Abstract Introduction/objective: In this cross-sectional study, the connections between indicators of subjective happiness, hope, and resilience were investigated in 591 adult Paraguayans (average age 37.7 years; SD = 11.35) during the COVID-19 post-pandemic period, using network analysis for the first time. Method: The indicators of subjective happiness, hope, and resilience were assessed using the Subjective Happiness Scale, the Adult Hope Scale, and the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, respectively. Result: The results indicated that “Enjoy life in spite of it all,” “Pursuing goals,” and “Coping with stress” were the most central indicators of the resilience, hope, and subjective happiness network. While stronger conditional relationships were observed between indicators of the same network variable, potential bridge indicators were also noted that could link resilience, hope, and subjective happiness, such as “I am a strong person,” “Enjoy life in spite of it all,” “Pursuing goals,” and “I have been successful in life.” Conclusions: The results suggest that timely and multilevel interventions targeted at central and bridge indicators can help promote positive emotions that impact mental health.

Resumen Introducción/objetivo: En este estudio transversal se investigaron las conexiones entre los indicadores de felicidad subjetiva, esperanza y resiliencia en 591 paraguayos adultos (edad promedio 37.7 años; DE = 11.35) en el período pospandemia del COVID-19 utilizando análisis de redes por primera vez. Método: Los indicadores de felicidad subjetiva, esperanza y resiliencia se evaluaron utilizando la Escala de Felicidad Subjetiva, la Escala de Esperanza del Adulto y la Escala de Resiliencia de Connor-Davidson de 10 ítems, respectivamente. Resultados: Los resultados indicaron que “Disfrutar la vida a pesar de todo”, “Perseguir metas” y “Afrontar el estrés” fueron los indicadores más centrales de la red de resiliencia, esperanza y felicidad subjetiva. Si bien se observaron relaciones condicionales más fuertes entre indicadores de la misma variable de red, también se observaron posibles indicadores puente que podrían vincular la resiliencia, la esperanza y la felicidad subjetiva, como “Soy una persona fuerte”, “Disfruta la vida a pesar de todo”, “Persiguiendo metas” y “He tenido éxito en la vida”. Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que las intervenciones oportunas y multinivel dirigidas a indicadores centrales y puente pueden ayudar a promover emociones positivas que impacten la salud mental.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Medical students demonstrate higher rates of substance use than other university students and the general population. The challenges imposed by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic raised significant concerns about mental health and substance use. OBJECTIVES: Assess the current prevalence of substance use among medical students at the University of São Paulo and evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on drug consumption. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 275 medical students from the University of São Paulo Medical School (São Paulo, Brazil) in August 2020. METHODS: Substance use (lifetime, previous 12 months, and frequency of use before and during the COVID-19 pandemic) and socioeconomic data were assessed using an online self-administered questionnaire. Symptoms of depression were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. RESULTS: Alcohol was the most consumed substance in their lifetime (95.6%), followed by illicit drugs (61.1%), marijuana (60%), and tobacco (57.5%). The most commonly consumed substances in the previous year were alcohol (82.9%), illicit drugs (44.7%), marijuana (42.5%), and tobacco (36%). Students in the first two academic years consumed fewer substances than those from higher years. There was a decreasing trend in the prevalence of most substances used after the COVID-19 pandemic among sporadic users. However, frequent users maintained their drug use patterns. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of substance use was high in this population and increased from the basic to the clinical cycle. The COVID-19 pandemic may have affected the frequency of drug use and prevalence estimates. BACKGROUND 201 COVID19 COVID 19 (COVID-19 OBJECTIVES COVID-1 consumption SETTING crosssectional cross sectional 27 Brazil 2020 METHODS lifetime, (lifetime 1 months selfadministered self administered questionnaire Questionnaire9. Questionnaire9 Questionnaire 9. 9 Questionnaire-9 RESULTS 95.6%, 956 95.6% , 95 6 (95.6%) 61.1%, 611 61.1% 61 (61.1%) 60%, 60 60% (60%) 57.5%. 575 57.5% . 57 5 (57.5%) 82.9%, 829 82.9% 82 (82.9%) 44.7%, 447 44.7% 44 7 (44.7%) 42.5%, 425 42.5% 42 (42.5%) 36%. 36 36% (36%) However patterns CONCLUSION cycle estimates 20 COVID1 (COVID-1 COVID- 2 202 Questionnaire- 95.6 (95.6% 61.1 (61.1% (60% 57.5 (57.5% 82.9 8 (82.9% 44.7 4 (44.7% 42.5 (42.5% 3 (36% (COVID- 95. (95.6 61. (61.1 (60 57. (57.5 82. (82.9 44. (44.7 42. (42.5 (36 (COVID (95. (61. (6 (57. (82. (44. (42. (3 (95 (61 ( (57 (82 (44 (42 (9 (5 (8 (4

