Abstract This paper presents the distributional characterization of the surface lithic record from the Barrancas-Buta Ranquil locality, Neuquén, northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. In particular, the results of techno-morphological and archaeometric analyses are presented that show the use of local obsidian (Cerro Huenul and Laguna del Maule 2-Río Barrancas), accessible throughout the area, for the manufacture of artifacts. In addition, the use of non-local obsidian (Laguna del Maule 1- Laguna Negra) is recorded, mostly for tools. In contrast, siliceous rocks and basalt were used to a lesser extent, principally for the manufacture of instruments linked to processing activities that require sites to be occupied for longer. Thus, the distributional and archaeometric evidence accounts for great logistical mobility and different forms of human use of space within the study region.

Resumen En este trabajo se presenta la caracterización distribucional del registro lítico de superficie de la localidad Barrancas-Buta Ranquil (Neuquén), noroeste de Patagonia, Argentina. En particular, se exponen los resultados de los análisis tecnomorfológicos y arqueométricos que dan cuenta del uso de la obsidiana local (Cerro Huenul y Laguna del Maule 2-Río Barrancas), accesible en toda el área, para la manufactura de artefactos. Además, se registra el uso de obsidiana no local (Laguna del Maule 1-Laguna Negra), mayormente sobre artefactos formatizados. En cambio, rocas silíceas y basalto se emplearon en menor proporción, especialmente en instrumentos vinculados a actividades de procesamiento que requieren de estadías de mayor permanencia. De este modo, las evidencias distribucionales y arqueométricas permitieron dar cuenta de una gran movilidad logística y de distintas formas de uso humano del espacio dentro de la región de estudio.

Resumen Objetivo: Este artículo buscó describir la evolución de la cirugía robótica en Chile a lo largo de los años y en distintas especialidades quirúrgicas. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con análisis estadístico exploratorio, utilizando información de la Sociedad Chilena de Urología sobre el total de intervenciones de cirugía robótica realizadas entre 2010 y 2021. Resultados: Durante el período del estudio, se llevaron a cabo 6.432 intervenciones de cirugía robótica en Chile, de las cuales el 71% correspondieron a procedimientos urológicos, seguidos por ginecología con un 13%. Además, se realizaron intervenciones en cirugía general, pediatría, otorrinolaringología, cirugía cardíaca y torácica, con un aumento anual general del 81% en el número de procedimientos. En el año 2020, durante la pandemia de COVID-19, hubo una reducción del 35% en el número de cirugías robóticas, con una distribución desigual entre diferentes especialidades. Conclusión: La cirugía robótica en Chile está en desarrollo, experimentando un crecimiento exponencial en diversas especialidades, aunque dicho crecimiento fue temporalmente interrumpido durante la pandemia de la COVID-19.

Objective: This article aimed to describe the evolution of robotic surgery in Chile over the years and across different surgical specialties. Methodology: A cross-sectional, descriptive study with exploratory statistical analysis was conducted using information obtained from the Chilean Urology Society's directive regarding the total number of robotic surgery interventions performed in the country between 2010 and 2021. Results: During the study period, a total of 6,432 robotic surgery interventions were performed in Chile, of which 71% were urological procedures, followed by gynecology at 13%. Additionally, interventions were carried out in general surgery, pediatrics, otolaryngology, cardiac surgery, and thoracic surgery, with a general annual growth rate of 81% in the number of procedures. In the year 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a 35% reduction in the number of robotic surgeries performed, with an uneven distribution across different specialties. Conclusion: Robotic surgery in Chile is still a developing field, experiencing exponential growth across different specialties, although it was temporarily interrupted during the COVID-19 pandemic.

