flour (GRF - 0-30%). The pasta samples were analyzed for cooking time (CT), solid loss in cooking water (SL), weight gain (WG), firmness and adhesiveness. It was verified that ISP, ALB and GRF significantly influenced (P<0.10) CT, SL and firmness, with values between 300 and 525s, 2.22 and 9.84% and 4.82 and 11.13N, respectively. The optimum point was obtained with the addition of 17% ISP, 15% ALB and 15% GRF, indicating a product with excellent cooking and texture properties to include in the diet of celiacs.

Há uma tendência mundial de redução de sódio nos alimentos industrializados, em função da sua relação com o aumento da pressão arterial. Na medida em que o pão francês é um dos alimentos que mais contribuem para a ingestão de sódio pela população brasileira, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a substituição do cloreto de sódio (NaCl) por cloreto de potássio (KCl) neste produto, como forma de atender a essa tendência. Foram avaliadas quatro formulações: a padrão (FP) com 2% de NaCl e a substituição desta porcentagem por KCl em 30% (F1) e 50% (F2), além de uma formulação com 0% de cloreto de sódio (F3), equivalendo os valores de sódio a 307, 234, 176,5 e 4,5 mg em uma unidade de 50 g de pão francês, respectivamente. Todas as reduções atendem à previsão recomendada pela ANVISA para 2014. A farinha de trigo utilizada foi caracterizada por composição centesimal, com determinação dos teores e índice de glúten, extensografia e farinografia, comprovando ser adequada para panificação. As características reológicas da massa com soluções salinas nas mesmas concentrações das formulações foram avaliadas usando-se extensógrafo. Os pães foram avaliados pelos parâmetros de volume específico e teores de sódio e potássio, além de serem submetidos a teste de aceitação com 53 consumidores de pães. A redução da dosagem do sódio não alterou significativamente o volume específico dos pães. Na análise sensorial, até a redução de 30% do sal em relação ao padrão de 2%, não foi possível diferenciar os pães pelos atributos avaliados. Já a formulação com 50% de substituição apresentou pior sabor em relação ao padrão, mas obteve uma nota de aceitação equivalente a "gostei ligeiramente". A formulação sem adição de cloreto de sódio diferiu significativamente de todas as demais no quesito sabor, o que ocasionou a pior aceitação. Os resultados comprovaram a viabilidade tecnológica de se produzir pão francês com até 30% de redução de sal (1,4% na formulação comercial), o que proporcionaria pães com a quantidade de sódio proposta para atender aos limites estabelecidos (234 mg.50 g-1), em relação a uma formulação padrão de 2% de sal (base farinha).

There is a worldwide trend to reduce sodium in industrialized food products due to its relationship with high blood pressure. Since French rolls are one of the food products most contributing towards the ingestion of sodium by the Brazilian population, the objective of this research was to evaluate the substitution of sodium chloride (NaCl) by potassium chloride (KCl) in this product, as a way of complying with this tendency. Four formulations were evaluated, standard (FP) with 2% NaCl, the substitution of 30% (F1) and 50% (F2) of this percentage by KCl, and F3 with no sodium chloride addition, equivalent to 307, 234, 176.5 and 4.5 mg sodium per French roll (50 g), respectively. All the reductions conformed with the recommendations made by ANVISA for 2014. The wheat flour used was characterized from its proximate composition, gluten content and index and the extensigraphic and farinographic analyses, being found adequate for breadmaking. The rheological characteristics of doughs prepared with saline solutions of the same concentrations as the formulations, were obtained using the extensigraph. The rolls were evaluated for specific volume and their sodium and potassium contents, and also submitted to an acceptance test with 53 bread consumers. The reduction in sodium content did not significantly alter their specific volumes. In the sensory analysis, it was not possible to differentiate up to 30% salt reduction in relation to the 2% salt standard, for all the attributes evaluated. However the formulation with 50% substitution was significantly less accepted for taste than the standard, its average acceptance score being equivalent to "I liked it slightly". The formulation with no added sodium chloride differed significantly from all the other formulations for the attribute of taste, resulting in the lowest acceptance score. The results showed the technological viability of producing French rolls with up to 30% reduction in sodium chloride (1.4% in the commercial formulation), providing rolls with the amount of sodium proposed to comply with the established limits (234 mg.50 g-1), when compared to the standard formulation with 2% salt (flour basis).