RESUMEN El tema de la salud mental en niños y adolescentes requiere mayor atención. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar las características de los pacientes de consulta externa de un centro especializado de un hospital universitario paraguayo. Este estudio empleó una serie retrospectiva, no probabilística, de casos consecutivos. Se examinaron las historias clínicas de pacientes de ambos sexos, de entre 2 y 17 años de edad, que solicitaron consulta en el Departamento de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente del Hospital de Clínicas entre julio de 2021 y julio de 2023, y que fueron diagnosticados con un trastorno mental según la CIE-10. Se recogieron datos demográficos y clínicos de 447 pacientes, representando 1278 consultas. La mayoría de los pacientes eran mujeres (57,7%), con una edad media de 13 ± 3 años. La mayoría de los pacientes (57,3%) procedían del Departamento Central, el 61,5% eran de zonas rurales y el 72% no tenían seguro médico. Los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron episodios depresivos (F32), otros trastornos de ansiedad (F41), trastornos de conducta (F91) y trastornos específicos de la personalidad (F60). Los resultados de este estudio proporcionan información crucial sobre la salud mental de niños y adolescentes, que es esencial para informar las políticas de salud mental, asignar recursos y formar a los profesionales sanitarios encargados de atender a este grupo de pacientes.

ABSTRACT The topic of mental health in children and adolescents requires increased attention. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the characteristics of outpatient clinic patients at a specialized center within a Paraguayan University Hospital. This study employed a retrospective, non-probabilistic series of consecutive cases. The medical records of patients of both sexes, aged between 2 and 17 years, who sought consultation at the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry of the Hospital de Clínicas between July 2021 and July 2023, and were diagnosed with a mental disorder according to the ICD-10, were examined. Demographic and clinical data were collected from 447 patients, representing 1278 consultations. The majority of the patients were female (57.7%), with a mean age of 13 ± 3 years. Most patients (57.3%) were from the Central Department, 61.5% were from rural areas, and 72% did not have medical insurance. The most frequent diagnoses were depressive episodes (F32), other anxiety disorders (F41), conduct disorders (F91), and specific personality disorders (F60). The findings of this study provide crucial information on child and adolescent mental health, which is essential for informing mental health policies, allocating resources, and training healthcare professionals tasked with caring for this patient group.

Abstract Objectives To present the Brazilian Psychiatric Association’s Consensus on the Management of Acute Intoxication. Methods A group of experts selected by the Brazilian Psychiatric Association searched for articles on the MEDLINE (by PubMed) and Cochrane databases, limited to human studies and acute intoxication. Working groups reviewed these materials for appropriateness to the topic and the quality of the work. A survey was conducted using the Delphi method to produce a table of agreed recommendations presented at the end of the systematic review. Three survey rounds were held to reach consensus. Results Support for intoxication should start with Initial Management: Resuscitation/Life Support/Differential Diagnosis. For this, the group proposed the following sequence of assessments: A (airway), B (breathing), C (circulation), D.1 (disability), D.2 (differential diagnosis), D.3 (decontamination), D.4 (drug antidotes), E (enhanced elimination). The group of experts then presented specific interventions for the main drugs of abuse. Conclusions Management of intoxication with drugs of abuse is complex and requires systematic protocols. The group suggests adoption of the A-B-C-D-E technique first, with constant investigation. Then, specific conduct and support until remission of intoxication. The literature is still scarce in evidence on the subject. Therefore, this consensus was necessary. We believe that at present this document can help psychiatric, general, and emergency physicians deal with emergency psychiatric episodes due to acute intoxication. This work could stimulate future studies on the topic. Associations s Intoxication PubMed databases review ResuscitationLife Resuscitation Life SupportDifferential Differential Diagnosis assessments airway, airway , (airway) breathing, breathing (breathing) circulation, circulation (circulation) D1 D 1 D. disability, disability (disability) D2 2 differential diagnosis, diagnosis diagnosis) D3 3 decontamination, decontamination (decontamination) D4 4 drug antidotes, antidotes antidotes) enhanced elimination. elimination . elimination) protocols ABCDE first investigation Then subject Therefore necessary general (airway (breathing (circulation (disability (decontamination