ABSTRACT Introduction: having adequate hygiene could help prevent oral diseases such as dental caries. The objective of this study was to determine the practice of toothbrushing in Peruvian children under 12 years of age between 2019 and 2021. Methods: a cross-sectional, analytical, and retrospective analysis was done by using the data from the 2019,2020 and 2021 Demographic and Family Health Survey databases. 38 203 records were obtained in 2019, 18 613 in 2020, and 35 759 in 2021. The variables were general, daily, and minimum two times a day toothbrushing, natural region, area and place of residence, altitude, wealth index, health insurance coverage, age, and sex. A descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate statistical evaluation was carried out. Results: general toothbrushing was 94.93% (n=83,032), daily toothbrushing was 86.32% (n=67,753), and at least twice a day was 82.93% (n=53,824). In the multivariate form, the year 2020 showed a negative association with daily toothbrushing (RPa: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.96-0.99; p<0.001) and at least twice a day (RPa: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.95-0.98; p<0.001). The year 2021 revealed a negative association with general toothbrushing (RPa:0.98; 95%CI: 0.97-0.98; p<0.001), daily (RPa:0.97; 95%CI: 0.95-0.98; p<0.001) and minimum twice a day (RPa: 0.94; 95%CI: 0.92-0.96; p<0.001), adjusted for the previously associated covariates. Conclusion: the studied years were negatively associated with general toothbrushing, daily toothbrushing, and toothbrushing minimum twice daily.

Resumen Introducción: mantener una higiene adecuada podría ayudar a prevenir enfermedades bucales como las caries dentales. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la práctica del cepillado dental en niños peruanos menores de 12 años entre 2019 y 2021. Métodos: se ejecutó un análisis transversal, analítico y retrospectivo junto con datos de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar 2019-2021. Se obtuvieron 38 203 registros en 2019, 18 613 en 2020 y 35 759 en 2021. Las variables fueron cepillado dental general, diario y mínimo 2 veces al día, región natural, área y lugar de residencia, altitud, índice de riqueza, cobertura de seguro de salud, edad y sexo. Se realizó una evaluación estadística descriptiva, bivariante y multivariante. Resultados: el cepillado dental general fue del 94,93% (n=83.032), el cepillado dental diario fue del 86,32% (n=67.753) y al menos dos veces al día fue del 82,93% (n=53.824). En forma multivariada, el año 2020 presentó una asociación negativa con el cepillado dental diario (RPa: 0,97; IC 95%: 0,96-0,99; p<0,001) y al menos dos veces al día (RPa: 0,96; IC 95%: 0,95-0,98; p<0,001). El año 2021 presentó asociación negativa con el cepillado dental general (RPa:0,98; IC 95%: 0,97-0,98; p<0,001), diario (RPa:0,97; IC 95%: 0,95-0,98; p<0,001) y mínimo dos veces al día (RPa: 0,94; IC 95%: 0,92-0,96; p<0,001), ajustado por las covariables previamente asociadas. Conclusiones: los años estudiados se asociaron negativamente con el cepillado dental general, cepillado dental diario y cepillado dental mínimo dos veces al día.

Abstract Incorporating accessibility in software development brings significant benefits such as the inclusion of people with disabilities. Recognizing the diversity of users with different requirements and needs within software development facilitates its use by the greatest number of users regardless of their individual conditions. The objective of this research is to obtain a knowledge base to identify those practices for which there is evidence of their use in the development of accessible software. A Systematic Literature Mapping (SLM) focused on identifying practices that incorporate accessibility activities in the software life cycle was conducted, resulting in 29 studies that met the selection criteria. The results show that the phase with more evidence of incorporation of accessibility activities in software development is the testing phase, when testers are used to verify accessibility within web pages, followed by the construction phase, when methodologies that include accessibility within the software development process are used; in the design phase it is common to incorporate artifacts that guide the development of accessible software and, finally, in the requirements phase it is common to use the requirements description to obtain and document accessibility requirements.