Neste trabalho, estudou-se o efeito das condições de fermentação da farinha de soja integral, utilizando-se o fungo Aspergillus oryzae, sobre as características físico-químicas e as propriedades tecnológicas da farinha de soja integral autoclavada fermentada. A farinha de soja integral autoclavada foi fermentada com o fungo Aspergillus oryzae CCT 4359, incubada às temperaturas de 30 °C e 40 °C por 24 horas e 48 horas, e seca em estufa a vácuo, a 60 °C, até 10% de umidade final, obtendo-se a farinha de soja integral autoclavada fermentada. Esta farinha foi avaliada quanto aos seguintes aspectos: composição centesimal, índice de absorção de água, índice de solubilidade do nitrogênio, índice da atividade ureática, pH, índice de acidez do extrato etéreo e cor instrumental. Os resultados indicaram que a fermentação aumentou o conteúdo de proteínas e lipídeos, reduzindo o teor de carboidratos, e não alterou os teores de cinzas, fibras e a umidade. Além disso, aumentou o índice de acidez do extrato etéreo, reduziu os índices de absorção de água, de solubilidade do nitrogênio e da atividade ureática, o qual passou de 0,61 para 0,26 unidades de pH (após fermentação a 30 °C e 40 °C, por 48 horas), o que indica a redução de fatores antinutricionais. A fermentação, porém, não influenciou a cor e o pH. O processo de fermentação promoveu modificações nas propriedades nutricionais e tecnológicas da farinha de soja integral, ampliando seu potencial de utilização na produção de alimentos mais saudáveis para o consumidor.

This work studied the effect of the fermentation conditions of whole soybean flour by the mould Aspergillus oryzae on the physical and chemical characteristics and technological quality of the whole autoclaved soybean flour. The whole autoclaved soybean flour was fermented by the mould Aspergillus oryzae CCT 4359 at 30 °C and 40 °C for 24 and 48 hours, and then dried to 10% moisture content in a vacuum oven at 60 °C, thus obtaining whole fermented autoclaved soybean flour. The following characteristics were evaluated: proximate composition, water absorption index, soluble nitrogen index, ureatic activity index, pH, ether extract acidity index and instrumental colour. The results indicated that fermentation increased the protein and lipid contents, reduced the carbohydrate content and did not alter the ash, fibre and moisture contents. It increased the ether extract acidity index and reduced the water absorption, soluble nitrogen and ureatec activity indexes, reducing the last index from 0.61 to 0.26 pH units (after fermentation at 30 °C and 40 °C for 48 hours), indicating a reduction in the anti-nutritional factors, but did not influence the colour or pH. The fermentation process modified the physicochemical, technological and nutritional properties of the whole soybean flour, widening its potential for the development of healthier products for the consumer.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência da adição da enzima xilanase (quatro concentrações: 0, 4, 8 e 12 g.100 kg-1 de farinha) nas características de pães de forma obtidos com farinha de trigo comum ou farinha de trigo de grão inteiro. Os pães produzidos com farinha comum com adição de xilanase apresentaram maior volume específico que o controle (sem enzima), porém não diferiram significativamente (p < 0,05) dos pães com as diferentes concentrações da enzima. Todas as formulações com farinha de grão inteiro adicionadas de xilanase também apresentaram volume específico significativamente maior que o controle, sendo o maior valor encontrado na formulação com 8 g xilanase.100 kg-1 de farinha. Quanto à umidade, as diferentes concentrações da enzima apresentaram pequena diferença significativa em relação ao controle. Em geral, os pães obtidos com adição de 8 g enzima.100 kg-1 de farinha apresentaram os menores valores de firmeza, apresentando as melhores características tecnológicas.