This is the first of two documents prepared by experts for the Brazilian S20 mental health report. These reports outline strategies aimed at addressing the exacerbated mental health challenges arising from a post-pandemic world. Ongoing psychiatric epidemiology research has yielded evidence linking mental health with intricate social determinants, including gender, race/ethnicity, racism, socioeconomic status, social deprivation, and employment. More recently, the focus has expanded to also encompass violence and social oppression. By prioritizing prevention and early intervention, harnessing technology, and fostering community support, we can mitigate the long-term impact of emerging mental disorders throughout the life course. By utilizing evidence-based practices and forging partnerships between the health and education sectors, S20 countries can promote the health and safety of their student population, paving the way for a more promising future for the next generations. The first document focuses on addressing the mental health concerns of vulnerable populations, catering to the needs of children, youth, and aging populations, assessing the current state of alcohol and drug addictions, scaling up psychosocial interventions in primary care, exploring the potential integration of health and educational systems, and emphasizing the imperative adoption of human rights in mental health policies. S S2 report postpandemic post pandemic world determinants gender raceethnicity race ethnicity race/ethnicity racism status deprivation employment recently oppression intervention technology support longterm long term course evidencebased based sectors population generations populations children youth addictions care systems policies

RESUMEN Introducción. La conexión entre las fuentes de noticias y la connotación de los artículos sobre salud mental en Paraguay durante la pandemia de COVID-19 (2020-2023) impactó significativamente en la opinión pública sobre la salud mental. Objetivo. analizar las noticias sobre salud mental en Paraguay en el contexto de la pandemia COVID-19. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de todos los artículos periodísticos sobre salud mental publicados en los tres principales periódicos del país entre mayo de 2020 y mayo de 2023. Las palabras clave fueron trastornos depresivos, trastornos de ansiedad, trastorno bipolar, esquizofrenia y problemas de salud mental. Resultados. Se examinaron 534 artículos periodísticos, 39,5% publicados por el diario La Nación, 33,1% en 2023 y en 88,4% no se especificó la identidad ni el género del autor. De las características de redacción, el 99,8% estaban escritos en tercera persona, 62,7% pertenecían a un contexto de interés humano, 48,5% tenían una connotación neutra, 65,7% se centraban en la salud y el bienestar y el 7,5% escritos por expertos en salud. El año de publicación se asoció significativamente con la connotación (p=0,003) y con el contexto (p<0,001). Conclusión. Los medios de comunicación han prestado gran atención a la salud mental. A pesar de la objetividad que aporta la narración en tercera persona, surgen problemas por la falta de identificación del autor. Para fomentar una información equilibrada y no polarizada, es crucial incorporar voces expertas y promover el encuadre de las historias de salud mental como "interés humano".

ABSTRACT Introduction. The connection between news sources and the connotation of mental health articles in Paraguay during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2023) significantly impacted public opinion about mental health. Objective. This study analyzed news on mental health in Paraguay in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and methods. A descriptive retrospective study of all news articles on mental health published in the three primary newspapers of the country between May 2020 and May 2023 was conducted. The keywords were depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and mental health issues. Results. A total of 534 news were examined, 39.5% published by La Nación newspaper, 33.1% in 2023, and in 88.4% the author's identity and gender were not specified. Of the writing characteristics, 99.8% were written in the third person, 62.7% had a human-interest context, 48.5% had a neutral connotation, 65.7% focused on health and well-being, and 7.5% written by health experts. The year of publication was statistically associated to connotation (p=0.003) and context (p<0.001). Conclusion. The media has paid significant attention to mental health. Despite the objectivity provided by third-person narration, problems arise because of a lack of author identification. To encourage balanced and non-polarized reporting, it is crucial to incorporate expert voices and promote the framing of mental health stories as “human interest”.

RESUMEN Introducción: la salud mental de los estudiantes de medicina ha sido ampliamente investigada, demostrando que forman parte de un grupo vulnerable al desarrollo de trastornos mentales. Objetivo: el objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la frecuencia de NSSI y sus factores asociados en estudiantes de medicina del Paraguay. Metodología: este fue un estudio descriptivo y transversal. Se lanzó una encuesta online para evaluar depresión, ansiedad y autolesiones, se utilizaron las escalas PHQ-2, GAD-7 y SHQ, respectivamente. Resultados: recibimos respuestas de 330 estudiantes de medicina. De los participantes, el 71,2 % eran mujeres. Se identificó que el 46,4 % de los participantes padecía depresión (PHQ-2 ≥ 3) y el 37,3 % ansiedad (GAD-7 ≥10). La frecuencia de NSSI fue del 27 % (n = 89). Los principales factores asociados a NSSI fueron un diagnóstico previo de un trastorno mental (que aumentó la probabilidad de NSSI en 3,76 veces) y/o una historia de abuso físico o sexual (con un aumento de 3,75 veces). Conclusión: esta investigación encontró la presencia de NSSI en casi 3 de cada 10 de los estudiantes de medicina encuestados. Los principales factores asociados con la conducta autolesiva fueron un diagnóstico previo de un trastorno mental y/o antecedentes de abuso físico o sexual.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the mental health of medical students has been extensively researched, showing that they are part of a group vulnerable to the development of mental disorders. Aim: the aim of this research was to determine the frequency of NSSI and its associated factors in medical students in Paraguay. Methodology: this was a descriptive and cross-sectional study. An online survey was launched to assess depression, anxiety, and self-harm, the PHQ-2, the GAD-7 and SHQ scales were used, respectively. Results: we received responses from 330 medical students. Of the participants, 71.2 % were female. 46.4% of the participants were identified as having depression (PHQ-2 ≥ 3) and 37.3 % as having anxiety (GAD-7 ≥10). The frequency of NSSI was 27 % (n = 89). The main factors associated with NSSI were a previous diagnosis of a mental disorder (which increased the likelihood of NSSI by 3.76 times) and/ or a history of physical or sexual abuse (with a 3.75-fold increase). Conclusion: this research found the presence of NSSI in almost 3 out of 10 of the medical students surveyed. The main factors associated with self-injurious behavior were a previous diagnosis of a mental disorder and/or a history of physical or sexual abuse.