Resumen Incorporar la accesibilidad en el desarrollo de .software conlleva beneficios significativos como la inclusión de personas con discapacidad. Reconocer la diversidad de usuarios con diferentes requisitos y necesidades dentro de la creación de software facilita su utilización por la mayor cantidad de usuarios sin importar sus condiciones individuales. El objetivo de esta investigación es obtener una base de conocimientos que permita identificar aquellas prácticas de las que se tenga evidencia de su uso en el desarrollo de software accesible. Se llevó a cabo un Mapeo Sistemático de la Literatura (MSL) enfocado en identificar prácticas que incorporan actividades de accesibilidad en el ciclo de vida del software, resultando en 29 estudios que se ajustaron a los criterios de selección. Los resultados muestran que la fase con más evidencia de incorporación de actividades de accesibilidad en el desarrollo de software es la fase de pruebas, donde se utilizan evaluadores para verificar la accesibilidad dentro de páginas web, seguido de la fase de construcción, donde se utilizan metodologías que incluyen la accesibilidad dentro del proceso de desarrollo de software; en la fase de diseño es común que se incorporen artefactos que guíen el desarrollo de accesible y, por último, en la fase de requisitos es usual emplear la descripción de requisitos para obtener y documentar requisitos de accesibilidad.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Loxosceles spp are arthropods found worldwide. Its bite may produce cutaneous loxoscelism (necrotic or edematous) or cutaneous-visceral loxoscelism. Depending on their severity and location, cutaneous forms are managed with local cold application and systemic administration of antihistamines, corticosteroids, antibiotics, polymorphonuclear inhibitors, and analgesics. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to report a case of cutaneous loxoscelism and to identify the main dermatological manifestations associated with the Loxosceles spp bite. DESIGN AND SETTING: This case report and literature review was conducted in a Mexican university. METHODS: A detailed report on the medical management of a patient with cutaneous loxoscelism treated at the emergency department of a public hospital was published. Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched to identify articles reporting cutaneous loxoscelism. The following keywords were used during the database search: “loxoscelism” OR “spider bite,” OR “loxosceles” OR “loxosceles species” OR “loxosceles venom” OR “loxoscelism case report” AND “cutaneous” OR “dermonecrotic arachnidism.” RESULTS: A 62-year-old female patient with cutaneous loxoscelism was treated with systemic dapsone and local heparin spray. Eighteen studies with 22 clinical cases were included in this systematic review. Of the 22 patients, 12 (54.5%) were men. L. rufescens was the predominant spider species. CONCLUSIONS: The administration of dapsone and heparin for the management of cutaneous loxoscelism demonstrated success in this case, with no sequelae observed. In general, the literature review indicated favorable outcomes in patients treated with antimicrobials and corticosteroids, with continuous healing of skin lesions. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO ID CRD42023422424 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023422424). BACKGROUND worldwide necrotic edematous cutaneousvisceral visceral location antihistamines corticosteroids antibiotics inhibitors analgesics OBJECTIVE SETTING university METHODS published Scopus PubMed Science search bite, loxosceles species venom “cutaneous dermonecrotic arachnidism. arachnidism RESULTS 62yearold yearold 62 year old spray 2 1 54.5% 545 54 5 (54.5% men L CONCLUSIONS observed general lesions REGISTRATION CRD CRD4202342242 https//www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.phpID=CRD42023422424. httpswwwcrdyorkacukprosperodisplayrecordphpIDCRD42023422424 httpswwwcrdyorkacukprosperodisplayrecordphpIDCRD https //www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php ID=CRD42023422424 . www crd york ac uk prospero display record php (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023422424) 6 54.5 (54.5 CRD420234224 phpID https//www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.phpID=CRD42023422424 httpswwwcrdyorkacukprosperodisplayrecordphpIDCRD4202342242 wwwcrdyorkacukprosperodisplayrecordphp IDCRD42023422424 IDCRD ID=CRD4202342242 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023422424 54. 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Abstract Objective: To identify the nutritional status and eating habits in snacks of schoolchildren in 12 public schools in Reynosa Tamaulipas, related to socioeconomic level. Methodology: The socioeconomic level was identified, weight, height and waist circumference were measured, and school snack foods were recorded for five consecutive days, after signing the informed consent by the parents. Results: Regarding the eating habits related to the socioeconomic level, it was observed that the children of the lower middle level had a higher consumption of calories based on foods such as flautas, fried tacos, hamburger, pizza, hot cakes, tamales, ham, egg, flour tortilla, potato, fresh cheese. Unlike the medium-high level, who had a higher consumption of sugary drinks, pasteurized cheese, tacos, fruit, dairy products, and vegetables. Lz<710. imitation: Low availability of the parents to sign the informed consent. Conclusion: It is recommended to strengthen food policies to carry out interventions in school snacks with other healthy food alternatives considering the socioeconomic level.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar el estado nutricional y hábitos alimentarios en refrigerios de escolares en doce escuelas públicas de Reynosa Tamaulipas, relacionadas con el nivel socioeconómico. Metodología: Se identificó el nivel socioeconómico, se midieron peso, estatura y circunferencia de cintura y se registró los alimentos de los refrigerios escolares durante cinco días consecutivos, previa firma del consentimiento informado por los padres. Resultados: Respecto a los hábitos alimentarios relacionados con el nivel socioeconómico, se observó que los niños del nivel medio bajo registraron mayor consumo de calorías basados en alimentos como flautas, tacos fritos, hamburguesa, pizza, hot cakes, tamales, jamón, huevo, tortilla de harina, papa, queso fresco. A diferencia del nivel medio alto quienes presentaron mayor consumo de bebidas azucaradas, queso pasteurizado, tacos, fruta, lácteos y verduras. Limitación: Baja disponibilidad de los padres para firmar el consentimiento informado. Conclusión: Se recomienda fortalecer las políticas alimentarias para realizar intervenciones en los refrigerios escolares con otras alternativas de alimentos saludables considerando el nivel socioeconómico.