The aim of this study was to verify the influence of the addition of the enzyme xylanase (four concentrations: 0, 4, 8, and 12 g.100 kg-1 flour) on the characteristics of loaf bread made with white wheat flour or whole grain wheat flour. Breads made from white flour and added with xylanase had higher specific volumes than those of the control sample (no enzyme); however, the specific volume did not differ significantly (p < 0.05) among the breads with different enzyme concentrations. All formulations made from whole grain wheat flour and added with xylanase also had specific volumes significantly higher than those of the control sample, and the highest value was found for the 8 g xylanase.100 kg-1 flour formulation. With respect to moisture content, the formulations with different enzyme concentrations showed small significant differences when compared to the control samples. In general, breads made with the addition of 8 g enzyme.100 kg-1 flour had the lowest firmness values, thus presenting the best technological characteristics.

Atualmente, existe uma preocupação com relação ao consumo de alimentos com alto teor de gordura e baixo em fibras. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se desenvolver macarrão instantâneo com propriedades funcionais através da adição de 10% de farinha de banana verde (FBV) e determinar os efeitos nas propriedades reológicas da massa. Os macarrões instantâneos foram obtidos por processos de laminação, cozimento a vapor e fritura. Os macarrões foram caracterizados quanto à umidade, gordura, amido resistente, textura e cor. A composição centesimal mostrou que a FBV contém alto teor de cinzas (3,16%), fibras (8,88%) e amido resistente (45,70%), sendo uma matéria-prima interessante na produção de macarrão instantâneo funcional. Quando adicionado 10% de FBV à farinha de trigo as propriedades reológicas da massa foram alteradas, em razão da diluição do glúten, tornando-o mais fraco, mas com extensibilidade e elasticidade suficiente para a produção de macarrão instantâneo funcional. A adição de FBV reduziu significativamente o teor de gordura em todos os tempos de fritura e aumentou o teor de amido resistente, quando comparado ao macarrão instantâneo controle. Os macarrões Ban10 apresentaram um menor valor no parâmetro L* (78,12), indicando uma coloração mais escura do que o controle (92,36). A adição de FBV diminuiu a firmeza dos macarrões, em decorrência da diluição do glúten. No entanto, os macarrões Ban10 apresentaram um melhor perfil nutricional, pelo aumento no teor de cinzas e fibra alimentar total. Em conclusão, pode ser afirmado que os macarrões Ban10 podem ser considerados funcionais, em razão do teor alto de fibra (5,79%) e de amido resistente (3,98%).

Nowadays, there is considerable concern about the consumption of high fat and low fiber foods. The objective was to develop instant noodles (IN) with functional properties by adding 10% green banana flour (GBF), and determine the effect of this on the dough rheological properties. Noodles were obtained through sheeting, steaming and frying process. The IN were characterized for their moisture, fat, resistant starch (RS), texture and color. The proximate composition showed that GBF was rich in ash (3.16%), fiber (8.88%) and RS (45.70%), being an attractive raw material for the production of functional IN. When 10% GBF was added, rheological properties of dough changed because of dilution of gluten, making it weaker, but with enough extensibility and elasticity for functional IN production. The addition of 10% GBF significantly reduced the oil content in all the frying times, when compared to the control noodles, increasing also RS content. Ban10 noodles showed a lower L* value (78.12), indicating a darker color than the control noodles (92.36). In analyzing the firmness of Ban10 noodles, a decrease was observed due to dilution of gluten. However, Ban10 noodles showed a better nutritional profile due to the increase in ash and dietary fiber contents. In conclusion it can be affirmed that Ban10 noodles can be considered as functional IN, due to the presence of fiber (5.79%) and RS (3.98%) contents in the final product.