RESUMEN Introducción: La investigación sobre la autolesión no suicida permite aumentar la conciencia sobre este fenómeno, posibilita su detección temprana y la implementación de estrategias más eficaces en prevención y tratamiento. Esto conlleva a una reducción del sufrimiento individual, los costos económicos y el impacto en la sociedad en su totalidad. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia y factores asociados a autolesión no suicida en una muestra de población adulta de Paraguay. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo de asociación cruzada, de corte transversal y prospectivo. Una encuesta en línea fue difundida a través de redes sociales y aplicaciones de mensajería. Esta incluía preguntas sobre datos sociodemográficos y clínicos. La presencia de autolesiones se determinó a través de la versión en español de la escala Self-Harm Questionnaire. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva para todas las variables. Para buscar asociaciones se utilizó la prueba chi cuadrado. Resultados: Participaron 241 personas (media de edad=32±12 años, 74,7% mujeres). Se encontró una frecuencia de autolesiones de 24,5% (n=59). De estos, el 91,5% había tenido ideación suicida al menos una vez. Se encontró asociación entre el nivel de ingresos y la frecuencia de autolesiones (χ^2=16,9 gl=2 p<0,001). Los principales factores asociados a autolesiones fueron tener un diagnóstico previo de algún trastorno mental (OR=4,81) e historia de abuso físico o sexual (OR=3,00). Conclusión: A través de esta investigación se determinó que casi uno de cada cuatro adultos participantes se autolesionaba. La mayoría había tenido ideas suicidas al menos una vez. Además, los ingresos por debajo del salario mínimo y factores como tener un trastorno mental previo e historial de abuso físico o sexual se asociaron con las autolesiones.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Research on non-suicidal self-injury raises awareness of this phenomenon, enabling the early detection and implementation of more effective strategies in prevention and treatment. This leads to a reduction in individual suffering, economic costs, and impact on society. Objective: To determine the frequency and associated factors of non-suicidal self-injury in a sample of the adult population of Paraguay. Methodology: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional, and prospective study. An online survey was disseminated through social networks and messaging applications. The survey included questions on sociodemographic and clinical data. The presence of self-injury was determined by using the Spanish version of the Self-Harm Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used for all the variables. The chi-square test was used to examine associations. Results: There were 241 participants (mean age=32±12 years, 74.7%female). A non-suicidal self-injury frequency of 24.5% (n=59) was observed. Of these, 91.5% reported suicidal ideation at least once. An association was found between income level and the frequency of non-suicidal self-injury (χ^2=16,9 gl=2 p<0,001). The main factors associated with non-suicidal self-injury were a previous diagnosis of a mental disorder (OR=4.81) and a history of physical or sexual abuse (OR=3.00). Conclusion: Through this research, it was determined that almost one in four adult participants self-injured. Most of them had had suicidal thoughts at least once. In addition, income below the minimum wage and factors such as a previous mental disorder and a history of physical or sexual abuse were associated with non-suicidal self-injury.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Medical students are vulnerable to psychological distress and face a number of stressors such as academic pressures, economic concerns, and difficulties in interpersonal relationships. The quality of their educational training may also impact their mental health and subjective well-being. Objective: to describe their perception of subjective well-being and the impact of medical training on their own mental health. Methods: We surveyed 119 medical students and administered the “Perception survey on vocation, living and recreational habits, training and professional attitudes,” the CAGE questionnaire, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2). Results: Students’ mean age was 22.5±2.28 years old and 59.7 % of participants were women, their lifestyle habits were scored as acceptable, and the employment of cell-phones and social networks ranged 76-99%; 24.1 % recognized a problematic alcohol, 67.2 % reported anxiety according to the GAD-7, and 49.6 % depression according to PHQ-2. Symptoms of anxiety were frequent among females and were higher when the perceived quality of training and student/teacher ratio were lower. Discussion: Students’ perceptions of lower quality of training and resources seemed to be associated with higher levels of anxiety, which may suggest that educational policies and resources should be carefully revised and implemented to improve students’ health and well-being.