Resumen Las atribuciones de los niños y las niñas hacia los comportamientos de retraimiento social suelen estar determinadas por el entorno sociocultural particular en el que se desarrollan e influyen en la forma en que reaccionan a las conductas de sus pares durante las interacciones sociales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar dichas atribuciones hacia dos subtipos de retraimiento social (timidez y preferencia por la soledad) referidas por niños y niñas de tres contextos diferentes de Mendoza (Argentina): urbano, urbano-marginado y rural. Se llevó a cabo un estudio con 221 niños y niñas abordando jardines de infantes estatales de cada ámbito (urbano: . = 82, Mmeses= 62.33; urbano-marginado: . = 72, Mmeses= 60.47; rural: . = 67, Mmeses= 63.07). Los escolares fueron entrevistados individualmente con una serie de viñetas gráficas con personajes hipotéticos desplegando conductas sociables, tímidas, solitarias y agresivas frente a las cuales respondieron preguntas sobre sus atribuciones y percepciones en distintos aspectos. Las diferentes pruebas no paramétricas realizadas señalaron que el personaje tímido fue percibido con mayor motivación social y menor intencionalidad en su conducta que el personaje solitario en todos los grupos. No se encontraron diferencias entre los contextos en la atribución de consecuencias sociales negativas para estas conductas, aunque el grupo de escolares rurales reportó mayor preferencia afiliativa y compasión por el personaje tímido en comparación con el grupo urbano. Se discuten estos resultados considerando cómo las expectativas de socialización de cada contexto podrían influir en las percepciones de los escolares hacia el retraimiento social.

Abstract Children’s attributions towards withdrawn behaviors are usually determined by the particular social milieu in which they develop and tend to influence their behaviors and reactions. The aim of this work was to compare the attributions towards two subtypes of social withdrawal (shyness and unsociability) referred by children from three different contexts in Mendoza, Argentina: urban, urban-marginalized and rural. Participants were 221 kindergarten children from these contexts (urban: n = 82, Mmonths = 62.33; urban-marginalized: n = 72, Mmonths = 60.47; rural: n = 67, Mmonths = 63.07). Children were individually interviewed with a series of graphic vignettes with hypothetical characters displaying shy and unsociable behaviors, and for comparison purposes were also assessed aggressive and socially competent behaviors. After each vignette, children were asked a series of questions designed to assess their attributions toward each behavior in six dimensions: intentionality, social motivation, affiliative preference, social status, negative impact and sympathy. The results of this study showed that young children in the three contexts were able to distinguish social withdrawal from other types of behaviors (i.e., aggressiveness and sociability). Overall, withdrawn behaviors received more positive attributions (greater affiliative preference, better social position and less negative impact) than aggressive behaviors, although they were also perceived negatively in relation to more socially competent behaviors (the latter were attributed greater affiliative preference and best position within the peer group). Furthermore, it was observed that children from the three contexts made clearly distinctions among the different forms of social withdrawal in terms of intentionality and social motivation. Specifically, they reported that compared with unsociable characters, shy ones are more socially motivated and less intentional in their behavior, evocating greater feelings of compassion. However, some peculiarities can be appreciated in each context. The results indicated that children in the urban group reported greater feelings of sympathy for the shy character in relation to the unsociable, which was not evidenced in the other groups. In addition, children from the rural sample showed a greater preference for interact with the hypothetical shy peer than with the unsociable character and this inclination was also greater when compared with the urban sample. Taken together, these results may suggest that different socialization norms and expectations would evoke different meanings and implications to the socially withdrawn manifestations. It might be possible that in urban contexts children's socialization expectations highlight extraversion and self-affirming behaviors which generate more empathetic reactions in front of passive or fearful manifestations as shyness. On the other hand, rural children may prefer peers who display shy behaviors possibly because it is in line with expectations of social cohesion and modesty that are value in this milieu. Nevertheless, no differences were found between shy and unsociable behaviors in any of the contexts in terms of social position and negative impact that they anticipated for the peer group. These results could provide some support for the idea that social withdrawal tends to be globally perceived as benign at an early age, and especially in the rural context, where it is a frequent and valued behavior. Although it is not possible with the limited variables included in this study to know which are the specific contextual aspects that affect some attributions and through what mechanisms they do so, these findings are an important starting point to continue deepening the socialization processes in urban, urban-marginalized and rural young children. This study is also one of the first to evaluate the knowledge and attributions of Argentinean children from different social context toward social withdrawal and provides new evidence on the differences in the cultural meaning and implications of withdrawn behaviors in early childhood.