Este trabalho visou avaliar o Índice Glicêmico (IG) in vitro de cereal matinal extrudado à base de farinha de milho (MI) e farelo de maracujá (MA) orgânicos. As matérias-primas foram caracterizadas (composição centesimal, tamanho de partícula e IG) e foi utilizado um planejamento experimental completo 2³ para a obtenção dos extrudados, nos quais as variáveis independentes foram: teor de umidade da matéria-prima (18 a 28%), temperatura de extrusão (120 a 160 ºC) e adição de farelo de maracujá (0 a 30%), tendo o IG como resposta analisada pela Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta (MSR) e Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP). MI e MA apresentaram 8,5 e 7,63% de proteína, 2,61 e 0,60% de gordura, 0,52 e 6,17% de cinzas, 78,77 e 78,86% de carboidratos (3 e 64% de fibra alimentar total) e 48 e 45 de IG, respectivamente. MI teve distribuição homogênea de partículas; já a de MA foi heterogênea. A MSR não mostrou variação significativa no IG (média = 48,41), mas a ACP indicou que o IG tende a ser menor em extrudados com temperaturas de extrusão abaixo de 128 ºC, e maior acima de 158 ºC. O cereal matinal apresentou redução de até 50% no IG, quando comparado com pão branco (100%), podendo ser benéfico à saúde.

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of process parameters and Passion Fruit Fiber (PFF) addition on the Glycemic Index (GI) of an extruded breakfast cereal. A 2³ Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) was used, with the following independent variables: raw material moisture content (18-28%), 2nd and 3rd barrel zone temperatures (120-160 ºC), and PFF (0-30%). Raw materials (organic corn flour and organic PFF) were characterized as to their proximate composition, particle size, and in vitro GI. The extrudates were characterized as to their in vitro GI. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used to analyze the results. Corn flour and PFF presented 8.55 and 7.63% protein, 2.61 and 0.60% fat, 0.52 and 6.17% ash, 78.77 and 78.86% carbohydrates (3 and 64% total dietary fiber), respectively. The corn flour particle size distribution was homogeneous, while PFF presented a heterogeneous particle size distribution. Corn flour and PFF presented values of GI of 48 and 45, respectively. When using RSM, no effect of the variables was observed in the GI of the extrudates (average value of 48.41), but PCA showed that the GI tended to be lower when processing at lower temperatures (<128 ºC) and at higher temperatures (>158 ºC). When compared to white bread, the extrudates showed a reduction of the GI of up to 50%, and could be considered an interesting alternative in weight and glycemia control diets.

Este trabalho avaliou a influência da aplicação de coberturas comestíveis na aceitação sensorial e na intenção de compra de bolos de chocolate. Os tratamentos estudados foram: sem cobertura e sem embalagem; embalados em sacos de polipropileno; revestidos com coberturas à base de 10% de gelatina, 10% de gelatina com 10% de ácido esteárico, 10% de amido modificado, 18% de cera de carnaúba e fondant. Nos dias 1 e 3 de estocagem, os bolos com e sem coberturas foram avaliados quanto à aceitação da cor, aroma, sabor, textura e aceitação global, além da intenção de compra. Os bolos recobertos com fondant foram os mais bem aceitos nos atributos avaliados, apresentando elevada intenção de compra. Os bolos com as demais coberturas apresentaram uma aceitação similar aos bolos controle não recobertos, com e sem embalagem. No entanto, sua intenção de compra ficou abaixo do desejável. As coberturas eram perceptíveis sensorialmente e não conferiram características próximas às do fondant, provavelmente frustrando os provadores, que esperavam bolos com coberturas/recheios mais ricos. Apesar disto, todas as coberturas avaliadas apresentaram desempenho similar à embalagem na manutenção da textura dos bolos.

This study evaluated the influence of the application of edible coatings in the sensory acceptance and purchase intention of chocolate cakes. The treatments studied were: without coating or packaging; packed in polyethylene bags; covered with coatings based on 10% gelatin, 10% gelatin with 10% stearic acid, 10% modified starch, 18% "carnaúba" wax, and fondant. On days 1 and 3 of storage, the cakes with and without coatings were evaluated in terms of color, aroma, flavor, texture and global acceptance, as well as purchase intention. The cakes covered with fondant presented the greatest acceptance for the attributes evaluated and a high purchase intention. The cakes with the other coatings presented a similar acceptance to the control cakes without coatings, with or without packaging. Nevertheless, their purchase intention was lower than desirable. The coatings were sensorially perceptible and did not confer characteristics similar to fondant, probably frustrating the panelists, who expected cakes with richer icings/fillings. Notwithstanding, all coatings evaluated presented performance similar to that of those packed in plastic film when the cake texture was considered.