RESUMEN Introducción: los estudiantes de medicina son vulnerables al malestar psicológico y se enfrentan a una serie de factores estresantes como las presiones académicas, las preocupaciones económicas y las dificultades en las relaciones interpersonales. La calidad de su formación educativa también puede influir en su salud mental y bienestar subjetivo. Objetivo: describir su percepción de bienestar subjetivo y el impacto de la formación médica en su propia salud mental. Metodología: se encuestó a 119 estudiantes de medicina y se les administró la "Encuesta de percepción sobre vocación, hábitos de vida y recreación, formación y actitudes profesionales", el cuestionario CAGE, el Trastorno de Ansiedad Generalizada-7 (TAG-7) y el Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente-2 (PHQ-2). Resultados: la edad media de los estudiantes fue de 22,5±2,28 años y el 59,7 % de los participantes eran mujeres; sus hábitos de vida se calificaron como aceptables, y el empleo de teléfonos móviles y redes sociales osciló entre el 76 y el 99 %; el 24,1 % reconoció un consumo problemático de alcohol, el 67,2 % manifestó ansiedad según el TAG-7, y el 49,6 % depresión según el PHQ-2. Los síntomas de ansiedad eran frecuentes entre las mujeres y eran mayores cuando la calidad percibida de la formación y la proporción alumnos/profesor eran menores. Discusión: la percepción por parte de los estudiantes de una menor calidad de la formación y de los recursos parecía estar asociada a mayores niveles de ansiedad, lo que puede sugerir que las políticas y los recursos educativos deberían revisarse y aplicarse cuidadosamente para mejorar la salud y el bienestar de los estudiantes.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Self-regulation of learning refers to the modulation of affective, cognitive and behavioral processes throughout a learning experience to reach a desired level of achievement. Students who have a better management of their cognitive and metacognitive skills learn in a better way than those who do not, therefore, it is essential to study at what level university students are capable of learning to learn and to be managers of their learning. Objectives: To analyze the relationship between self-regulation of learning and academic performance in medical students from three universities in the year 2022. Materials and methods: This research followed a quantitative approach; the type of research was observational and descriptive. A previously validated instrument was used to identify types of self-regulation, the Self-Regulation of Learning from Texts (ARATEX-R). Results: No significant relationship was found between the academic profile of medical students and the total ARATEX-R score. When studying the relationship between the dimensions of self-regulation, a relationship was found between academic performance and motivation planning and management, which implies that those who have better planning skills and who are able to manage their motivation have better academic performance. Conclusion: The main dimensions that characterize the self-regulation of learning in medical students were: context management, cognition management and comprehension evaluation.

RESUMEN Introducción: La autorregulación del aprendizaje se refiere a la modulación de los procesos afectivos, cognitivos y conductuales a lo largo de una experiencia de aprendizaje para alcanzar un nivel de logro deseado. Los estudiantes que tienen un mejor manejo de sus habilidades cognitivas y metacognitivas aprenden de una mejor forma que aquellos que no, por lo tanto, es fundamental estudiar a qué nivel los estudiantes universitarios son capaces de aprender a aprender y a ser gestores de su aprendizaje. Objetivos: Analizar la relación entre la autorregulación del aprendizaje y el rendimiento académico en estudiantes de la carrera medicina de tres universidades en el año 2022. Materiales y métodos: Esta investigación siguió un enfoque cuantitativo, el tipo de investigación fue observacional de tipo descriptivo. Se utilizó un instrumento previamente validado para identificar los tipos de autorregulación, la Autorregulación del Aprendizaje a partir de Textos (ARATEX-R). Resultados: No se encontró relación significativa entre el perfil académico de los estudiantes de medicina y el puntaje total del ARATEX-R. Al estudiar la relación entre las dimensiones de la autorregulación se encontró relación entre el rendimiento académico y la planificación y la gestión de la motivación, lo que implica que los que tienen mejores habilidades de planificación y que son capaces de gestionar su motivación tienen mejor rendimiento académico. Conclusión: Las principales dimensiones que caracterizan la autorregulación del aprendizaje en estudiantes de medicina fueron: gestión del contexto, gestión de la cognición y evaluación de la comprensión.