RESUMEN A partir de la experiencia de creación de cápsulas digitales web, basadas en el modelo ADIEE en una asignatura cuya metodología era el Aprendizaje + Servicio, este estudio se propone explorar la percepción sobre la adquisición de aprendizajes de un grupo de estudiantes de pedagogía a partir de la creación de estas. La metodología empleada es de tipo cuantitativa, con alcance exploratorio. Se utilizó como instrumento un cuestionario semiestructurado, el que fue aplicado en formato online a 68 estudiantes. Como principales resultados se evidenció que la construcción de cápsulas permite desarrollar habilidades digitales en los estudiantes que son transferibles, mientras que la metodología de Aprendizaje+Servicio es valorada, ya que permite contextualizar y recibir retroalimentación directa. Se concluye que existe la necesidad de desarrollar habilidades tecnológicas en los estudiantes de pedagogía para así resolver problemas en el sistema escolar, a partir del contacto directo en el proceso de formación inicial.

RESUMO A partir da experiência de criação de web cápsulas digitais, baseadas no modelo ADIEE em uma disciplina cuja metodologia foi Aprendizagem + Serviço, este estudo tem como objetivo explorar a percepção de aquisição de aprendizagem de um grupo de estudantes de pedagogia a partir da criação destas. A metodologia utilizada é quantitativa, de âmbito exploratório. Utilizou-se como instrumento um questionário semiestruturado, aplicado online a 68 alunos. Como principais resultados, evidenciou-se que a construção de cápsulas permite o desenvolvimento de habilidades digitais nos alunos que são transferíveis, enquanto a metodologia Learning + Service é valorizada, pois permite contextualizar e receber feedback direto. Conclui-se que há necessidade de desenvolver habilidades tecnológicas nos alunos de pedagogia para a resolução de problemas no sistema escolar, a partir do contato direto no processo de formação inicial.

ABSTRACT Based on the experience of creating digital web capsules, based on the ADIEE model in a subject whose methodology was Learning + Service, this study aims to explore the perception of learning acquisition of a group of pedagogy students from the creation of these. The methodology used is quantitative, with an exploratory scope. A semi-structured questionnaire was used as an instrument, which was applied online to 68 students. As main results, it was evidenced that the construction of capsules allows the development of digital skills in students that are transferable, while the Learning + Service methodology is valued, since it allows contextualizing and receiving direct feedback. It is concluded that there is a need to develop technological skills in pedagogy students in order to solve problems in the school system, from direct contact in the initial training process.

