Abstract INTRODUCTION Anemia is a public health problem worldwide and is most prevalent in preschool children, for whom it is the most frequent cause of nutritional deficits. In turn, iron deficiency is the main cause of anemia, affecting 43% of children globally. Previous studies in Cuba show rates of iron deficiency in preschool children between 38.6% and 57.6%, higher in infants (71.2% to 81.1%). WHO recommends using serum ferritin as an indicator of iron deficiency accompanied by acute (C-reactive protein) and chronic (α1-acid glycoprotein) inflammation biomarkers. OBJECTIVE Assess how inflammation affects measuring and reporting of iron-deficiency anemia rates in Cuban preschool children. METHODS Data were obtained from serum samples contained in the National Anemia and Iron Deficiency Survey, and included presumably healthy preschool Cuban children (aged 6–59 months). Serum samples were collected from 1375 children from randomly selected provinces in 4 regions of the country from 2014 through 2018. We examined the association between ferritin and two inflammatory biomarkers: C-reactive protein and α1-acid glycoprotein. Individual inflammation-adjusted ferritin concentrations were calculated using four approaches: 1) a higher ferritin cut-off point (<30 g/L); 2) exclusion of subjects showing inflammation (C-reactive protein >5 mg/L or α1-acid glycoprotein >1 g/L); 3) mathematical correction factor based on C-reactive protein or α1-acid glycoprotein; and 4) correction by regression with the method proposed by the Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia Group. We estimated confidence intervals of differences between unadjusted prevalence and prevalence adjusted for inflammation by each method. RESULTS The proportion of children with inflammation according to C-reactive protein concentrations >5 mg/L was lower (11.1%, 153/1375) than the proportion measured according to the concentrations of α1-acid glycoprotein, at >1 g/L (30.8%, 424/1375). The percentage of children with high concentrations of at least one of the aforementioned biomarkers was 32.7% (450/1375). Thus, each correction method increased the observed prevalence of iron deficiency compared to unadjusted estimates (23%, 316/1375). This increase was more pronounced when using the internal regression correction method (based only on C-reactive protein) or the method based on a higher cut-off point. Adjustment using all four methods changed estimated iron deficiency prevalence, increasing it from 0.1% to 8.8%, compared to unadjusted values. CONCLUSION One-third of preschool children had biomarkers indicating elevated inflammation levels. Without adjusting for inflammation, iron deficiency prevalence was underestimated. The significant disparity between unadjusted and inflammation-adjusted ferritin when using some approaches highlights the importance of selecting the right approach for accurate, corrected measurement. The internal regression correction approach is appropriate for epidemiological studies because it takes into account inflammation severity. However, other models should be explored that account for inflammation and also provide better adjusted ferritin concentrations.

ABSTRACT One of the most important domains in aquaculture is Macrobrachium, since it represents one of the most cultured crustacean genus worldwide. Description of the authors that study and publish on the subject constitutes a solid contribution to the knowledge of this genus. Indicators of productivity, visibility, relevance, sex and co-authorship of the authors were collected from the Scopus database for the period 1980-2016 to describe the Macrobrachium domain. Conceptual mapping techniques were used to visualize co-author relationships. The greatest amount of contributions to knowledge of the genus Macrobrachium was shown to come from researchers in China, Brazil, USA and India. Only seven women are among the most productive and relevant authors. Multiple co-author networks exist in which the most relevant researchers are the center. Many networks appear to be closed groups with little interaction between external groups or researchers.

The scientific interest in the genus Macrobrachium was not only from a biological aspect, but also from economic aspect. This paper analyzed the patents identified in several databases using the keyword Macrobrachium. Patents were selected when a species of Macrobrachium was mentioned in main title. The total number of identified patents was 131, of which Chinese authors and institutions have produced more than 90%. Topics addressed refer to culture technologies (41%), nutrition and feeding (26%), reproduction technologies (19%) and pathological diagnosis and treatments (14%). Patents are mainly directed for M. rosenbergii (71%), M. nipponense (28%) and M. superbum (1%). Until now, it has not been attempts to generate patents to American continent species.

El interés científico por las especies del género Macrobrachium no ha sido solo desde el aspecto biológico, sino también económico. El presente trabajo analiza las patentes detectadas en diversas bases de datos utilizando la palabra clave "Macrobrachium". Se incluyeron las patentes que mencionaran en el título principal a alguna especie de Macrobrachium. Se encontraron 131 patentes, de las cuales instituciones y autores chinos han producido más del 90%. Las temáticas abordadas se refieren a las tecnologías de cultivo (41%), nutrición y alimentación (26%), tecnologías de reproducción (19%), y diagnóstico patológico y tratamientos (14%). Las especies a las que son dirigidas las patentes son M. rosenbergii (71%), M. nipponense (28%) y M. superbum (1%). No se ha publicado ninguna patente para especies del continente americano.

This article presents the results of a study of the rural labor market and its insecurity in the municipality of Coatepec Harinas, in southern Estado de México. Results show the occupational diversity prevailing in that area, as well as specialization in floriculture, which are notable aspects of the new rurality. Based on the data collected during field-work, a Job Security Index was calculated and stratified to show the level of job insecurity among the working population.

En el presente artículo se presentan los resultados de un estudio del mercado de trabajo rural y su precarización en el municipio de Coatepec Harinas, en el sur del Estado de México, donde se muestra la diversidad ocupacional predominante, así como la especialización en la floricultura, aspectos notables de la nueva ruralidad actual. También, con base en los datos del trabajo de campo, se calculó un índice de precariedad laboral, estratificado en niveles, para saber el grado de precariedad de la población trabajadora.