Abstract Introduction Despite the results of epidemiological and psychometric studies reporting comparable levels of tobacco dependence among males and females, some clinical studies have detected disparities. Some smoking cessation studies based on clinical setting programs reported poorer outcomes among women than men. Methods This retrospective cohort study aimed to compare treatment success and retention between men and women on a smoking cessation program (n = 1,014) delivered at a CAPS-AD unit in Brazil. The psychological intervention lasted 6 weeks for each group of 15 patients. Each patient had to participate in weekly group cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) sessions and individual medical appointments during this period. These appointments were focused on the possibility of prescribing pharmacological treatment (i.e., nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, or nortriptyline) as adjuvants to group therapy. Results The women had lower smoking severity at baseline, more clinical symptoms, and lower prevalence of alcohol and drug use disorders and were older than the men. Females had significantly higher levels of success (36.6% vs. 29.7%) and retention (51.6% vs. 41.4%) than males. Sensitivity analysis showed that female gender was significantly associated with both retention and success, among those without drug use disorders only. Conclusion Depending on the smoking cessation setting (i.e., low and middle-income countries and mental health and addiction care units), females can achieve similar and even higher quit rates than males. Previous drug use disorder was an important confounding variable in the gender outcomes analyses. Future studies should try to replicate these positive smoking cessation effects of CBT-based group therapy plus pharmacotherapy in women. disparities n 1,014 1014 1 014 CAPSAD CAPS AD Brazil patients cognitivebehavioral cognitive behavioral CBT (CBT period i.e., ie i e (i.e. bupropion nortriptyline baseline symptoms 36.6% 366 36 (36.6 vs 29.7% 297 29 7 51.6% 516 51 (51.6 41.4% 414 41 4 only middleincome middle income units, units , units) analyses CBTbased 1,01 101 01 i.e. (i.e 36.6 3 (36. 29.7 2 51.6 5 (51. 41.4 1,0 10 0 i.e 36. (36 29. 51. (51 41. 1, (3 (5 (

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar o efeito do transtorno depressivo maior (TDM) como fator de risco para a ideação suicida em indivíduos com idades entre 11 e 24 anos que frequentam instituições de ensino. Fontes de dados: Revisão sistemática realizada até agosto de 2020 por meio de buscas nas bases United States National Library of Medicine (PubMed) e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), sem limitações quanto à data de publicação. Síntese dos dados: Oito estudos foram selecionados para a metanálise, incluindo 35.443 jovens com idade média de 16,8 anos, predominantemente do sexo feminino (51,2%) e de países asiáticos de renda média (91,6%). Foi encontrado odds ratio (OR) de TDM de 3,89 (intervalo de confiança — IC95% 2,46–6,17) para a ideação suicida em jovens. A análise de subgrupo mostrou efeitos maiores na Ásia (OR=4,71; IC95% 3,22–6,89) do que nas Américas (OR=1,71; IC95% 1,44–2,03). O modelo de metarregressão demonstrou que adolescentes mais jovens (coef=-0,63; IC95% -1,09–-0,18; p＜0,01) e estudos mais antigos (coef=-0,23; IC95% -0,039–-0,08; p＜0,01) apresentaram maiores efeitos do TDM sobre a ideação suicida. Conclusões: Observou-se relação entre TDM e ideação suicida no continente asiático, entre adolescentes mais jovens e em estudos mais antigos. Objetivo (TDM 1 2 ensino dados 202 PubMed (PubMed BVS, BVS , (BVS) publicação metanálise 35443 35 443 35.44 168 16 8 16, 51,2% 512 51 (51,2% 91,6%. 916 91,6% . 91 6 (91,6%) OR (OR 389 3 89 3,8 intervalo IC95 IC 2,46–6,17 246617 46 17 OR=4,71 OR471 4 71 (OR=4,71 3,22–6,89 322689 22 OR=1,71 OR171 (OR=1,71 1,44–2,03. 144203 1,44–2,03 44 03 1,44–2,03) coef=0,63 coef063 coef coef= 0,63 0 63 (coef=-0,63 1,09–0,18 109018 1,09– 0,18 09 18 -1,09–-0,18 p＜0,01 p001 p 01 coef=0,23 coef023 0,23 23 (coef=-0,23 0,039–0,08 0039008 0,039– 0,08 039 08 -0,039–-0,08 Conclusões Observouse Observou se asiático 20 (BVS 3544 35.4 51,2 5 (51,2 91,6 9 (91,6% 38 3, IC9 2,46–6,1 24661 OR=4,7 OR47 7 (OR=4,7 3,22–6,8 32268 OR=1,7 OR17 (OR=1,7 14420 1,44–2,0 coef=0,6 coef06 063 0,6 (coef=-0,6 1,09–0,1 10901 109 1,09 018 0,1 -1,09–-0,1 p＜0,0 p00 coef=0,2 coef02 023 0,2 (coef=-0,2 0,039–0,0 003900 0039 0,039 008 0,0 -0,039–-0,0 354 35. 51, (51, 91, (91,6 2,46–6, 2466 OR=4, OR4 (OR=4, 3,22–6, 3226 OR=1, OR1 (OR=1, 1442 1,44–2, coef=0, coef0 06 0, (coef=-0, 1,09–0, 1090 10 1,0 -1,09–-0, p＜0, p0 02 0,039–0, 00390 003 0,03 00 -0,039–-0, (51 (91, 2,46–6 246 OR=4 (OR=4 3,22–6 322 OR=1 (OR=1 144 1,44–2 coef=0 (coef=-0 1,09–0 1, -1,09–-0 p＜0 0,039–0 -0,039–-0 (5 (91 2,46– OR= (OR= 3,22– 32 14 1,44– (coef=- -1,09–- p＜ -0,039–- ( (9 2,46 3,22 1,44 (coef= -1,09– -0,039– 2,4 3,2 1,4 (coef -1,09 -0,039 2, -1,0 -0,03 -1, -0,0 -1 -0, - -0