Resumen: La calidad del forraje se determina mediante un análisis bromatológico, el cual mide variables como: peso seco (PS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra detergente ácido (FDA), fibra detergente neutro (FDN) y cenizas. La calidad es importante, ya que interviene en aspectos relacionados con la nutrición animal y su productividad; y en efectos ambientales como la generación de metano (CH4). Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto del agua potable y dos soluciones nutritivas, con diferente relación nitrato/amonio (NO3 -/NH3 +); en el peso fresco (PF) y la calidad bromatológica del forraje verde hidropónico (FVH) de avena (Avena sativa) y cebada (Hordeum vulgare), muestreado a los 5, 10 15, 20, 25 y 30 días después de la siembra. Se midieron las variables PF, PS, PB, FDN, FDA y cenizas. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó un modelo factorial 3×2 (tres soluciones nutritivas y dos especies de semilla) con medidas repetidas en el tiempo; y la comparación de medias de Tukey (P ≤ 0.05). De acuerdo con el análisis de varianza (P ≤ 0.05), se observó que: i) el tiempo tuvo un efecto significativo en todas las variables estudiadas; ii) las soluciones nutritivas solo afectaron a la PB, y iii) la especie utilizada tuvo efecto en la PB, FDN, FDA y cenizas. Acorde con la comparación de medias se observó que: i) existió un incremento en el valor de todas las variables conforme avanzó el tiempo de muestreo; ii) el porcentaje de PB fue mayor con las soluciones nutritivas que con el agua potable, pero no se observó diferencia entre las soluciones; y iii) el FVH de avena tuvo mayores valores de PB, FDN, FDA y cenizas; por lo cual se concluyó que dicho FVH posee mejores características nutritivas para el ganado que el FVH de cebada.

Summary: Forage quality is important since it intervenes in aspects related to animal nutrition and productivity and in environmental effects such as methane generation (CH4). Forage quality is determined by a bromatological analysis, which measures variables such as: dry weight (DW), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and ash. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of drinking water and two nutritional solutions with different nitrate/ammonium (NO3 -/NH3 +) ratios on fresh weight (FW) and bromatological quality of hydroponic green forage (HGF). Oats (Avena sativa) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) were sampled at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days after planting. The variables FW, DW, CP, NDF, ADF, and ash were measured. For the statistical analysis, a 3×2 factorial model (three nutritive solutions and two seed species) was used with repeated measurements over time and Tukey’s comparison of means (P ≤ 0.05). According to the analysis of variance (P ≤ 0.05) (i) time had significant effects on all the variables studied; (ii) nutrient solutions only affected CP; and (iii) the species used had an effect on CP, NDF, ADF and ash. Consistent with the comparison of means, (i) an increase in value of all variables was observed as sampling time progressed; (ii) CP percentage was higher with nutritive solutions than with drinking water, but no difference was observed between solutions; and (iii) hydroponically-grown (HGF) oats had higher CP, NDF, ADF and ash values. To conclude, HGF oats has better nutritional characteristics for livestock than HGF barley.

Resumen La calidad e inocuidad del agua de bebida de los animales de abasto es esencial para garantizar la salud y bienestar animal. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la calidad e inocuidad del agua de consumo de animales de abasto para identificación de condiciones sanitarias de predios en los municipios de El Dorado y Granada (Meta, Colombia). Se seleccionaron 60 sistemas de producción animal donde se tomaron muestras de agua desde puntos de extracción y abastecimiento tanto para animales como para humanos. Se analizaron sus características fisicoquímicas (pH, Amoniaco- amonio, nitratos y nitritos) y microbiológicas (recuento de organismos mesófilos aerobios y facultativos, así como determinación de coliformes totales y fecales). El pH del agua de los sistemas de producción varió entre 6,0-7,2 en Granada y 7,2-7,6 en El Dorado. Respecto a nitratos y nitritos, todos los valores fueron considerados normales. Los valores de amoniaco-amonio variaron entre 0-1 ppm en los sistemas de producción de Granada y entre 0-0,5 en los sistemas de producción de El Dorado. En relación con la presencia de bacterias coliformes totales y fecales, se encontró en el 100% de las muestras. El 58% de los predios del municipio de El Dorado presentaron valores ≥ 48.000 ufc/100 mL de microorganismos mesófilos aerobios, mientras que en el municipio de Granada el porcentaje más alto de microorganismos mesófilos aerobios se encontró entre 100-1.000 ufc/100 mL. Todos los sistemas de producción animal presentaron en su agua de bebida contaminación por coliformes fecales, siendo un riesgo para la salud humana y animal al ser fuente de enfermedades trasmitidas por el agua.