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effect of major depressive disorder (MDD) as a risk factor for suicidal ideation in individuals whose ages varied from 11 to 24 years and who were attending educational institutions. Data source: A systematic review was carried out by searching in PubMed and Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS). Original studies conducted in educational institutions, including individuals whose age varied from 11 to 24 years, in English, Spanish, or Portuguese were included. Data synthesis: Eight studies were selected for the meta-analysis, including 35,443 youths, with an average age of 16.8 years, predominantly female (51.2%), and from middle-income Asian countries (91.6%). An odds ratio of MDD of 3.89 (95%CI 2.46–6.17) for suicide ideation in youth was found. Subgroup analysis showed higher effects in Asia (OR=4.71; 95%CI 3.22–6.89) than Americas (OR=1.71; 95%CI 1.44–2.03). The meta-regression model indicated that younger adolescents (coef=-0.63; 95%CI 1.09–-0.18; p<0.01) and older studies (coef=-0.23; 95%CI 0.039–-0.08; p<0.01) presented higher effects of MDD on suicidal ideation. Conclusions: Early detection and treatment of MDD in youth patients are of utmost importance for preventing suicidal ideation. Educational institutions could play an important role in the early detection and intervention. Objective (MDD 1 2 source BVS. BVS . (BVS) English Spanish included synthesis metaanalysis, metaanalysis meta analysis, meta-analysis 35443 35 443 35,44 youths 168 16 8 16. 51.2%, 512 51.2% , 51 (51.2%) middleincome middle income 91.6%. 916 91.6% 91 6 (91.6%) 389 3 89 3.8 95CI CI 95 2.46–6.17 246617 46 17 found OR=4.71 OR471 OR 4 71 (OR=4.71 3.22–6.89 322689 22 OR=1.71 OR171 (OR=1.71 1.44–2.03. 144203 1.44–2.03 44 03 1.44–2.03) metaregression regression coef=0.63 coef063 coef coef= 0.63 0 63 (coef=-0.63 1.09–0.18 109018 1.09– 0.18 09 18 1.09–-0.18 p<0.01 p001 p 01 coef=0.23 coef023 0.23 23 (coef=-0.23 0.039–0.08 0039008 0.039– 0.08 039 08 0.039–-0.08 Conclusions intervention (BVS 3544 35,4 51.2 5 (51.2% 91.6 9 (91.6% 38 3. 2.46–6.1 24661 OR=4.7 OR47 7 (OR=4.7 3.22–6.8 32268 OR=1.7 OR17 (OR=1.7 14420 1.44–2.0 coef=0.6 coef06 063 0.6 (coef=-0.6 1.09–0.1 10901 109 1.09 018 0.1 1.09–-0.1 p<0.0 p00 coef=0.2 coef02 023 0.2 (coef=-0.2 0.039–0.0 003900 0039 0.039 008 0.0 0.039–-0.0 354 35, 51. (51.2 91. (91.6 2.46–6. 2466 OR=4. OR4 (OR=4. 3.22–6. 3226 OR=1. OR1 (OR=1. 1442 1.44–2. coef=0. coef0 06 0. (coef=-0. 1.09–0. 1090 10 1.0 1.09–-0. p<0. p0 02 0.039–0. 00390 003 0.03 00 0.039–-0. (51. (91. 2.46–6 246 OR=4 (OR=4 3.22–6 322 OR=1 (OR=1 144 1.44–2 coef=0 (coef=-0 1.09–0 1. 1.09–-0 p<0 0.039–0 0.039–-0 (51 (91 2.46– OR= (OR= 3.22– 32 14 1.44– (coef=- 1.09–- p< 0.039–- (5 (9 2.46 (OR 3.22 1.44 (coef= ( 2.4 3.2 1.4 (coef 2.