Abstract Safe drinking water is essential for our livestock in order for them to live a prosperous life. The objective of this research was to determine the quality and safety of drinking water for animals in farms to identify the sanitary conditions of some farms in the villages of the municipalities of El Dorado and Granada (province of Meta, Colombia). A total of 60 animal production systems were selected, and water samples were taken from the extraction and supply points for both animals and humans. The samples were analyzed for their physical and chemical characteristics (pH, Ammonia-Ammonium, Nitrates, and Nitrites) and the microbiological quality (count of aerobic mesophilic organisms and determination of fecal coliforms). The pH values of the drinking water of the animal production systems ranged between 6.0 - 7.2 in Granada and 7.2 - 7.6 in El Dorado. Regarding Nitrates and Nitrites, all the farms' values were considered normal. Ammonia-Ammonium values varied between 0 - 1 ppm in the Granada production system and 0 - 0.5 in the El Dorado production system. The presence of fecal coliform bacteria was found in 100% of the samples. Fifty-eight percent (58%) of the farms in El Dorado presented values ≥ 48,000 CFU/100 ml of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms. In the municipality of Granada, the highest percentage of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms was between 100 - 1000 CFU/100 ml. All animal production systems had their water with poor microbiological quality as fecal coliforms contaminate it. These results expose the risk that this water represents to human and animal health as it is a source of waterborne infectious diseases.

RESUMEN Introducción: El lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) es una enfermedad autoinmune sistémica. Los pacientes con LES muestran múltiples autoanticuerpos séricos, incluyendo los anticuerpos anticitoplasma de neutrófilo (ANCA, por sus siglas en inglés). Existen 2 técnicas principales para la detección de ANCA: inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI) y ensayo por inmunoadsorción ligado a enzimas (ELISA). En este estudio nuestro objetivo fue determinar la frecuencia y las asociaciones clínicas de los ANCA en pacientes con LES. Métodos: Realizamos un estudio transversal de 74 pacientes con LES en un hospital de alta complejidad de Colombia. La presencia de ANCA se evaluó por IFI, utilizando láminas con fijación de etanol, y con ELISA para determinar las especificidades para mieloperoxidasa (MPO)-ANCA y proteinasa 3 (PR3)-ANCA. Resultados: Fueron evaluados 74 pacientes con LES, 60 (81,1%) de ellos fueron positivos para ANCA. Por el contrario, solo un paciente mostró especificidad para PR3-ANCA por ELISA. La relación entre la positividad para ANCA por IFI y las características clínicas y serológicas fue estadísticamente significativa para compromiso renal (p = 0,0174) y para el índice de actividad de la enfermedad (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index [SLEDAI]) (p = 0,0308). Conclusiones: Los ANCA detectados mediante fijación con etanol por técnicas de IFI, son comunes en pacientes con LES. Sin embargo, la detección de especificidades para PR3 o MPO es rara; se destaca la importancia de la evaluación de estos autoanticuerpos mediante diferentes técnicas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease. Patients with SLE exhibit multiple serum autoantibodies, including anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs). There are two main techniques to detect ANCAs: indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In this study, an attempt was made to determine the frequency and clinical associations of ANCAs in patients with SLE. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Colombia that included 74 patients with SLE. The presence of ANCAs was assessed using IIF with ethanol-fixed slides, and ELISA was used to detect antibody specificities for myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA and proteinase 3 (PR3)-ANCA. Results: Of the 74 patients with SLE evaluated, 60 (81.1%) of them were ANCA-positive by IIF. By contrast, only one patient showed specificity for PR3-ANCA by ELISA. The relevance of ANCA positivity by IIF and clinical and serological features was significant for renal involvement (p = .0174), and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) (p = .0308). Conclusion: ANCAs are common in the serum of patients with SLE, as detected by ethanol-fixed slides with IIF staining. However, detection of specificity to PR3 and/or MPO is rare, thus highlighting the importance of detecting these autoantibodies by different techniques.