RESUMEN El trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) es uno de los trastornos del neurodesarrollo con más alta prevalencia, estimada en 5%, en la población infantil. El objetivo de esta revisión fue sintetizar las tecnologías existentes que sirven para evaluar, diagnosticar y tratar síntomas de TDAH en población pediátrica. Esta es una revisión preliminar, de tipo integradora, que incluyó artículos publicados en 3 bases de datos especializadas, PsycINFO, Eric y Web of Science, entre los años 2005 y 2021. Se encontró que las pruebas diagnósticas clásicas se dividen en pruebas psicométricas, evaluación por biomarcadores y movimientos oculares. Por su parte, las pruebas que utilizan la tecnología son aquellas a evaluación y diagnóstico (DIDE, MOXO, AULA, AQUIARUM y BRAINGAZE) y aquellas que se utilizan en la terapéutica (SINCROLAB, PSIOUS, SISTEMA eTNS y varias basadas en neurofeedback). Las modernas tecnologías ofrecen cierto porcentaje de sensibilidad con baja inversión, tampoco requieren de equipos costosos y la preparación del profesional psicólogo o médico para su aplicación, es relativamente sencilla y accesible, ya que viene como complemento en la compra de la mayoría de los programas. Con el fin de continuar examinando su efectividad, se recomienda seguir evaluando estas herramientas con metodologías más robustas, en poblaciones clínicas grandes, debiendo ser esto una prioridad para futuras investigaciones.

ABSTRACT Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the neurodevelopmental disorders with the highest prevalence, estimated at 5%, in the pediatric population. The objective of this review was to synthesize the existing technologies used to evaluate, diagnose, and treat ADHD symptoms in the pediatric population. This is a preliminary, integrative review, which included articles published in 3 specialized databases, PsycINFO, Eric and Web of Science, between 2005 and 2021. It was found that classical diagnostic tests are divided into psychometric tests, biomarker assessment and eye movements. On the other hand, the tests that use technology are those for evaluation and diagnosis (DIDE, MOXO, AULA, AQUIARUM and BRAINGAZE) and those used in therapy (SINCROLAB, PSIOUS, SISTEMA eTNS and several based-on neurofeedback). The modern technologies offer a certain percentage of sensitivity with low investment, they do not require expensive equipment and the preparation of the psychologist or medical professional for their application is relatively simple and accessible, since it comes as a complement in the purchase of most of the programs. To continue examining their effectiveness, it is recommended to continue assessing these tools with more robust methodologies, in large clinical populations, and this should be a priority for future research.

RESUMEN La migraña es uno de los trastornos neurológicos más frecuentes, con una prevalencia y una morbilidad elevadas. Está asociada a varios factores de riesgo, tanto biológicos como psicológicos, desencadenantes y comorbilidades. Este fue un estudio descriptivo, de asociación cruzada, no probabilístico, de casos consecutivos. Los participantes fueron reclutados a través de una encuesta en línea en octubre de 2022. Se midieron variables demográficas, datos del estado de salud y hábitos. Se realizó tamizaje de migraña a través del cuestionario ALCOI-95 y tamizaje de adicción a Internet a través de la subescala de adicción a Internet del Cuestionario MULTICAGE CAD-4. Se encuestó a 846 sujetos, de los cuales el 70,9 % eran mujeres y la media de edad fue de 28,62 años. El 14,5 % cumplía con criterios diagnósticos de migraña (5,2 % migraña con aura y 9,3 % migraña sin aura). El 63,8 % cumplía con criterios de tamizaje para adicción a Internet. Se encontró asociación entre el sexo femenino y migraña (p<0,001). En cuanto al estado de salud, el 21,39 % tenía diagnóstico de ansiedad, el 8,98 % de depresión, el 7,92 % de hipertensión arterial y el 2,36 % tenía diabetes mellitus. Se encontró asociación entre presentar depresión o ansiedad y migraña (p<0,001). Podemos concluir que la frecuencia de migraña es de más del 14 % en población general paraguaya, afecta principalmente a personas de alrededor de 30 años de edad y está asociada significativamente al hecho de ser mujer y de tener un trastorno mental.

ABSTRACT Migraine is one of the most common neurological disorders, with high prevalence and morbidity. It is associated with several biological and psychological risk factors, triggers, and co-morbidities. This was a cross-association, non-probabilistic, consecutive-case, descriptive study. The participants were recruited through an online survey conducted in October 2022. Demographic variables, health status data, and health habits were also measured. Migraine screening was performed using the ALCOI-95 questionnaire, and Internet addiction screening was performed using the Internet addiction subscale of the MULTICAGE CAD-4 Questionnaire. A total of 846 participants were surveyed, 70.9% of them were women and the mean age was 28.62 years. A total of 14.5 % of the participants met the diagnostic criteria for migraine (5.2 % migraine with aura and 9.3 % migraine without aura). A total of 63.8% of participants met the screening criteria for Internet addiction. An association was found between female sex and migraine (p<0.001). Regarding health status, 21.39% of the participants were diagnosed with anxiety, 8.98% with depression, 7.92% with arterial hypertension, and 2.36% with diabetes mellitus. An association was found between depression, anxiety, and migraine (p<0.001). We can conclude that the frequency of migraine is more than 14% in the general Paraguayan population, affects mainly people around 30 years of age, and is significantly associated with being a woman and having a mental disorder.