Abstract The objective of this study is to compare the estimation of failure severity using the two main approaches used for the diagnosis of flow duct in gas turbine engines. This study starts with the simulation of different faults of an engine by its nonlinear physics-based model (thermodynamoic model). The first approach uses simulated measurements and system identification techniques that estimate special fault parameters, which allow to localize faults and determine their severity. The second approach is based on pattern recognition theory and mainly uses data-driven models. The fault classification required for this approach can be made up of simulated patterns for each class of failure. In order to obtain safer and more general results, the comparison was carried out independently for three different classifications, each one having its own failure parameters. The results obtained show that in general the accuracy of the second approach is greater than that of the first, although for the last classification the accuracy of the approaches is comparable. The greatest difficulty that arose and also the greatest contribution of this work was determining how to estimate severity in the first approach. To solve this problem, we propose to use an artificial neural network. Another novelty is the comparison of two main approaches to diagnose gas turbines in the function of estimating the severity of failures. There are many studies whose main objective is to compare different techniques for diagnosing turbines, but none compare their severity estimation capabilities.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio es comparar la estimación de la severidad de fallas empleando los dos enfoques principales que se utilizan para el diagnóstico de conducto de flujo en los motores de turbina de gas. El estudio empieza con la simulación de diferentes fallas de un motor por su modelo no lineal basado en física (modelo termodinámico). El primero de los enfoques usa mediciones simuladas y técnicas de identificación del sistema que estiman los parámetros de falla especiales. Ellos permiten localizar las fallas de los componentes del motor y determinar su severidad. El segundo enfoque se basa en la teoría del reconocimiento de patrones y utiliza principalmente modelos basados en datos. La clasificación de fallas necesaria para este enfoque se puede componer de patrones simulados para cada clase de falla. Con el fin de obtener resultados más seguros y generales la comparación se realizó independiente para tres diferentes clasificaciones, cada una tiene sus propios parámetros de falla. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que en general, la exactitud del segundo enfoque es mayor que la del primero, aunque para la última clasificación las exactitudes de enfoques son comparables. La mayor dificultad que se presentó y también la mayor contribución de este trabajo fue determinar la forma de estimar la severidad en el primer enfoque. Para resolver este problema proponemos utilizar una red artificial. Otra novedad consiste en la comparación de dos enfoques principales para diagnosticar turbinas de gas en la función de estimación de la severidad de fallas. Existen muchos estudios cuyo principal objetivo es comparar diferentes técnicas del diagnóstico de las turbinas, pero ninguno de ellos compara sus capacidades de estimación de la severidad.

Abstract Introduction: Ectopic pregnancy in the rudimentary horn of a unicornuate uterus has an incidence of 1 in 76,000 pregnancies; the diagnostic approach is carried out with ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging as a complementary study; Early diagnosis with timely treatment is essential for the prevention of associated maternal morbidity and mortality. The objective is to describe the early diagnosis and treatment of a case of 15-week ectopic pregnancy in a rudimentary non-communicating horn of the unicornuate uterus. Case report: A 38-year-old patient with an asymptomatic 15-week pregnancy was admitted to the emergency department, referred to the ultrasound service for suspected ectopic pregnancy. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging were performed with pregnancy with a single fetus of 15 weeks in the left uterine horn surrounded by myometrium, without communication with the endometrial cavity. With a diagnostic impression of cornual ectopic pregnancy in a patient with a Müllerian malformation, a surgical management was performed where a unicornuate uterus with a rudimentary non-communicating ectopic horn was confirmed. Conclusions: Ectopic pregnancy in rudimentary horn of the unicornuate uterus is rare, it presents a high risk of rupture with increased obstetric morbidity and mortality. The standard treatment as well as the diagnostic confirmation is complete surgical excision.

Resumen Introducción: El embarazo ectópico en el cuerno rudimentario de un útero unicorne tiene una incidencia de 1 en 76.000 embarazos. La aproximación diagnóstica se realiza con la ecografía y como estudio complementario con la resonancia magnética. El diagnóstico temprano con tratamiento oportuno es fundamental para la prevención de la morbimortalidad materna asociada. El objetivo es describir el diagnóstico y el tratamiento temprano de un caso de embarazo ectópico de 15 semanas en cuerno rudimentario no comunicante de útero unicorne. Caso clínico: Mujer de 38 años con embarazo de 15 semanas, asintomática, que ingresa al servicio de urgencias referida desde el servicio de ecografía por sospecha de embarazo ectópico. Se realizan ecografía y resonancia magnética que muestran embarazo con feto único de 15 semanas en cuerno uterino izquierdo rodeado de miometrio, sin comunicación con la cavidad endometrial. Con impresión diagnóstica de embarazo ectópico cornual en paciente con malformación mülleriana, se realizó manejo quirúrgico que confirmó útero unicorne con embarazo ectópico en cuerno rudimentario no comunicante. Conclusiones: El embarazo ectópico en un cuerno rudimentario de útero unicorne es infrecuente y presenta un alto riesgo de rotura, con aumento de la morbimortalidad obstétrica. El tratamiento estándar, al igual que la confirmación diagnóstica, es la escisión quirúrgica completa.